wood-burning stoves in buildings worldwide: local...
TRANSCRIPT
WOOD-BURNING STOVES IN BUILDINGS WORLDWIDE:
LOCAL MEASURES TO REDUCE REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS
SEMINAR ON REAL-WORLD EMISSIONS FROM RWC
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Ricardo L. Carvalho, Ole M. Jensen, Luís A. Tarelho
Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Denmark
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Aveiro University, Portugal
• Wood-burn ing s toves through ages
• Wood smoke, exposure and impacts
• Compar ing s tudies in Europe
• Outdoor / indoor measurements
• Local in tervent ions
Wood-burning stoves in buildings
Wood-burning stoves through the ages Old english: Stofa = enclosed space = ”stoved in”
Goudsblom J (2001) Fire, human use and consequences, Fine Arts, 2001
Wrangham R. (2010) Catching the fire: how cooking made us human
1 million years ago
Lightning: ”centre of activity”
300.000 years ago
Cooking: ”Centre of humans”
200 years ago
”focus” ~ home
Steel exhaust
Tightness
5 years ago
Global world ”energy”
Insulation Design
Controlled venting
ADVANCE Control of house and stoves
IMPROVEMENT Control of fire in stoves
TRADITION Domestication of fire on the ground
More than any time in the human history!
(Still) Popular traditional WBSs
Women cooking and heating in Hymalayas
3-stove fire, Inhabitat, 2014 Recreational heat in Europe
Open fire, 2014
Wood smoke, exposure and impacts
• Mix of toxic substances including CO, TVOCs and
• Aerosols include climate forcing black carbon
• PM2.5 is the best single indicator for exposure associated to: Child pneumonia
Low birth weight
Chronic pulmunary disease (COPD)
Lung cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Others
Largest impact on the mortality
In cold areas, heating requires
more fuel than cooking during
the cold days!
Industry Land traffic Residential
Residential wood heating is a
major source in China and
Europe
Biomass burning Power generation Agriculture Nature
Household air pollution: outdoor/indoor smoke
World Health Organization. Global Burden Disease (2013)
World Health Organization (2012)
ICS-mud heating, Peru
Carvalho, 2012
”Improved stoves”: enclosed with chimney now become more popular in southern countries
Convective insert, Portugal
Solzaima, 2015
Wood-log stove, Chile
Google, 2015
Lars Mytting. Norwegian chopping, stacking, and drying wood: The Scandinavian way (2015).
Information on emissions is not comparable!:
representing the real apliance types?
~1.5 Mo installations
43%
19%
20%
0% 18%
Fireplace
Old closed
New closed
Modern
Boilers and cookers
[1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic
compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal.
Atmospheric Environment, 50, 297-306, 2012.
[14] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Housing units of usual residence (No.)
by Geographic localization (at the date of Census 2001) and Sewal disposal
system; Decennialin Portugal, 2001.
35.342 TJ
11 kt PM2.5
~0.7 Mo installations
26%
41%
30%
3%
Old closed
New closed
Modern
Boilers and cookers
21.920 TJ
17 kt PM2.5
[12] Incentive, Forced Technology. Danish Ministry of Environment.
Virkemiddelkatalog for NOX, PM2.5, NMVOC og NH3, Miljøprojekt nr. 1514,
2013.
[1] C. Gonçalves, C. Alves, C. Pio. Inventory of fine particulate organic
compound emissions from residential wood combustion in Portugal.
Atmospheric Environment, 50, 297-306, 2012.
[18] EMEP, 2013
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
fireplace old new modern new modern
gP
M2.5
/GJ
Portugal
DenmarkPellet
stoves
Typical
wood stove
Inconsistencies in the emission factors!
𝐸𝑃𝑀 = 𝑊𝑐𝑖 ∙
𝑛
𝑖=0
EFsi
Simulating real-world emissions in different ways?
Tunnel at University of Aveiro
Portugal, 2015
Tunnel in testing centre
Denmark, 2010
1st: Light small wood-logs from the top!
[5] E.D. Vicente, M.A. Duarte, A.I. Calvo, T.F. Nunes, L. Tarelho, C.A. Alves. Emission of carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and particulate matter
during wood combustion in a stove operating under distinct conditions, 2015.
Not typical
conditions!
Cold start
2nd: Use modern stoves with dry fuels!
Automatic stoves, Portugal
Cavalho, 2015
Vicente et al. Particulate emissions from the combustion of different biofuels in a pellet stove, Atmospheric Environment, 2015
90% efficiency,
Heavy metals
in pellets from
industrial materials
Olive pits high PM!
EN certified pellets, Portugal
Cavalho 2015
Particles from local
pellets in Aveiro,
Cavalho 2015
3rd: Design proper household interventions!
Low wattage Middle wattage High wattage
ADVANCED
”Ash”
IMPROVED
”burning with flames”
TRADITIONAL
”smouldering”
Eg. Peru Eg. Spain Eg. Denmark
Globally, there are very few evidences on local outdoor/indoor climate effects!
3rd: Household wood-heating transformation
HAP studies China,
Li & Shan**, 2014
Germany
Salthammer, 2014
USA,
Nonan, 2012 WHO/ISO
Study design 10 old WBSs 7 old and
new WBSs
21 old WBSs
(pre-intervention)
21 new WBSs
(post-intervention) World
Outdoor PM2.5
emissions g/kgF
2.7±4.3*
(very high CO) 5-25 5-25 <10 <1 g/kgF
Outdoor [PM2.5]
µg/m3 - 9-49 25.3±12.4 18.3±8.12 25 µg/m3
Indoor [PM2.5]
µg/m3 367±230** 4-55 45±33 20.4±26.5 35 µg/m3
Indoor temperature
(oC) <26 <26 25.3±12.4 18.3±8.1 20-26
…few studies on ”stove replacement” only…
3rd: Measurements to test new household interventions
CPC/temp-RH (UFP)
variations outdoors CPC/temp-RH (UFP)
variations indoors
PM2.5
temp/RH
Particles
size ranges
CO, TVOCs
variations
Low energy house in Oslo, Norway
Foto by Barbosa, 2014
Hwam auto-pilot, Aarhus, Denmark
Carvalho, 2014
Heta Solar hydronic, Oslo, Norway
Foto by Barbosa, 2014
Digital Manual
3rd.a: ”Advanced wood-burning” devices
3rd.a: Advanced devices & energy savings
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Esp
erg
aed
e
(19
77)
Væ
rløse
II
(19
85
)
Bag
svæ
rd (
19
98
)
Hil
lerø
d (
20
01
)
Rin
gst
ed (
20
06
)
Vir
um
(2
00
7)
Væ
rlo
ese
(20
08
)
Esr
um
I (
20
09
)
Esr
um
(2
00
9)
Las
by
(2
00
8)
Skan
den
bo
rg
(201
1)
Lan
gh
us
(20
11
)
Ne
t th
erm
al e
ne
rgy p
rod
uctio
n (
MW
h)
Other heatingsystems
Smart control
ca. intake out
Manual
>50% supply
Primary heat! Overheat
Overheat
Heating area between 120-400 m2 LEH OLD
Smart control
digital
manual
IAQ
#/cm3
Time (hours)
New indoor
intake
New outdoor
intake
3.b. ”Draft design” & variations on IAQ
Old indoor
intake
Lightning
Refilling
Background
How to design realistic interventions?: Work on local measures for future buildings!
Low-income
Mid-income
High-income
Billions
(worldwide)
Millions
(Europe, NA
and China)
Thousands
(worldwide)
Inform on:
• How and when to burn?
• Proper fuels & stoves!
• Chimneys & mantainance
Provide:
• Proper insulation and ventilation systems
• Stoves with control of air-inlets
• Realistic regulations
Retrofit:
•Heat recovery & chimney integrations
•Digital devices
•Building monitoring sensors