Global comparison

y Estimation y Glass ceiling y Career barriers women encounter y Statistics y Who is happier? y What about salary? y References

15% of women, by 1989 >40%, by 1995 63% of the total work forceonly 6% of women are

in 1970

middle level managers

y The "glass ceiling" is the subtle barrier of

negative attitudes and prejudices that prevents women and minorities from moving beyond a certain level in the corporate hierarchy.

Glass ceilingA ceiling based on organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions

y American women occupy only 16% of

the managerial positions and only 4% of the high level managerial positions.

y Prejudice: Men are promoted more quickly than women with equivalent qualifications y Resistance to women s leadership: Successful female managers as more deceitful, pushy, selfish, and abrasive. y Leadership style issues: Reconciling qualities people prefer in women with qualities people think leaders need to succeed. y Family demands: omen interrupt their careers to handle work/family trade-offs.

y 34% of privately held businesses globally have no women in senior management

y The lowest percentage

continues to be in Japan

y Top 6 rising and falling

countries for % of women

y 37% of men compared with 30% of women

y $1 men = $0.8 women

20 %

y Carter N. M., Silva Ch. Women in management: delusions of

progress. 2010.y Eagly A. H., Carli L. L. Women and the labyrinth of leadership. y Crampton S. M., Mishra J. M. Women in management // Public

Personnel Management. Vol. 28. 1999