women, men, and environmental change justine sass, msc policy analyst, prb © 2002 population...
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Women, Men,
and Environmental Change
Justine Sass, MSc
Policy Analyst, PRB © 2002 Population Reference Bureau
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Humans Environment
Framework of Analysis
Population
Heal th
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Gender
Gender refers to the social roles that men and women play and the power relations between them
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How Gender Influences Natural Resource Use Roles and Responsibilities Access to and Control over Resources Knowledge Participation in Decisionmaking
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Roles and Responsibilities
Commercial vs. non-commercial tasks Women’s additional domestic
responsibilities Male migration exacerbates
women’s work burdens
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Access to and Control over Resources Economic, social, institutional, and legal
constraints – Poverty– Restrictive land rights– Limited access to supportive services, e.g.,
extension programs, training on innovative land management practices
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Knowledge
Knowledge based on gender roles and responsibilities
Gendered knowledge also varies by class, age, and ethnicity
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Participation in Decisionmaking
Women’s involvement in formulation, planning, and execution of policy law
Women’s participation often at local level
Failure to include women’s and men’s activities leads to policies that criminalize activities without changing behavior
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Humans Environment
Framework of Analysis
Population
Heal th
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Impact of Environmental Degradation on Women and Men More time and energy on tasks Exposure to indoor pollutants Decreased nutrition for families Increased reproductive risks
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More Time and Energy on Tasks
Greater time, distances to travel for resources
Higher school drop-out rates Higher calorie use Compounded risk of malnutrition in
resource-poor settings
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Exposure to Indoor Pollutants
2
10.8 0.7
1.3
0.50.3 0.3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Women Children Youth Men
Mg/cubic meter of total suspended particulate matter
WinterSummer
Source: S. Saksena et al., “Patterns of Daily Exposure to TSP and CO in the Gahrwal Himalaya,” AtmosphericEnvironment (26A, 1992): 212-34.
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Decreased Nutrition
Less nutritious foods that can be eaten raw or partially cooked
Partially cooked food that can prove toxic
Eating leftovers that can rot in tropical climates
Women and female children hit hardest
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Increased Reproductive Risks
Exposure to agricultural and industrial chemicals and organic pollutants increase morbidity and mortality
Pesticide exposure linked to stillbirths, perinatal deaths, birth defects, testicular cancer, and lower sperm counts
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Gender-responsive Policies and Programs Collecting and analyzing sex-
disaggregated data Strengthening women’s involvement in
environmental decisionmaking Issuing gender policy declarations Signing international agreements
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Collecting and Analyzing Sex-Disaggregated Data Data that provide information on
women’s and men’s resource use, access to resources, and participation in environmental decisionmaking
Examples: – Brazil: Jaú National Park– Tunisia: Five-Year Plan
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Strengthening Women’s Involvement in Decisionmaking
“Advancing gender equality, through reversing the various social and
economic handicaps that make women voiceless and powerless, may also be
one of the best ways of saving the environment.”
-Amartya Sen
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Issuing Gender Policy Declarations Demonstrate government’s intent to
address gender concerns Provide reference document for
technical staff Provide the basis for action
Examples: Uganda, Philippines;
At the regional level: Meso-America
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Signing International Agreements
Influence government policies through international “peer pressure”
Advocates can use documents to approve actions/increase funding
Goals and benchmarks can serve to monitor progress and encourage action
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Opportunities to Mobilize Attention to the Issue The 46th Session on the Commission
on the Status of Women Meeting of Women Leaders of the
Environment in Helsinki, Finland World Summit on Sustainable
Development in Johannesburg, South Africa
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Conclusions
There are a number of actions policymakers and planners can take to improve integration of gender concerns into environmental planning
Continued commitment is essential to achieving these goals