wonderful properties of ii-vi materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/dvw/james beletic/beletic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Fantastical Discoveries of Astronomy made possible by the
Wonderful Properties of II-VI MaterialsPresentation to the Rochester Institute of Technology
Virtual Detector Workshop26 March 2012
James W. Beletic, Ph.D.Senior Director
Space & AstronomyTeledyne Imaging Sensors
![Page 2: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Silicon crystal lattice
Crystals are excellent detectors of light
• Electrons are trapped in the crystal lattice– by electric field of protons
• Light energy (or thermal energy) can free an electron from the grip of the protons, allowing the electron to roam about the crystal
– creates an “electron-hole” pair.• The photocharge can be collected and
amplified, so that light is detected• The photon energy required to free an
electron depends on the material.
• Simple model of atom– Protons (+) and neutrons in the nucleus
with electrons (-) orbiting
![Page 3: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Astronomer’s Periodic Table
H1He
2
METALS
![Page 4: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
II III IV V VI
Detector FamiliesSi - IV semiconductorHgCdTe - II-VI semiconductorInGaAs & InSb - III-V semiconductorsInAs + GaSb - III-V Type 2
Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS)
![Page 6: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tunable Wavelength: Valuable property of HgCdTeHg1-xCdxTe Modify ratio of Mercury and Cadmium to “tune” the bandgap energy
![Page 7: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
European Southern ObservatoryParanal Observatory
• Four 8.2 meter telescopes• Four 1.8 meter auxiliary telescopes• 4 meter infrared survey telescope• 2.6 meter optical survey telescope
The Golden Age of Astronomy
Galileo Galilei and 2 cm refractor (1609)
Hubble Space Telescope• 2.4 meter
![Page 8: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Orion - visible
Orion – by IRAS
Orion – In visible and infrared light
![Page 9: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Eagle Nebula as seen by HST
The Eagle Nebulaas seen with Hubble
![Page 10: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Eagle Nebulaas seen in the infrared
M. J. McCaughrean and M. Andersen, 1994
![Page 11: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
European Southern Observatory• 8.2 meter telescope
![Page 12: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atmospheric Transmission
Atmospheric transmissionNot all of the light gets through atmosphere to ground-based telescopes
J1.1-1.4
H1.5-1.8
K2.0-2.4
L3.0-4.0
M4.5-5.1
Common Astronomical Filters
Wavelength (microns)
![Page 14: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Atmospheric BlurringThe bane of ground-based astronomy
Long exposure imageis called the “seeing disk”
Long exposure imageBinary star pair 100 Her, 14 arc sec separation (Vmag = 6.0)
10 msec frame time
![Page 15: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hubble Space TelescopeHubble Space Telescope
• Quantum Efficiency = 85-90%• Dark current (145K) = 0.02 e-/pix/sec• Readout noise = 25 e- (single CDS)
Infrared Detector• 1024×1024 pixels• 18 μm pitch• 1.7 μm cutoff HgCdTe• Substrate-removed
![Page 16: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stephan’s Quintet
WFC3
![Page 17: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hubble Ultra Deep Field IR / WFC3Hubble Ultra Deep Field IR / WFC3
87 hour total exposure1.05 μm (Y)1.25 μm (J)1.60 μm (H)
87 hour total exposure1.05 μm (Y)1.25 μm (J)1.60 μm (H)
87 hour total exposure87 hour total exposure3 infrared bands3 infrared bands
1.05 μm (Y)1.25 μm (J)1.60 μm (H)
![Page 18: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hubble Ultra Deep Field IR / WFC3Hubble Ultra Deep Field IR / WFC3
Most distant galaxy yet seenLight travelled for 13.2 billion years to reach the Earth
1.05 μm (Y)1.25 μm (J)1.60 μm (H)
![Page 19: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Thermal Radiation
InfraredUltraviolet
![Page 20: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
50K
120K
294K
Thermal Radiation
Hubble Space Telescope 2.4-m primary mirror is kept at 70 ºF (21C, 294K)
![Page 21: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)HgCdTe arrays for 2 of 4 infrared bands
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)HgCdTe arrays for 2 of 4 infrared bands
Two1024×1024 pixelinfrared arrays
3.4 and 4.6 μm bands
Two1024×1024 pixelinfrared arrays
3.4 and 4.6 μm bands
![Page 22: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
29 September 2011 Press Release29 September 2011 Press Release
![Page 23: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
![Page 24: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lagrange Point 2 (L2)Optimal Location for Infrared Space Telescope
Lagrange Points of the Earth-Sun system(not drawn to scale!)
6.5-m mirror
sunshieldEarth
![Page 25: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mirror Temp.Mirror Temp.294K294K 50K50K
# Pixels# Pixels1 Mpixel1 Mpixel 63 Mpixel63 Mpixel
15 H2RG2048×2048
1 H1R1024×1024
NIRSpec(Near Infrared Spectrograph)
<6 e- noise for 1000 sec exposure
FGS(Fine Guidance Sensors)
NIRCam(Near Infrared Camera)
JWSTII-VI Sensors
JWSTII-VI Sensors
![Page 26: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Dark Current of HgCdTe Detectors
~9~5 ~2.5
~1.7
Typical InSbDark Current
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
10
1
10-2
10-3
10-4
23021019017015013011090705030
Temperature (K)
DarkCurrent
Electronsper pixelper sec
18 micronsquarepixel
10-1
HgCdTe cutoff wavelength (microns)
![Page 27: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
An electron-volt (eV)
is extremely small
An electron-volt (eV)
is extremely small
15 H2RG2K×2K arrays
63 million pixels
15 cm peanut M&M® drop is equal to the energy detected during 5 year operation of the
James Webb Space Telescope!
15 cm peanut M&M® drop is equal to the energy detected during 5 year operation of the
James Webb Space Telescope!
• The energy of a photon is VERY small– Energy of SWIR (2.5 μm) photon is 0.5 eV
• In 5 years, JWST will take ~1 million images– Total # SWIR photons detected ≈ 3.6 × 1016
– Total energy detected ≈ 1.8 × 1016 eV
• The energy of a photon is VERY small– Energy of SWIR (2.5 μm) photon is 0.5 eV
• In 5 years, JWST will take ~1 million images– Total # SWIR photons detected ≈ 3.6 × 1016
– Total energy detected ≈ 1.8 × 1016 eV
• Drop peanut M&M® candy (~2g) from height of 15 cm (~6 inches)
– Potential energy ≈ 1.8 x 1016 eV
• Drop peanut M&M® candy (~2g) from height of 15 cm (~6 inches)
– Potential energy ≈ 1.8 x 1016 eV
![Page 28: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hybrid CMOS Infrared Imaging SensorsHybrid CMOS Infrared Imaging Sensors
Three Key Technologies• Growth and processing of the HgCdTe detector layer• Design and fabrication of the CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) • Hybridization of the detector layer to the CMOS ROIC
![Page 29: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cosmic Rays and Substrate Removal• Cosmic ray events produce clouds of detected signal due to particle-
induced flashes of infrared light in the CdZnTe substrate
• Removal of the substrate eliminates the effect
2.5 μm cutoff, substrate on 1.7 μm cutoff, substrate on 1.7 μm cutoff, substrate off
![Page 30: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Quantum Efficiency of 2.3 micron HgCdTe
Substrate Removal allowsHgCdTe to detect UV and Visible Light
![Page 31: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DistanceThe “Pale Blue Dot”known as Earth Pluto (4 hrs)
Astronomy is a Time MachineThank heavens for the finite speed of light
The Big Bang(13.7 billion years ago)
Andromeda Galaxy (2.9 million light years)
Sun (8 min)
Proxima Centauri (4.3 light years)
Time
![Page 32: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mt Wilson 100-inch telescope(completed 1916)
Edwin Hubble1889 – 1953
Edwin Hubble1889 – 1953
Worked at Mt. Wilson1919 - 1953
Worked at Mt. Wilson1919 - 1953
1929: The Universe is expanding !
Albert Einstein & Edwin HubbleMt. Wilson 100-inch telescope
(1931)
![Page 33: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Redshift (z) due toExpansion of the Universe
The distant universe is an infrared universeThe distant universe is an infrared universe
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Wavelength (microns)
z = 2.8
z = 4.4
z = 6.3
Cosmological Redshift of Quasar Spectra
Lyman Alpha emission of hydrogen1216Å in rest frame
![Page 34: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Sizeof the
Universe
Today
Time (billions of years)
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25
ΩM = 0
Closed
Open
ΩM = 1
![Page 35: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DarkEnergy
Missions
The Decadal Review ranked Dark Energy
as the #1 priority for
NASA’s next major space astronomy
mission
WFIRST – Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
Eighteen2K×2K arrays
75 Mpixel mosaic
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics
• Euclid selected by ESA for 2019 launch !
• Teledyne’s H2RG IR detector and SIDECAR ASIC are baseline for the infrared instrument
Euclid dark energy mission
![Page 37: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mauna Kea, Hawai’iThe Northern Hemisphere’s best astronomical siteMauna Kea, HawaiMauna Kea, Hawai’’iiThe Northern HemisphereThe Northern Hemisphere’’s best astronomical sites best astronomical site
![Page 38: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Simplified AO system diagram
![Page 39: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Adaptive OpticsAnimation
![Page 40: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Imaging the galactic center
![Page 42: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mass of black hole at center of the Milky Way = 4.1±0.6 million solar masses
Andrea GhezUniversity of California,
Los Angeles Reinhard Genzel Max-Planck-Institut für
extraterrestrische Physik
![Page 44: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2011 - 17 telescopes with 6.5-meter aperture or larger
Keck – two 10-mKeck – two 10-m
Subaru 8.2-mSubaru 8.2-m Gemini 8-mGemini 8-m
LBT – twin 8.4-mLBT – twin 8.4-m
MMT 6.5-mMMT 6.5-m
Carnegie Magellan – two 6.5-mCarnegie Magellan – two 6.5-m
Gemini 8-mGemini 8-m
HET 9.2-m (effective)HET 9.2-m (effective) Grantecan 10.4-mGrantecan 10.4-m
SALT 10-m (eff.)SALT 10-m (eff.)
ESO VLT – four 8.2-mESO VLT – four 8.2-m
Arizona
Canary Islands
South AfricaChile
Texas
Hawai’i
![Page 45: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Existing LargeTelescopes944 m2 of
collecting area
3 6.5-m9 8-m5 10-m
European ExtremelyLarge Telescope
E-ELT39-m
1194 m2
The era of the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) is imminent
Thirty MeterTelescope
TMT30-m
707 m2
Giant MagellanTelescope
GMT24.5-m359 m2
![Page 46: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
HgCdTe Sensors for AstronomyState-of-the-art
HgCdTe Sensors for AstronomyState-of-the-art
• What astronomers want to be improved in HgCdTe sensors– Latency / Persistence: 0.1% degrades science– Operability: 95% to 99% specs set by cost– LWIR Producibility: LWIR more difficult, with lower yield– High speed, low noise: 500 Hz frame rate, 1282, 3 e- noise– Cost: IR detectors are ~10× visible CCDs
• What astronomers want to be improved in HgCdTe sensors– Latency / Persistence: 0.1% degrades science– Operability: 95% to 99% specs set by cost– LWIR Producibility: LWIR more difficult, with lower yield– High speed, low noise: 500 Hz frame rate, 1282, 3 e- noise– Cost: IR detectors are ~10× visible CCDs
• Large format– 2048×2048 pixels is standard– 4096×4096 pixels is in development
• Quantum efficiency– 70-90% over wide bandpass; UV through infrared
• Noise– Dark current can be made negligible with cooling– Readout noise as low as 2-3 electrons with multiple sampling– Dynamic range (full well / total noise) of ~10,000 for the best sensors
• Large format– 2048×2048 pixels is standard– 4096×4096 pixels is in development
• Quantum efficiency– 70-90% over wide bandpass; UV through infrared
• Noise– Dark current can be made negligible with cooling– Readout noise as low as 2-3 electrons with multiple sampling– Dynamic range (full well / total noise) of ~10,000 for the best sensors
Raytheon VIRGO 2K×2KRaytheon VIRGO 2K×2K
Teledyne H2RG 2K×2KTeledyne H2RG 2K×2K
Teledyne H4RG-15 4K×4KTeledyne H4RG-15 4K×4K
![Page 47: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Future Astronomy Discoveries to be made by II-VI materialsFuture Astronomy Discoveries to be made by II-VI materials
• Understand the endof the dark ages
• Determine howgalaxies evolve
• Solve the mysteriesof dark matterand dark energy
• Find thekiller asteroidbefore it hitsthe Earth !
• Find and study planets in the habitable zone around other stars
![Page 48: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
TeledyneEnabling humankind to understand the Universe and our place in it
Thank you for your attention
![Page 49: Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materialsridl.cfd.rit.edu/products/talks/DVW/James Beletic/Beletic II-VI... · Wonderful Properties of II-VI Materials Presentation to the Rochester](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042208/5eac2d68298b6822e51a57df/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Status and plans for astronomical facilities and instrumentation (ground & space)• Laboratory instrumentation (physical chemistry, synchrotrons, etc.)• Earth and Planetary Science missions and instrumentation• Detector materials (from Si and HgCdTe to strained layer superlattices)• Sensor architectures – CCD, monolithic CMOS, hybrid CMOS• Sensor electronics; Sensor packaging and mosaics• Sensor testing and characterization
A workshop for the leaders in sensor technologies that enablecutting edge science in the X-ray, UV, Visible and Infrared
No parallel sessions; poster pops ensure visibility for all papersWorkshop proceedings distributed in electronic and hardcover versionsGroup activities: Galileo Museum visit, Florence walking tour,
Workshop receptions & dinners, catered lunchesGuest program: Experience the culture of Tuscany; join group activitiesWorkshop attendance limited; early registration is recommended
High Performance Imaging Sensorsfor Astronomy, Laboratory
Instrumentation and Earth/Planetary Science2013
Katherine J. BeleticJames W. BeleticMartin M. RothPaola AmicoEditors
AS
SL
ASTROPHYSICS ANDSPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY
High Performance Imaging Sensors for Astronomy, Laboratory Instrumentation & Earth / Planetary Science
October 7-11, 2013 - Florence, Italy
Host Organizations