Woodrow Wilson and WWI

1914-1918

President Woodrow Wilson, 1908-1913-1921

Foreign Affairs, 1901-1917

Latin America

Venezuela

Mexico

Panama

Colombia

Cuba

Haiti

Nicaragua

The U.S. became more and more involved in foreign affairs. All three Progressive presidents faced challenges abroad.

T. Roosevelt believed in there was difference between “civilized” nations and “uncivilized” nations. Many people agreed with this philosophy

“Speak softly and carry a big stick” Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace prize for

his work in ending the war between Japan and Russia in 1906

The Great White Fleet and “Open Door Policy”

Panama Canal

By 1914, the was U.S. taking a more active role in

foreign affairs:1. Spanish American War Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines 2. Philippines –atrocities committed on

both sides3. Intervened in revolution in Panama4. In 1914 Woodrow Wilson sent

American forces to Mexico to take the port of Vera Cruz and chase Pancho Villa into Mexico

Woodrow Wilson, Pancho VillaThe Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution left the country in chaos and

W. Wilson sent troops to take control of the Port of Veracruz during the conflict

Pancho Villa killed 16 Americans and then crossed the U.S. border and killed 17 more. Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture Poncho Villa.

Wilson sent General Pershing to Capture

Pancho Villa

http://www.history.com/videos/the-most-pancho-villa

Trouble in Europe: 4 Primary Factors that Led to WWI in

Europe in 1914 1. The Rise of Nationalism 2. The Growth of Imperialism 3. The formation of (sometimes) secret

alliances 4. Increased Militarism Germany and Great Britain

SPARK the started WWI: Assassination of Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne by Serb Nationalist

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife just minutes before being shot in Bosnia

http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i

Europe at War, 1914-1918

British Empire France Russia *** (until

1917)

U. S., 1917

Germany Austro-Hungarian

Empire Turkey (Ottoman

Empire)

Allies Central Powers

Map of Participants WWI

President Woodrow Wilson1916:“He Kept us Out of War”

Neutrality US divided in support

for Britain and Germany

Isolationists wanted to stay out of war

Interventionists wanted to join the war

Trade with Europe (Britain and France) during WWI led to one of the greatest economic booms in the nation’s history

WWI and Submarine Warfare

Shipping routes

http://www.history.com/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915

Election of 1916: Wilson Wins“He Kept Us Out of War”

Wilson ran again for president and knew that many Americans wanted to stay out of the war, called pacifistspacifists or isolationists. isolationists.

Theodore Roosevelt and many others felt the U.S. should go to war=interventionists.interventionists.

Wilson tried to remain neutral—not Wilson tried to remain neutral—not taking sides in the wartaking sides in the war

There was a heated debate over preparedness,preparedness, and Wilson finally agreed to expand the armed forces.

Wilson’s Explanation for war:“WAR FOR DEMOCRACY”

1. Wilson knew he needed a REASON for going to war—he had to convince the American people that war was necessary.

2. War as a moral issue—to avoid future conflicts—”the war to end all wars”

3. U.S. would take the role of international leader help create a new world order

4. Wilson wanted “peace without victory” where all nations were treated fairly

5. Wilson wanted to form a “League of Nations”

The Zimmerman The Zimmerman TelegramTelegram

Arthur Zimmerman, German foreign minister The Telegram to Mexico

1. US joined the war in Europe•2. Russian Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution) impacted global alignments for rest of the 20th century

1917---PIVOTAL YEAR IN U.S. 1917---PIVOTAL YEAR IN U.S. AND WORLD HISTORYAND WORLD HISTORY

The Russian Revolution, 1917The Russian Revolution, 1917 Also known as the BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION

or RED REVOLUTION V.I. Lenin took power in Russia withdrew from

WWI The Russian Revolution completely

transformed the global military and political world for the rest of the 20th century—from 1917---to 1989—to the present day.

Led to the rise of Communism, WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War, Nuclear Arms race, the Cold War, fall of the Berlin Wall, and break up of Soviet Union

Reasons why the U.S. Joined Reasons why the U.S. Joined the War in 1917the War in 1917

1. U.S. was becoming more active in international affairs

2. Americans identified with Britain and France and TRADED with them =$$$$

3. Wilson believed the U.S. should take the lead to create new world order, a lasting peace

4. The Zimmerman telegram to Mexico was a direct threat to the US

5. Germany resumed use of submarines to attack U.S. ships

6. It looked as if the Allies would lose the war against Germany if the U.S. did not step in

U.S. declared war in April, 1917

The U.S. at War…..the Battle for the Seas

U.S. Navy helped turn the war around Convoys of ships escorted supplies and troops Mines were used against German U Boats U.S. destroyers attacked German U-Boats

(submarines) NO AMERICAN TROOP SHIP WAS LOST DURING

WWI

African American Soldiers in WWI

General John J. Pershing

New Technology of Warfare

1. Trench warfare 2. Chemical weapons, mustard gas 3. Submarines 4. ***Modern navy and battleships 5. First war to use airplanes 6. Machine guns 7. Mobile weapons=tanks, trucks 8. Flame throwers 9. Wireless telegraphy

American Cemetery in the American Cemetery in the Argonne Forest, FranceArgonne Forest, France

2005 Scientists recover flu virus from victims in a mass grave in Alaska….

1918 Armistice Ended Hostilities, Germany Had Been Defeated

11th hour, 11th day, 11th month 9-10 million killed in war, 20 million

died of flu U.S. lost 112,000 in the war (half

died of flu) U.S. lost 675,000 to the flu epidemic WWI led to profound changes in

Europe, the nature of warfare, the rise of communism (Russian Revolution) and the international position of the U.S.

WWI Transforms American Society

8 Ways WWI Transformed 8 Ways WWI Transformed American Society American Society (T)

1. Selective Service Act (Draft) 2. American Expeditionary Force—men serving abroad 3. The federal government and the business community

worked closely to coordinate and control the wartime economy.

*WWI led to economic boom in the U.S. *War Industries Board and Bernard Baruch *Rationing and price setting * Manufacturing and shipping war supplies *Funding the war—taxes, Liberty Bonds, national debt $2

billion to 20

4. Labor/ workers made some gains * Wages, equal pay for women, 8 hour day, unions had right to bargain

Bernard Baruch, Chairman of WIB

WWI Transforms the nation…. 5. Women, African Americans,

Hispanics and Asians went to work in jobs they had never held

before.

6. American farmers and agriculture—economic

boom as farm prices were higher than had been

in ten years

Women at work in tannery, WWI

WWI Transforms the Nation…. 7. “Great Migration” from the South to

the North 8. Society is divided THE PEACE MOVEMENT LAWS TO SUPRESS DISSENT Espionage Act Sabotage and Sedition Acts Anti-German sentiment

The Great Migration

Wilson and the Treaty of VersaillesThe Fight for the League of NationsParis Peace ConferenceTreaty of VersaillesDebate Over the Treaty and League of Nations

Paris Peace Conference

1. Woodrow Wilson 2. David Lloyd George, Great Britain

(England) 3. Georges Clemenceau, France 4. Vittorio Orlando, Italy

***Wilson arrived in Paris to an overwhelming welcome—was treated like a hero. This changed very quickly.

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points for Peace

The Fourteen Points—Wilson’s plan for a new world order to insure peace in the future

Several points addressed boundaries for European countries and right to national self determination

Other points addressed how to settle international disputes in the future

FINALLY—There was a proposal for a League of Nations – an international peacekeeping organization, which all countries should belong to.

Wilson’s 14 Points in a nutshell… 1. No more secret treaties 2. Countries should reduce their stockpiles

of armies and reduce the size of their armies 3. National self determination should

allow people of the same nationality to govern themselves and one nationality should not have the power to govern another.

4. All countries should belong to the League of Nations

Palace of Versailles where treaty was signed….officially ending WWI

Signing the Treaty of Versailles

Fight for the League of Nations

The League of Nations

After WWI: America in Turmoil

U.S. in turmoil after the war…. Postwar economic depression Strikes and labor unrest Racial unrest Anarchist bombs, Palmer Raids The Red Scare: Fear of

Communism

Steel Strike of 1919

Marcus Garvey

W.E.B. Dubois

Anarchists march in NY City

Anarchists bomb Wall Street, 1920

Sacco and Vanzenette

THE BIG PICTURE:THE BIG PICTURE:WWI and Woodrow WilsonWWI and Woodrow Wilson

U.S. as World Leader

Social changes

Economic changes

After WWI, the U.S. was poised to become the most important political and economic force in the world.

The US retreated into isolationism again