woodrow wilson’s foreign policy and attempt at neutrality u.s. history 2 ap mr. melvin unit 3,...

Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policy and Attempt at NeutralityPolicy and Attempt at Neutrality

U.S. History 2 APU.S. History 2 AP

Mr. MelvinMr. Melvin

Unit 3, Lesson 3Unit 3, Lesson 3

Foreign Policy PhilosophyForeign Policy Philosophy

The Force of the U.S. is its moral The Force of the U.S. is its moral principlesprinciples

Work for peace through exampleWork for peace through example

How to Accomplish?How to Accomplish?

– Teach semi-developed nations to live according to Teach semi-developed nations to live according to US constitutional systemUS constitutional system

– Spread US society, culture, government, and law to Spread US society, culture, government, and law to semi-developed nations (efficient and ethical)semi-developed nations (efficient and ethical)

– Definable body of international law for international Definable body of international law for international community rather than alliances or military strength community rather than alliances or military strength (moral nations need to follow it)(moral nations need to follow it)

– Placed hope for peace in international lawPlaced hope for peace in international law– Wilson distrusted career men in navy, army, and Wilson distrusted career men in navy, army, and

state departmentsstate departments

Bryan’s WorkBryan’s Work

Passed 30 treaties requiring international Passed 30 treaties requiring international arbitrationarbitration– Investigate issue with 1 year cooling off periodInvestigate issue with 1 year cooling off period

Ended US participation in Manchurian RR Ended US participation in Manchurian RR (wouldn’t interfere in Chinese sovreignty(wouldn’t interfere in Chinese sovreignty

11stst Nation to recognize new Republic of Nation to recognize new Republic of ChinaChina


New Japanese Crisis:New Japanese Crisis:– CA wanted to deny landownership to CA wanted to deny landownership to

JapaneseJapanese– Ended through Wilson’s conciliatory Ended through Wilson’s conciliatory

diplomacydiplomacy– Crisis ended but problems still thereCrisis ended but problems still there


22ndnd Crisis with Japan: Crisis with Japan:– 1915 – Japan puts 21 demands on China1915 – Japan puts 21 demands on China– If accepted, China becomes subservientIf accepted, China becomes subservient– Wilson sends harsh message to JapanWilson sends harsh message to Japan– US wouldn’t stand for violation of:US wouldn’t stand for violation of:

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

Chinese territorial integrityChinese territorial integrity

US treaty rightsUS treaty rights

Latin AmericaLatin America

Wanted to abandon Dollar Diplomacy Wanted to abandon Dollar Diplomacy

Goal: Goal: – 1. Make Friends 1. Make Friends – 2. Help Achieve higher standard of living2. Help Achieve higher standard of living

Attempted to apologize to Columbia Attempted to apologize to Columbia (Canal)(Canal)– Blocked by TR’s friends in the SenateBlocked by TR’s friends in the Senate

Latin AmericaLatin America

Problem:Problem:– Most Latin American countries were poor and couldn’t Most Latin American countries were poor and couldn’t

care less about morals, laws, etccare less about morals, laws, etc– Turbulent governments can’t helpTurbulent governments can’t help– In end, set up puppet governments in:In end, set up puppet governments in:

NicaraguaNicaragua

Santo DomingoSanto Domingo

HaitiHaiti

Resembled Dollar Diplomacy = Criticism Resembled Dollar Diplomacy = Criticism

Crisis with MexicoCrisis with Mexico

1911 – Middle Class 1911 – Middle Class revolution overthrew revolution overthrew governmentgovernment1913 – Counter-1913 – Counter-revolution (Huerta) revolution (Huerta) restores regime restores regime (Europe recognized)(Europe recognized)2 sides: Huerta vs. 2 sides: Huerta vs. Carranza Carranza (Constitutionalists)(Constitutionalists)


Wilson engages in “watchful waiting” until Wilson engages in “watchful waiting” until October 1913October 1913– Huerta declares himself dictatorHuerta declares himself dictator

Wilson – refuse to recognize Huerta govt.Wilson – refuse to recognize Huerta govt.

Also sought repeal of British recognitionAlso sought repeal of British recognition– 1914 – US passed law repealing English tolls 1914 – US passed law repealing English tolls

to use Panama Canalto use Panama Canal– March 1914 – British repealed recogntionMarch 1914 – British repealed recogntion


Wilson to Carranza: “Keep revolution Wilson to Carranza: “Keep revolution orderly and we’ll intervene”orderly and we’ll intervene”

Carranza – No, but we need your Carranza – No, but we need your weaponsweapons

February 1914 – US lifts weapons February 1914 – US lifts weapons embargo on Mexico (help Carranza)embargo on Mexico (help Carranza)


Tampico Incident (April 10, 1914)Tampico Incident (April 10, 1914)– Huerta officer arrests US sailors that went Huerta officer arrests US sailors that went

ashoreashore– Apologized, but refused to salute US flagApologized, but refused to salute US flag

– April 20 – Wilson asked Congress to attack April 20 – Wilson asked Congress to attack Vera CruzVera Cruz

– April 21 – Sends navy without approvalApril 21 – Sends navy without approvalProtect harbor from GermansProtect harbor from Germans

U.S. Invasion of Vera CruzU.S. Invasion of Vera Cruz


Both Carranza and Huerta criticize US Both Carranza and Huerta criticize US actionsactions

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediate issueArgentina, Brazil, and Chile mediate issue– Not signed by CarranzaNot signed by Carranza

July 1914 – Huerta overthrownJuly 1914 – Huerta overthrown

August 1914 – Carranza in powerAugust 1914 – Carranza in power– Becomes US enemy – US violation of Becomes US enemy – US violation of

Mexican sovreigntyMexican sovreignty


Carranza intensifies revolutionCarranza intensifies revolution

1915 – orders foreign property 1915 – orders foreign property nationalizednationalized

US popular support – send the troops!US popular support – send the troops!

Wilson refuses and de facto recognizes Wilson refuses and de facto recognizes Carranza government (October 1915)Carranza government (October 1915)

Pancho VillaPancho Villa

Was provincial Was provincial governor of Carranza governor of Carranza and US ally against and US ally against HuertaHuerta

Betrayed by CarranzaBetrayed by Carranza

Hated U.S. for still Hated U.S. for still helping Carranzahelping Carranza

Pancho VillaPancho Villa

Launches invasion of Launches invasion of New Mexico from New Mexico from January – March 1915January – March 1915

Wilson sends Pershing Wilson sends Pershing and army into Mexico to and army into Mexico to chase Villachase Villa– Couldn’t find Villa!Couldn’t find Villa!

US presence in Mexico US presence in Mexico angers Carranzaangers Carranza– 2 minor battles fought2 minor battles fought

End of Mexican CrisisEnd of Mexican Crisis

July 1916 – issue sent to international July 1916 – issue sent to international arbitratorarbitratorJanuary 1917 – Wilson calls troops home January 1917 – Wilson calls troops home and de facto recognizes Carranza.and de facto recognizes Carranza.Wilson’s restraint outweighed his moralismWilson’s restraint outweighed his moralism– Ended up upsetting those he wanted to helpEnded up upsetting those he wanted to help– Avoided pressures for warAvoided pressures for war– US/Mexican relations tenuous, but still US/Mexican relations tenuous, but still

presentpresent

WWI in EuropeWWI in Europe

Assassination of Assassination of Austrian Archduke Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo Sarajevo – August 1914August 1914

Sparked, along with Sparked, along with alliance system, to alliance system, to major European Warmajor European War


Allied Powers: Russia, France, England, Italy

VS

Central Powers:

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire


These Powers were not Involved

WWI PressuresWWI Pressures

Wilson intent on remaining “neutral in fact Wilson intent on remaining “neutral in fact and name”and name”

US Progressives: “Concentrate on US Progressives: “Concentrate on domestic reforms and set example for domestic reforms and set example for Europe”Europe”

Both sides appealed to their own US Both sides appealed to their own US ethnicities for supportethnicities for support

WWI PressuresWWI Pressures

Both sides sent their own propaganda to Both sides sent their own propaganda to the USthe US

WWIWWI

Wilson upheld US “neutral rights” to trade Wilson upheld US “neutral rights” to trade and use seasand use seas– Basis of “international law”Basis of “international law”

Rules were uncertain because of German Rules were uncertain because of German U-BoatsU-Boats

WWIWWI

England blockaded neutral and German ports to England blockaded neutral and German ports to tradetrade– Diverted US ships to their ports to searchDiverted US ships to their ports to search– Seized US mailSeized US mail– Forbade its merchants to do business with Forbade its merchants to do business with

“blacklisted” US companies“blacklisted” US companies

Wilson protests – violation of international lawWilson protests – violation of international law

England – keep blockade without hurting USEngland – keep blockade without hurting US

Germany protestsGermany protests

WWIWWI

Allies began buying agricultural and Allies began buying agricultural and industrial products from USindustrial products from USPrivate American bankers began lending Private American bankers began lending money to Allies so that they can continue money to Allies so that they can continue funding warfunding warUS became creditor nationUS became creditor nationHad stake in Allied victory (indirectly)Had stake in Allied victory (indirectly)Balance: Keep neutral rights BUT be semi-Balance: Keep neutral rights BUT be semi-pro Allies??pro Allies??

U-Boat IssueU-Boat Issue

U-boats are new technology – function off U-boats are new technology – function off of surpriseof surprise

Wilson still using “older” international rules Wilson still using “older” international rules to apply to U-Boatsto apply to U-Boats– Old method: Ships warn sailors and Old method: Ships warn sailors and

passengers to leave merchant ships before passengers to leave merchant ships before sinkingsinking

– Problem: U-Boat surfaces to warn – Very Problem: U-Boat surfaces to warn – Very vulnerable!vulnerable!


Germany creates war zone around Germany creates war zone around England, using U-boatsEngland, using U-boats– States that enemy ships will be sunk on sightStates that enemy ships will be sunk on sight– Germany’s equivalent to England’s blockadeGermany’s equivalent to England’s blockade– Gives warning to neutral nations about Gives warning to neutral nations about

potential for mistakespotential for mistakes

– Wilson protests – “Any US lives lost violation Wilson protests – “Any US lives lost violation of neutral rights”of neutral rights”


May 7, 1915 – British liner Lusitania sunk May 7, 1915 – British liner Lusitania sunk in war zonein war zone

128 Americans killed on board128 Americans killed on board

US outraged!US outraged!


Wilson sends protest letterWilson sends protest letter– Demands apology and payment for damagesDemands apology and payment for damages

– Bryan believes letter too harsh to Germany and Bryan believes letter too harsh to Germany and resigns (Replaced by Robert Lansing)resigns (Replaced by Robert Lansing)

– February 1916 – Germany apologizes and pays, but February 1916 – Germany apologizes and pays, but doesn’t admit that sinking was illegaldoesn’t admit that sinking was illegal

Claims it was okay because passenger liner secretly carrying Claims it was okay because passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition for the Alliesammunition for the Allies


Wilson sends House to mediate warWilson sends House to mediate war– Jan/Feb 1916 – Wilson & Lansing advise Jan/Feb 1916 – Wilson & Lansing advise

Allies to disarm merchant vesselsAllies to disarm merchant vesselsSubs could warn ships before attackingSubs could warn ships before attacking

Allies refuseAllies refuse

– Feb 1916 – Germany declares unrestricted Feb 1916 – Germany declares unrestricted submarine warfare against armed vessels submarine warfare against armed vessels (because of Lansing’s suggestion)(because of Lansing’s suggestion)

US reiterated original submarine policy, but US reiterated original submarine policy, but would not stop US citizens from traveling would not stop US citizens from traveling

SussexSussex

March 1916 – Sussex SunkMarch 1916 – Sussex Sunk– Wilson warns Germans to stopWilson warns Germans to stop

Germany agrees to Sussex PledgeGermany agrees to Sussex Pledge– Subs abide by visit and search rulesSubs abide by visit and search rules– Would stop if England violates international Would stop if England violates international

lawlaw

““Americanism”Americanism”

Surge of Pro-American and Anti-Surge of Pro-American and Anti-everyoneelse everyoneelse – Continual fear of warContinual fear of war

Used as an excuse for suppressionUsed as an excuse for suppression– Catholics, Jews, Labor UnionsCatholics, Jews, Labor Unions– 1915- Denied women vote & passed literacy 1915- Denied women vote & passed literacy

test for immigrantstest for immigrants

““Americanism”Americanism”

Wilson used term differentlyWilson used term differently– Preserving National HonorPreserving National Honor

““Preparedness”Preparedness”

Is the U.S. prepared for war, just in case?Is the U.S. prepared for war, just in case?

Wilson – avoid large standing armyWilson – avoid large standing army

TR & influential minority: PREPARE!!TR & influential minority: PREPARE!!

““Preparedness”Preparedness”

Nov. 1915Nov. 1915– Wilson calls for 400,000 troops to volunteer to Wilson calls for 400,000 troops to volunteer to

serve a few months a yearserve a few months a year– Went on National Speaking TourWent on National Speaking Tour

May 1916 – 2X of army & National GuardMay 1916 – 2X of army & National Guard– Built stronger navyBuilt stronger navy– Raised taxes on income and created Raised taxes on income and created

inheritance tax to pay for itinheritance tax to pay for it

Election of 1916Election of 1916

Wilson vs. Charles Wilson vs. Charles Evans HughesEvans Hughes

““He Kept us Out of He Kept us Out of War”War”

CA deciding factorCA deciding factor

277-254277-254

Road to WarRoad to War

Nov. 1916 – G.B. passes tougher trade Nov. 1916 – G.B. passes tougher trade regulationsregulations– Germans sink more shipsGermans sink more ships

Wilson tries to broker peaceWilson tries to broker peace– January 22, 1917 – “Peace without victors”January 22, 1917 – “Peace without victors”

League of Nations + Follow his 14 PointsLeague of Nations + Follow his 14 Points


Jan. 31, 1917Jan. 31, 1917– Germans resume Germans resume

unrestricted sub. unrestricted sub. WarfareWarfare

– Can now sink any Can now sink any enemy or neutral ship enemy or neutral ship without warningwithout warning

– Wilson: Neutral right Wilson: Neutral right violation!violation!

– Breaks ties with Breaks ties with GermanyGermany

Zimmerman TelegramZimmerman Telegram

Feb. 25, 1917Feb. 25, 1917– Germany invites Germany invites

Mexico to join central Mexico to join central powerspowers

– Will receive “lost Will receive “lost territory” of American territory” of American SouthwestSouthwest


Wilson decides to arm US merchant ships Wilson decides to arm US merchant ships without Congressional approvalwithout Congressional approval


March 18, 1917 – March 18, 1917 – Germans sink 3 US Germans sink 3 US shipsships

Russia drops out of Russia drops out of warwar– No more dictatorship No more dictatorship

on Allied sideon Allied side

War DeclarationWar Declaration

April 2, 1917 – Wilson April 2, 1917 – Wilson asks Congress to asks Congress to declare wardeclare war

Does so by April 6thDoes so by April 6th

War DeclarationWar Declaration

Image CitationsImage Citationshttp://historyspace.mrlocke.com/president_woodrow_wilson_po.jp

http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/a/a3/William_Jennings_Bryan.jpg

http://www.woodrowwilsonhouse.org/Timeline/Images/VHuerta.jpg

http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/carrano.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cb/Tampico_Incident.jpg

http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/PRD/PanchoVilla02_000.jpg

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/aa/pershing/aa_pershing_mexico_2_e.jpg

http://www.historycentral.com/Europe/FerdinandAssassinated.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Map_1914_WWI_Alliances.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Map_1914_WWI_Alliances.jpg

http://www.screenhead.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/austin-powers-shagadelic.jpghttp://www.screenhead.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/austin-powers-shagadelic.jpg

http://www.kspace.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/kenny-powers-1.jpghttp://www.kspace.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/kenny-powers-1.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_4OYGjUrdllo/SZJXiRYqtGI/AAAAAAAAQok/UI9plL-zsS0/http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_4OYGjUrdllo/SZJXiRYqtGI/AAAAAAAAQok/UI9plL-zsS0/s400/1917+GERMAN+ANTI+FRANCE+BRITAIN+WWI+PROPAGANDA+POSTER+-+eBay+s400/1917+GERMAN+ANTI+FRANCE+BRITAIN+WWI+PROPAGANDA+POSTER+-+eBay+(item+350164122465+end+time+Feb-15-09+17-43-14+PST)_1234327361566.png(item+350164122465+end+time+Feb-15-09+17-43-14+PST)_1234327361566.png

http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_01_sm.jpghttp://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_01_sm.jpg

http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/hist427/1910sphotos/427uboat1.jpghttp://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/hist427/1910sphotos/427uboat1.jpg

woodrow wilson’s foreign policy and attempt at neutrality u.s. history 2 ap mr. melvin unit 3,...

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