Word Division

Korean

Romanization and Word Division

Romanization

1. General Practice

The Library of Congress will continue to follow the McCune-Reischauer system to romanize Korean with the exceptions noted in this document. See: Romanization of the Korean Language: Based upon its Phonetic Structure by G.M. McCune and E.O. Reischauer ([S.l.: s.n., 1939?), reprinted from the Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Full text of the original document is available online from the National Library of Australia Web site: http://www.nla.gov.au/librariesaustralia/cjk/download/ras_1939.pdf

Note: A romanization table appears as Appendix 7, at the end of this document.

2. Authorities

The Library of Congress will designate certain standard dictionaries [see Appendix 1] as final authorities to resolve questions of contemporary pronunciation. A word will be considered to be pronounced as indicated in those dictionaries, and romanized in such a way as to represent its pronunciation most accurately.

3. Conflict between Romanization Rule and Pronunciation

When romanization rules conflict with the pronunciation of a word, prefer to represent the pronunciation.

ramyn

Hancha

yngchang

Suldae

Wldkp

kiljabi

Malgaljok

kabchi

silchng

Note: Some dictionaries represent a reinforced medial consonant with a double consonant: [_], [_]. However, the romanization would not necessarily show a double consonant: ikwa, silsi.

pyngka

munpp

4. Hyphens

(a) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is indicated preceding or following a hyphen in forenames or pseudonyms that are preceded by family names, and in generic terms used as jurisdictions.

1) For personal names with family name:

An ng-nyl

Pak Mog-wl

Yi Toe-gye

2) For generic terms for jurisdictions:

Kangwn-do

Kyngsang-bukto

Wando-gun

Pyngtaek-kun

Kugi-dong

Pyngtaeg-p

Sanbung-myn

Hwanggong-ni

Nogn-ni

Pokkye-ri

Sahl-li

Exception 1: For generic terms for jurisdictions preceded by a numeral, do not indicate sound change.

2

Chongno 2-ka

4

Sngsan 4-tong

Exception 2: For those special administrative terms for jurisdictions, do not hyphenate.

Sul Tkpylsi

Pusan Kwangyksi

Cheju Tkpyl Chachido

(b) When sounds would normally change, according to McCune-Reischauer rules, sound change is not indicated preceding or following a hyphen in the following instances:

1) In a spelled-out cardinal number:

chn-kubaek-yuksip-pal

2) Between a numeral and volume designation and things being counted:

3

che 3-chip

4

4-kwn

2

2-pu

33

33-in

6

6-kae

5

5-pyng

3) Between a year, written in numerals, and suffix or modifier:

10

10-chunyn

2000

2000-yndae

4) Between abbreviated forms of proper nouns combined coordinately:

Sin-Kuyak Sngs

Nam-Pukhan chngbu

Han-Mi kwangye

Exception: Do not hyphenate between abbreviated forms of non-proper nouns. Follow the convention for Word Division Rule 10.

knhyndaesa

suchurip kwalli

kungnaeoe sajng

chunggodng hakkyo

5) In contracted numerals representing the date of a historical event:

Sa-ilgu Haksaeng Hyngmyng

Yuk-io Chnjaeng

5. and

(a) Initial and

Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing initialand , with the following exceptions. When words are written in Chinese character (Hancha), it may be necessary to check the official reference tools to verify the sound of a Chinese character. For personal names, see Romanization Rule 9.

/

nodong

/

yksa

/

ysng

/

yori

Exception 1: To accommodate Word Division Rule 1, particles beginning with the letterare to be separated from other words, and are to be romanized beginning with the letter r in all cases.

sae yksa rl wihay

Kim Mari rann puin

Sul ro kann ylcha

Ynhaeju ran mut inga

Exception 2: When single-syllable improper nouns beginning with the letter are separated from other words, romanize as r.

() ?

Myt ri inya?

()

Krl ri ka pta

(b) Medial and

Follow McCune-Reischauer rules governing medial and , with the following exceptions. For words in Chinese character (Hancha), check the official reference tools listed in Appendix 1 to verify the sound of Chinese character.

sllyang

chilli

kmnyu

tori

mullihak

Exception 1: Medial followed by medial is generally romanized ll. However, in certain instances of compound words, when a single word with a syllabic final combines with suffixes beginning with a syllabic initial , romanize as nn to represent standard pronunciation. For example:

(+)

igynnan

(+)

Imjinnan

(+)

saengsannyang

(+)

kyltannyk

(+)

pipannyk

(+)

sanggynnye

(+)

munnon

(+)

yechannon

(+)

ibwnnyo

(+)

siinnon

(+)

kaepynnon

Exception 2: When a vowel or medial is followed by a syllable beginning with (

, , , ) or (, , , ), the sound of is generally not pronounced. In such cases, is not romanized.

nayl

punyl

chiyl

paekpunyul

6. Medial

(a) Medial as a syllabic initial

When medial appears as a syllabic initial, always romanize as s including medial after , with exception of syllabic initial before wi (). For a syllabic initial before , romanize as sh.

nongsanmul

sonshwipta not

sonswipta

silsi

not

silssi

(b) before and

Romanize as n when a syllabic final before and .

konnal

pnnim

paenmri

(c) before , , , , and

Romanize as t when a syllabic final before , , , , and.

kotkan

maettol

haetpyt

chtsarang

patchul

(d) before and yotized vowels

Romanize as nn when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in compound words.

yenniyagi

namunnip

sunnyang

twinnyut

Romanize as s when a syllabic final before i () and yotized vowels in non-compound words.

orosi

kkaekksi

(e) before all other vowels

Romanize as s when a syllabic final before all other vowels.

usm

sosara

psnan

Exception: Romanize as d when a syllabic final in a native Korean prefix (, , , , etc.) is followed by vowels other than i () and yotized vowels.

udrn

widot

chdadl

hdusm

7. , ,

(a) When syllabic final , and are combined with a syllabic initial , always romanize as kh, ph and th.

Pukhan

kukhak

hakhoe

hyphoe

ykhal

pukhaek

sokhi

ttakhage

chaphimyn

mothada

(b) When syllabic final and are combined with a syllabic initial , romanize as ch.

tachin

kkochida

ichyjin

(c) When syllabic final double consonants, and are followed by a syllabic initial , romanize as nch, lk, and lp.

nchida

palkinn

nlpida

(d) When syllabic final, and are followed by syllabic initial, and , romanize as k (nk, lk) , t (nt, lt) and ch (nch, lch)

ttke

chota

amurchi

mantn

talchi

(e) When syllabic final and are followed by , romanize as nn.

ssannn

annn

(f) When a syllabic final is followed by , romanize as ll.

ttulln

(g) When syllabic final , and are followed by a vowel, romanize as follows:

do not romanize

n

r

nan

mani

sirdo

8. Double Consonants

(a) Romanize final double consonants, , , , and as follows:

,

k

m

,

l

p

mok

hk

sam

ydl

oegol

kap

(b) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by other consonants, romanize as follows:

k

l before , ng before and k before other consonants

m

n

, ,

l

,

p

n before , and t before other consonants

skta

malke

kungne

mukta

kumta

nta

nlta

oegolsu

halta

kapchin

pta

innn

itko

Exception 1: In the case of -, romanize as m when followed by and, romanize as p when followed by other consonants.

pamnn

papta

papko

papchi

Exception 2: In the case of -, romanize as p in the following instances:

npchukhada

nptungglda

npchk

(c) When syllabic final double consonants are followed by vowels, romanize as follows:

nj

lg

lm

lb

lt

lp

ps

ss

anja

mulg

salmni

nlbi

halta

lp

ps

issni

9. Personal Names

(a) Separate syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) with a hyphen only when they are preceded by a family name. Indicate sound change preceding and/or following a hyphen. See also Word Division 13. Personal Names for further clarification.

Kim Chr-wn

Yi Sng-min

(or )

Yu Sng-min

(or )

Na Min-ju

An Chung-gn

O Yng-hye

Yi -ryng

Kim Chang-nyong

Kim Chr-un

Yi Yul-gok

Kim Chi-ha

Kim So-wl

(b) Connect the syllables of a forename or pseudonym (, , ) when they are not preceded by a family name.

Yulgok Yi I

Sowl chnjip

Chlsu wa Ynghi

Exception 1: The surnames and, written in Hangul as or, are always romanized as Yi no matter how they are written.

(or )

Yi Sng-man

Yi Sun-sin

Yi Wn-su

Exception 2: When a personal name is written in Hangul, and the first part of persons given name begins with , consider this to be evidence that the initial is intended to be pronounced, and romanize the initial as r.

Kim Ri-na

Choe Ran

Ha Ri-su

Yi Ryu-hwan

For given names of Western origin, romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized, following rule 10 below.

Pak Lillian

Pang Reichel

Exception 3: When the pronunciation of a historically well-known persons given name, beginning with or , is in conflict with the romanization rule, romanize to represent the pronunciation. If pronunciation is in doubt, refer to this reference work: . : , 1991.

Sin Rip

(romanization rule calls for Sin Ip, but he is historically known as not )

Ha Ryun

(romanization rule calls for Ha Yun, but he is historically known as not )

10. Words of Western Origin

Do not give special treatment to words of Western origin. Apply the McCune-Reischauer romanization rules to words of Western origin, with exception of words beginning with the letter. For the words beginning with the letter , romanize the as r or l corresponding to its counterpart in the Western word being romanized ;however, when the first letter of the Western equivalent is silent, apply this rule to the next non-silent consonant.

(design)tijain

(Vietnam)Petnam

(zero)

chero

(linen)

linnen

not

ninnen

(radio)

radio

not

nadio

(wrestling)resllingnot

neslling

11. Romanization of Archaic Korean ()

Insofar as possible, strictly apply McCune-Reischauer rules and tables for the romanization of vowels and consonants to the written forms of the words when romanizing archaic Korean. Do not attempt to romanize archaic Korean following what may be the current pronunciation.

Tynjyunot Chnju

Chosynnot Chosn

symni

not smni

yaktyo

not yakcho

12. Symbol and Character Modifier in Romanization ( )

The apostrophe is used to differentiate aspirated consonants like (k), (t), (p) and (ch) from unaspirated ones (, , , and ).

/

chnsa / chnsa

/

tokki / tokki

The apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of as opposed to .

/

changm / changm

/

sngun / sngun

The character modifier breve over o () is used to represent , , and over u () is used to represent , .

sng

sangsangnyk

wllyu

kndae

uri i samyng

Character modifiers Name USMARC hexadecimal code Unicode

breve

E6

0306

Word Division

Basic Principles

1. Each part of speech is to be separated from other parts of speech. The guidelines recognize 9 categories of parts of speech:

Noun

Pronoun

Adjective

Adnominal adjective

Verb

Adverb

Particle

Numeral

Exclamation

Note: Affixes () are not considered to be a separate part of speech.

2.Group syllables into words that make sense in context. Separate compound words by parts of speech without doing harm to the original meaning.

3.Proceed in this manner:

A) Apply these rules to decide upon word division.

B) When in doubt, refer to standard dictionaries designated by the Library of Congress final authorities to resolve questions of word division. [See Appendix 1 for the list of designated dictionaries.] A word found in these sources will be considered to be a lexical unit. When a dictionary gives variant forms, choose the appropriate one.

C) Then, if still in doubt, or if sources differ from each other, prefer to separate.

Specific Rules

1. Nouns (), Pronouns (), Imperfect Nouns ( )

Guidelines

(a) Separate a noun, pronoun, or imperfect noun from other parts of speech.

Kug munjang i hyngsng

(noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (noun)wlli yngu

Igt n chaek ida

(pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

rini narm taero

(noun) (imperfect noun) (particle)

I choguk di ro kal kt inga

(pronoun) (noun) (pronoun) (particle) (verb) (imperfect noun) (particle)

Kukchang kym silchang

(noun) (imperfect noun) (noun)

(b) Write a gerund as a separate word.

Sewl i ppalli kam l

(noun) (particle) (adverb) (gerund) (particle)

Yng nn paeugi ka rypta

(noun) (particle) (gerund) (particle) (adjective)

(c) Separate a compound noun into binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.

Taehan Minguk i munhwa yujk

Chngi konghak kaeron

Chusik hoesa Hanguk

Sokkup changnan

Murim Sagwan Hakkyo

(d) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if a sai siot is added. ( + )

Poritkogae

( + )

Yenniyagi

( + )

Paetsagong

(e) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit if there is a phonetic change represented by a change in the Korean spelling.

( + )

Sonamu

( + )

Mrikarak

( + )

tchnyk

(f) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when it bears a new meaning.

Onllal

Pamnat

Pittam

(g) Write a compound noun as a single lexical unit when the combination includes another part of speech.

Puslbi

Magujabi

Pibimpap

Tottanbae

(h) Add the binary () to its modifier as a suffix.

Minjujui

Marksjui wa Kidokkyo

(i) Write a compound word formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.

Hanguk kwa Hangugin

Hanbando i pynghwa wa anbo

Hwangmuji ka changmikkot kachi

Yrmchl i pulchnggaek

Hwangsanpl i hamsng

Saebyngnyk e naerinn pi

Sanbonguri e tpin kurm

Pudongsanpp kangi

(j) Write the name of a color formed by the addition of a single character modifier, affix or substantive as a single word.

Kmnsaek chadongcha

Chuhongpit nol

but:

Kmbulgn saek

Prjukchukhan pit

Chigm i hanl pit n chaetpit ida

(noun) (particle) (noun) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

2. Adjectives ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate an adjective from other parts of speech.

Uri chosangdl n hullyunghaetta

(pronoun) (noun) (particle) (adjective)

Chakhage sann saramdl

(adjective) (verb) (noun)

Kny i unnn mosp i armdapta

(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (noun) (particle) (adjective)

iji ka kanghago kutseda

(noun) (particle) (adjective) (adjective)

Noppurn kal hanl

(adjective) (noun) (noun)

Mnamn Ssongbagang

(adjective) (proper noun)

(b) Separate a noun from a compound adjective without doing harm to the original meaning.

Kkum kattn chinan sewl

(noun+adjective=adjective) (verb) (noun)

Kap ssago pumjil chon sangpum

(noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (adjective) (noun)

Mok marn sasm i

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle)

Mt innn chingu rl mannaseyo

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Prt pko simsul kujn ai ro kiugi

(noun+adjective=adjective) (noun+adjective=adjective) (noun) (particle) (gerund)

Chaemi innn yenniyagi

(noun+verb=adjective) (noun)

but:

Write a simple inflection of the adjective form together with single syllable noun it modifies

Mtchin yja

Kapssan haengbok kwa kapchin haengbok

3. Adnominal adjectives ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate an adnominal adjective from other parts of speech.

Ch hanl edo slpm i

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

n saram i kassmnikka

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Modn kungmin

(adnominal adjective) (noun)

Kajn kosaeng l hada

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Wen ttk imnikka

(adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle)

(b) Separate a single syllable native Korean or Sino-Korean adnominal adjective from the word it modifies. However, if a word is firmly established in common usage, prefer to treat it as a single lexical unit.

: , , but , , etc.

: , , but , etc.

: , , but , etc.

: , but , etc.

: , , , but , , , etc.

: , , , , but , , , etc.

(): , , , ,

but, , , , etc.

(): , , but , , , etc.

(): , , but , etc.

(): , , , but , , etc.

(): , but

(): , but

(): , but

(): , but

(): , but

When in doubt, consult the suggested dictionaries

(c) Write a compound adnominal adjective as one word.

, , ,

(d) When a demonstrative adnominal adjective , , , , , etc., modifies one of the following nominals, and changes to a definite pronoun or adnominal adjective, write them together as one word.

: , , , ,

: , ,

: , ,

: , ,

: , ,

: , ,

: , , ,

: , ,

(, , , , , , , etc.)

In all other cases, separate these adnominal adjectives from the words they modify.

K namja i yukwae han haru

I ttang es hangmun hagi

Ch pada esn musn il i issnna

4. Verbs ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate a verb from other parts of speech.

Na rl chajas ttnan kri

(pronoun) (particle) (verb) (verb) (noun)

Ai i kasm enn pumo ka sanda

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Snggong i chans rl chabara

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Todosae nn wae sarajynnayo

(proper noun) (particle) (adverb) (verb)

(b) Write an auxiliary verb separately from the main verb.

(main verb)+ (auxiliary verb)

Nlg kada

Nlg kas

Nlg kanda

Nlg katta

Nlg kasstta

Nlg kassmro

Nlg kattn

Maju pogo innn tu saram

(adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (numeral) (noun)

Mnji nn musn him ro mungchy

china

(noun) (particle) (adnominal adjective) (noun) (particle) (main verb) (auxiliary verb)

See Appendix 2 for the list of auxiliary verbs.

(c) Write each part of speech separately in a compound verb form without doing harm to the original meaning.

Changnan chinn aidl

(noun+verb=verb) (noun)

Mam i chim l naery noko

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb+verb=verb)

Kotkam l musw hann horangi

(noun) (particle) (adjective+suffix=verb) (noun)

Mri ka choa chinn tonghwa

(noun) (particle) (adjective+auxiliary verb=verb) (noun)

(d) Separate the auxiliary verbal forms -, -, -, -, -, -, -, and -, etc., and their inflections from a preceding noun.

Sarang hada

Sarang han

Sarang hae

Sarang hago

Sarang hay

Sarang haedo

Sarang haettn

Sarang haessmro

Sarang hayssmro

(e) Separate the copula - and its inflections from the preceding word.

Sin n changjoja ida

Sarang irann pyng

di kkaji imnikka

Pynghwajk in siwi

Naeil i chidoja il uri aidl

but:

Connect - to the preceding word when it acts as a suffix.

Kkttgida

Mangsrida

Soksagida

Chullngida

(f) When a main verb is abbreviated or is contracted, write the auxiliary verb, adjective, adverb and its stem together as one word.

: ,

:

:

: ,

:

:

, : , , but

:

: ,

, , : , ,

(g) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the verb or adjective that precedes it.

Kotkam l muswhan horangi

(noun) (particle) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

Tuk choajin kyoyuk hwangyng

(adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun) (noun)

Hamkke nlggan iyagi

(adverb) (adjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

Tokto es ponaeon yps

(proper noun) (particle) (verbadjective+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

(h) Write a simple inflection of the verb form together with the single syllable noun it modifies.

Haettl muryp i padatka

(noun+simple inflection=verb) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)

Hanguk l pinnaen saramdl

(noun) (particle) (noun+simple inflection=verb) (noun)

5. Adverbs ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate an adverb from other parts of speech.

Hangl n maeu tokchangjk igo kwahakchk ida

(noun) (particle) (adverb) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle) (noun+suffix=noun) (particle)

Chlmn saramdl i chaju chaja chunn kot

(adjective) (noun) (particle) (adverb) (main verb) (auxiliary verb) (noun)

(b) Insofar as possible, write compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.

Ygi chgi

Igt chgt

but:

, ,

Yojm, hanbatang, nsae

(c) Insofar as possible, write repetitive or rhythmic compound adverbs as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.

, , , , ,

, , , ,

, , ,

6. Particles ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate a particle from other parts of speech.

Na nn nae kil e

(pronoun) (particle) (pronoun) (noun) (particle)

Noin kwa pada

(noun) (particle) (noun)

Chown i kkum l kdae ege

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle)

Sae ya sae ya parangsae ya

(noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (noun) (particle)

(b) Attempt to create binaries for coordinated or multi-syllabic particles when possible.

Na mando anida

Hanguk kojn ei chodae

Iltng egenn so rl sang ro

Hangmun rosi sahak

Suryk es put

(c) Connect a particle as a suffix to a verb stem, adverb, or simple inflection of the verb.

Ppallido tallinda

Sarang n mllis hann kt

Ibn e chalman hamyn

Mgsnn andoenda

Koerophijinn anketta

Ppalli kapsidayo

(d) Connect a contracted particle to the preceding noun or pronoun.

Chigm n nugunga was

Nan molla

Kgn na to molla

7. Numerals ()

Guidelines(a) Write a number, includes a native Korean and a Sino-Korean number, as one word. Separate each romanized digit by hyphens without phonetic changes.

Ilchn-kubaek-kusip-yuk

Sambaek-yuksip-o

Mahn-tast

(b) Separate a native Korean and Sino-Korean number from its quantifier.

Ahn-ahop tong i haengbok chatki

(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun) (gerund)

Smul-tast sal i panghwang

(numeral) (imperfect noun) (particle) (noun)

Sam hangnyn sam pan

(numeral) (noun) (numeral) (noun)

Yuk chng sam hosil

(numeral) (noun) (numeral) (noun)

Se pntchae

(numeral) (imperfect noun)

Chaek ne kwn

(noun) (numeral) (imperfect noun)

So yl mari

(noun) (numeral) (imperfect noun)

(c) Whenever possible, write the preformative element () joined to the following number to form a binary.

1

Che-1

Cheil

3

Che-3 segye

Chesam segye

However, prefer to join a number to a suffix or generic term that follows it with a hyphen (for example, (), (), ()). Do not indicate phonetic changes after the hyphen. In such cases, when precedes the number, separate it from the number.

1

Che 1-cha

Che ilcha

3

Che 3-chip

Che samjip

In more complex situations, still attempt to create binaries when possible.

Cheil, I Konghwaguk

12

Che-1, 2 Konghwaguk

(d) Write a numeral quantifier for periods of time, such as, , , , , , , etc., as one word.

Chn-kubaek-kusip-yungnyn

1996

1996-yn

Sambaek-yuksip-oil i haengbok

365

365-il i haengbok

Tusi samsippun

2 30

2-si 30-pun

Yuksip-inyn sap kyehoek

62

62-yn sap kyehoek

Isip-ilsegi i Hanguk kyngje

21

21-segi i Hanguk kyngje

(e) In case of certain contracted numerals that have been firmly established through common usage, prefer that form.

Sa-ilgu Haksaeng ig

O-illyuk Kunsa Hyngmyng

Sam-il Undong

Pal-iro Kwangbok

(f) Write a native Korean indeterminate number as one word.

Handul

Tuset

Tusn

Snt

Yenilgop

Ynamn

8. Exclamations ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate an exclamation from other parts of speech.

!

A! sin nann Hancha yhaeng

(Exclamations) (noun+suffix=adjective) (noun) (noun)

, Yaho, chaemi innn mak sigan

(Exclamations) (noun+verb=adjective) (noun) (noun)

ra na to Yng ka toene

(Exclamations) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

9. Affixes ()

Guidelines

(a) Write an affix and the word it modifies together as one word.

Tagukchk kip kyngyngnon

(prefix+noun) (noun) (noun+suffix)

Chongjngni pudongsan sepp

(prefix+noun) (noun) (noun)

Sinysngdl n mut l kkum kkunnnga

(prefix+noun) (particle) (pronoun) (particle) (noun) (verb)

Chamsarang i imi rl kkaedatta

(prefix+noun) (particle) (noun) (particle) (verb)

Segi i misuljn

(noun) (particle) (noun+suffix)

Kjinmaljaengi i hoegorok

(noun+suffix) (particle) (noun+suffix)

See Appendixes 4 and 5 for the lists of prefixes and suffixes.

(b)Whenever the original meaning is not clear, prefer to separate a proper noun ( ) from a single character modifier, affix or substantive.

Tae Pukhan chllyak

(prefix) (proper noun) (noun)

Tae Paekche rl wihay

(prefix) (proper noun) (particle) (verb)

Pak Chng-hi sik minjujui

(proper noun) (suffix) (noun)

(c) When two single character prefixes modify the same word consecutively, generally separate the first one.

( )

Cho chjllyk

( )

Cho kohwajil

( )

Cho kosngnng

(d) Separate a single character prefix of Chinese origin from the word it modifies, when another word is inserted in between.

, but

Tae Ollimpik taehoe rl

, but Sun mni i chngsng ro

, but

Chong sup sigan su nn

(e) Separate a single character prefix (), (), etc. from the word it modifies, when it implies new edition or continuation.

Sin kyngjehak wlln

Sin minpp

Sok Hanguk munjip chonggan

but:

Sinsedae rl wihan kyngjehak

10. Abbreviated Forms (, , )

Guidelines

(a) Connect two coordinated characters, affixes, or substantives together into a single word without hyphens.

Nambuk kyngje hymnyk

Suchurip chlcha

Kungnaeoe sajng

Hanguk shwaga inbo

Chngsonyn ege trinn

Chunggodng hakkyo

Chungdanpyn sosl

Knhyndae

(b) Write an abbreviated or contracted proper name of Korean or foreign origin as a single word.

Onl i Pukhan

Chngyngnyn

Chunggongkwn i changnae

(c) Hyphenate combined abbreviated forms or coordinated forms of proper nouns. Do not indicate phonetic changes either before or after the hyphen.

Nam-Pukhan Chngsang Hoedam

Choesin Pul-Han sajn

Sinyk Sin-Kuyak chns

Paekhwabon Tang-Song sanmunsn

Myng-Chng kosa snyk

(d) Write a contracted word into binary components without doing harm to the original meaning.

(+)

Taebaek Sanmaek

( +)Kug Kungmun Hakkwa

(+)

Anju Kunminhoe

(+)

Yngam Saji

(+)

Wnju kunji

(+)

Kongsan tangwn

(+)

Yugyk taewn

11.Scientific terms, nomenclature, etc. ( , )

Guidelines

(a) To the extent possible, follow the guidelines when separating parts of speech or creating binaries for technical terms, specialized terms used in the professions or arts, slang, jargon, etc., without doing harm to the original meaning.

Kwasanhwa suso

Ahwangsan kas

Ymhwa natryum

Isanhwa chilso

Kwansang tongmaek kynghwachng

Kpsng pongmagym

Mlti midi pail

12. Terms of Western Origin ()

Guidelines

(a) Treat words of Western origin in the same manner as words of Korean, Chinese, or other origin.

Kmmedal

Usngkp

Nobelsang

Ionhwa

Ingkpyng

Peintchil

Laemppul

(b) Connect a suffix of Korean or Chinese origin to a word of Western origin and also connect a word of Western origin when it is used as a suffix.

Pak Mog-wl taepyo eseijip

Kukche maaketingnon

Munye changjaktim

(c) When a proper noun of Western origin appears with a generic term for a type of topographic feature, treat the combination as one word.

Adriahae

Taiwansm

Amajongang

Hujisan

(d) When it can be determined that a word or words in Korean consisted of more than one word in the original language, apply the following guidelines.

If the words appear separately, write them separately.

Syeip p

Teibl maen

If the words appear without spaces, write them as a single word.

Syeipp

Teiblmaen

13.Personal Names ()

Guidelines

(a) Separate a family name from a given name or pseudonym. In such cases, when a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is three syllables long, do not hyphenate it.

Choe Chi-wn

Yi Kwang-su

Sk Myng-jng

()

Pyn Se-ra

Sin Saimdang

(b) When a forename or pseudonym (, etc.) is not preceded by a family name, connect the syllables. In such cases, when the forename or pseudonym is more than three syllables long, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.

Toegye wa Yulgok

Manhae sasang yngu

Changhwa Hongnyn chn

Pulgn Suym

(c) Write a pure Korean given name and a given name of Western origin as a single word.

Chng Koara

Kim Satkat

Kim Maria

(Sarah)

Pyn Sara

Yi Yosep

Sim Marsias

(d) Write a Buddhist religious name or a posthumous name as one word.

Iryn

Chungmugong

(e) Write a family name consisting of two syllables as a single word. However separate when two different family names are combined intentionally, such as husband-wife, mother-daughter, etc.

Snu Chong-wn

Namgung Wn

but:

Cha Pae Ok-tk

Ko n Kwang-sun

(f) Write an official title or honorific term such as (), (), (), etc., separately from a personal name.

Wllam Yi Sang-jae Ong

Kang Chang-ho Snsaeng

Kim Chu-yng Kun

Kim Hyng-don Paksa

An Chung-gn isa

Yu Kwan-sun Yang

Yi Pm-sk Chongni

Im Kap-sun Ysa

Yun Changgwan

O Snbaenim

Chang Toryng

(g) Write the term separately from a personal name.

Hong Kil-tong Ssi

Kimhae Kim Ssi

but:

Uri nara enn Kimssi ka manta

(h) Separate a reign title, temple name, or title of nobility, etc from the preceding word. When a title or name has more than three syllables, attempt to create binaries without doing harm to the original meaning.

Taejo

Hyegynggung Hong Ssi

Chang Hibin

Hynu Haengja

Hngsn Kun

Hyoryng Taegun

Myngsng Hwanghu

Chnggyng Puin

14. Corporate names, Geographical names, Publication titles, etc. (, , )

Guidelines

(a) Treat a corporate name as a binary compound when possible. Write general terms such as, , etc., separately as binary elements.

(Society of Korean History)

Hanguksa Hakhoe

but:

(World History Society of Korea)Hanguk Sahakhoe

Nasng Hanin Changno Kyohoe

Nodong Kijun Chosaguk

Hanguk Hyumnisthoe

Katollik Minju Chngnyn Kongdongche

Mansusan Yesultan

Andong Kwn Ssi Chumilgongpa

Sul Sisa Pynchan Wiwnhoe

(b) Insofar as possible, write a historical event as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.

Kabo Kyngjang

Imjin Waeran

Pyngja Horan

Chng Chung-bu Nan

(c) Insofar as possible, write a historical publication title as binary elements without doing harm to the original meaning.

Samguk sagi

Taedong yjido

Tongguk yji sngnam

Hunmin chngm

Yongbi chnga

(d) Hyphenate an administrative entity term used as part of the name of a jurisdiction as one word.

Taegu-si

Kahoe-dong

Ullngdo Todong-ni

Wlbong-ni

Wsington-si

but:

Sul Tkpylsi

Kwangju Kwangyksi

Cheju Tkpyl Chachido

(e) Write a generic term for a type of topographic feature, road, architectural construction, etc., used as a part of a proper name, together with its name. Attempt to create binaries when possible.

Hallasan

Naktonggang

Tongnimmun

Chejudo

Yurisng

Chongno

but:

Kimhae Pyngya

Kaema Kown

(f) Connect a single syllable modifier that indicates a type of publication, such as (), (), (), (), (), () etc. to the word that precedes it, except if the word is a proper noun.

Nanjung ilgicho

Hyndae Hanguk siinsn

Kukse kibonnon

iam Snsaeng hangjaenggi

Tokkijn

but:

Hong Kil-tong chn

Sim Chng chn

Chunhyang chn

Kongjwi Patchwi chn

Pae Pijang chn

Yi Kwang-su non

Kwibong chip

Sowl sn

(g) Always separate the modifier () from the word it modifies.

Hyndae pyn

Yesan pyn

Munhak pyn

Capitalization

Guidelines

1. Each separately written word of a corporate name (except particles), or an abbreviation thereof, is capitalized.

Hanguk Ilbosa

Taehan Sanggong Hoeiso

Minjuhwa rl Wihan Chnguk Kyosu Hybihoe

2. Each separate word of a personal name is capitalized.

Yi Kwang-su

Chng Yn-hi

3. Titles and terms of address are capitalized.

Pak Taetongnyng

Cho Yong-gi Moksa

4. Each separately written word of a geographic name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized. An abbreviated geographical name is capitalized in coordinate compounds and at the beginning of other compound words.

Hahoe Mal

Kyngbuk Supil Tonginhoe

5. The first word of the title of a book, periodical, or series is capitalized.

Hyndae kukchepp

Silchon munhak i sijip

6. Names of dynasties are capitalized.

Chosn yukpaengnyn

Myng-Chng sidae

7. A word derived from a proper name is capitalized only if the name retains its full, original meaning.

Yangmynghak yngu

Hyndae wa Krischyan i sinang

8. Abbreviated forms combined coordinately are capitalized if called for by these guidelines.

Sin-Kuyak Sngs

Siryong Pul-Han sajn

9. In all other cases, follow the directions found in the officially designated style manual listed in Appendix 1.

Punctuation

Guidelines

1. A centered point indicating coordinate words may be transcribed as a comma or hyphen, or not transcribed, depending on the applicable word division guidelines.

chunggodng hakkyo

Nam-Pukhan kyngje hymnyk

In other instances, it may be transcribed or not transcribed, depending on the context.

Sa-ilgu i minjungsa

Chang Tae-uk ch

Iryp, Iltang sihwajip

2. Brackets used in the manner of quotation marks are transcribed as the latter.

[ ]

Munhak kwa chisng siinsn

[ ]

Si wa haebang tongin sijip

Appendix 1: Suggested Dictionaries

For contemporary publications from South Korea and North Korea:

1. . . (Online Version) Kungnip Kug Ynguwn. Pyojun Kug taesajn http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/main.jsp

2. . . ( : , 2004) Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Chulpansa. Chosn mal sajn (Pyngyang : Kwahak Paekkwa Sajn Chulpansa, 2004)

For reading and pronunciation of Chinese characters:

1. . . ( : , 1964) Chang Sam-sik. Tae Han-Han sajn (Sul Tkpylsi : Sngmunsa, 1964)

2. . ([Seoul] : , 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : , 1973) Sin chajn. ([Seoul : Sinmungwan, 1915 : Reprint : [Seoul] : Cho Yong-sng, 1973]

Appendix 2: List of Auxiliary verbs

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

1. () ,

2. () ,

3. () , ,

4. () ,

5. () ,

6. ()

7. () ,

8. () ,

9. () ,

10. () , , ,

11. ()

12. () , ,

13. () , , ,

14. ()

15. () , ,

Appendix 3: List of numeral quantifiers

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

1. Amount: , , , , ,

2. Animals: , , ,

3. Length: , , , , , , ,

4. Meals:

5. People: , , ,

6. Quantity: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

7. Time: , , , , , , , ,

8. Volume: , , , , , , , , , , ,

9. Weight: , , , ,

10. Width: , , ,

Appendix 4: List of Prefixes

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

1. () - : ,

2. - :

3. - : , , ,

4. - : , , , , , ,

5. ()- : , , ,

6. ()- : , ,

7. ()- : ,

8. ()- : , ,

9. - : , , ,

10. ()- :

11. - : ,

12. ()- : , ,

13. ()- : , ,

14. - : , , ,

15. ()- : , , ,

16. ()- : ,

17. ()- : , (), , ,

18. - : , , ,

19. - : , ,

20. - : , , , , , ,

21. - : , , ,

22. - : , , ,

23. - : , , ,

24. - : , , , , , ,

25. - : , ,

26. - : ,

27. - : , ,

28. - : , ,

29. - : ,

30. ()- : ,

31. ()- : , , ,

32. - : ,

33. ()- : , , ,

34. ()- : , ,

35. ()- : ,

36. ()- : , , , ,

37. - : , ,

38. ()- : , , ,

39. ()- : , , ,

40. ()- : , ,

41. ()- :

42. ()- : , , , , ,

43. ()- : , ,

44. ()- : , , ,

45. - : , ,

46. ()- : , ,

47. ()- : , , , ,

48. - : , , ,

49. - :

50. - : , (only for color)

51. - :

52. ()- : , , , , , ,

53. - : , ,

54. ()- :

55. - :

56. ()- : ,

57. ()- : , , , ,

58. - : ,

59. ()- : ,

60. - :

61. - : ,

62. ()- : , ,

63. ()- : , , ,

64. - : , , ,

65. - : ,

66. - : , , , ,

67. ()- : , ,

68. ()- : , ,

69. - : , ,

70. ()- : , , ,

71. ()- : , , ,

72. ()- : ,

73. ()- : ,

74. - : ,

75. ()- : , ,

76. ()- : ,

77. ()- : ,

78. - : , ,

79. ()- : , ,

80. - : , ,

81. ()- : , , ,

82. ()- : , ,

83. ()- : , , ,

84. ()- : , , ,

85. ()- : ,

86. ()- : , ,

87. ()- : , , , , ,

88. - : , ,

89. ()- :

90. - : , , ,

91. - : ,

92. - : , , , ,

93. - : , ,

94. - :

95. ()- : , , ,

96. ()- : , , , ,

97. ()- : , ,

98. - : ,

99. ()- : , , , ,

100. ()- : ,

101. - : , ,

102. - : , ,

103. ()- : , ,

104. ()- : , ,

105. - : , , , , , ,

106. - :

107. ()- : ,

108. - :

109. - : , ,

110. - : , , , , ,

111. ()- : , ,

112. ()- : , ,

113. - : , ,

114. - : ,

115. - : , ,

Appendix 5: List of Suffixes

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional auxiliary verbs

1. - () : ,

2. - () : , , , , , ,

3. - () : , , ,

4. - () : , ,

5. - () : , , ,

6. - () : ,

7. - () : , , , ,

8. : , ,

9. () : , ,

10. () : , ,

11. () : , , ,

12. () :

13. () : ,

14. () : , ,

15. () : , , ,

16. () : , , ,

17. () : , ,

18. () : ,

19. () : , , , ,

20. () : ,

21. () : ,

22. () : , , ,

23. () : , ,

24. () : , ,

25. () : ,

26. () : , , , ,

27. () : , ,

28. () : , ,

29. () : , , ,

30. () : , ,

31. () : , , ,

32. : ,

33. : , , ,

34. : , ,

35. : , , ,

36. : , , ,

37. : ,

38. () : , ,

39. () : , , ,

40. : , , ,

41. () : , ,

42. () : ,

43. () : , ,

44. () : , , ,

45. () :

46. () : , , 2000

47. () : , ,

48. () : ,

49. () : ,

50. () : ,

51. : , ,

52. : , ,

53. () : , , ,

54. () : , ,

55. () : ,

56. : , , ,

57. () : , , , , ,

58. () : ,

59. () :

60. () : , ,

61. () : , ,

62. () : , , ,

63. () : , ,

64. () : , , ,

65. : ,

66. : , ,

67. () : , ,

68. - () : , , ,

69. () : , , ,

70. () : , , ,

71. () :

72. : , ,

73. : , ,

74. - () : , ,

75. () : , ,

76. () : , , ,

77. : , , , ,

78. () :

79. () : , ,

80. () : , ,

81. () : ,

82. () : , , , ,

83. : , , , ,

84. () : , , ,

85. :

86. () : , ,

87. () : , , ,

88. () : ,

89. () : , , ,

90. () : , ,

91. () : , ,

92. () : , ,

93. () : , ,

94. () : , ,

95. () : ,

96. () : , ,

97. : , , , ,

98. () : , 10, 1, ,

99. () : , , ,

100. () : , ,

101. () : , ,

102. () : , ,

103. () : , ,

104. () : ,

105. () : , , , ,

106. () : , ,

107. () : , ,

108. () : , ,

109. () : ,

110. () : , ,

111. () : , , ,

112. () : , ,

113. () : , , ,

114. () : , ,

115. :

116. () : ,

117. () : , ,

118. () : , ,

119. () : , , ,

120. () : ,

121. () : , , ,

122. () : , ,

123. () :

124. () : ,

125. () : ,

126. () : , , ,

127. () : , ,

128. () : , ,

129. () : ,

130. () : ,

131. () : , ,

132. : , , ,

133. () : , ,

134. () : , , , , ,

135. : , , ,

136. () : , ,

137. () : , , ,

138. () : , ,

139. () : ,

140. () : , ,

141. : ,

142. () : , ,

143. : , , ,

144. () : , , ,

145. () : , , ,

146. () : , ,

147. () : , , , ,

148. () : , ,

149. () : , ,

150. () : , ,

151. () : ,

152. () :

153. () : ,

154. () : , , ,

155. () : , , ,

156. () : ,

157. () : , ,

158. () : , , ,

159. () : , ,

160. () : , ,

161. () : ,

162. () : , , ,

163. () : , , ,

164. () : , , ,

165. () : , ,

166. () : , , ,

167. () : , , ,

168. : , , ,

169. () : , , ,

170. : ,

171. : , ,

172. : , ,

173. : , , ,

174. : ,

175. : ,

176. () : , ,

177. : , ,

178. () : ,

179. () : , , ,

180. () : , ,

181. () : ,

182. () : , ,

183. () : ,

184. () : , ,

185. () : , , , , ,

186. () : , , , ,

187. () : ,

188. () : ,

189. () : ,

190. : () : , ,

191. () : , ,

192. () : , ,

193. () : ,

194. () : , ,

195. () : ,

196. () : ,

197. () : , ,

198. () : , ,

199. () : ,

200. () : , ,

201. () : , ,

202. : , , ,

Appendix 6: List of Imperfect Nouns

Please consult suggested dictionaries for additional imperfect nouns

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

Appendix 7: Korean Romanization Table

This table illustrates the general application of the Korean Romanization rules; exceptions are noted in Korean romanization guideline above.

Letter

Position

Rules for Romanization

Examples

Initial

Always K

Kug

Medial

1. G between vowels, or after , , and

2. NG before , and

3. K before and after all other consonants

mulgn chngi

kungmin

hapkye

Final

Always K

choguk

Initial

1. Not romanized before and yotized vowels

2. N before other vowels

yja ilgop

nongmin

Medial

1. L when preceded or followed by

2. N in all other cases

tallim Hallyu

minari

Final

Always N

kangsan

Initial

Always T

tast

Medial

1. D between vowels, or after, ,

2. T after , , and

3. N as syllabic final before

4. T as syllabic final before other consonants

mudang mandu

haptong yultong

chidannn

sutkarak mutta

Final

Always T

kot

Initial

1. Not romanized before , or yotized vowels

2. N before other vowels

yksa iron

nonsul

Medial

1. R between vowels, or before

2. L before all other consonants, or after and

3. N after other consonants

maru Parhae

mullihak

Chongno

Final

Always L

osolkil

Initial

Always M

moksu

Medial

Always M

namu momsal

Final

Always M

poskham

Initial

Always P

palpyo

Medial

1. B between vowels, or after , , and

2. M before , and

3. P before and after all other consonants

kalbi naembi

smni chammu

chpsi munpp

Final

Always P

hnpp

Initial

1. SH before

2. S before other vowels

shwipke

sangp

Medial

1. SH before

2. S before other vowels

3. NN as syllabic final before and yotized vowels in compound words

4. S as syllabic final before and yotized vowels in single words

5. T as syllabic final before , , , , and

6. D as syllabic final in prefixes after all other vowels

ashwiun

nongsanmul usm

yennil sunnyang

kkakksi

mothada tkallin

udot chdadl

Final

Always T

satkat

Initial

Not romanized

lgul

Medial

1. Not romanized as syllabic initial

2. NG as syllabic final

Togil kmyung

nongmin

Final

Always NG

sarang

Initial

Always CH

chilli

Medial

1. J between vowels, or after , and

2. CH after all other consonants

3. N as syllabic final before ,

4. T as syllabic final before other consonants

tojang minjok

mokchang

chnni chnmgi

chitta

Final

Always T

pit

Initial

Always CH

chabyl

Medial

1. Always CH as syllabic initial

2. N as syllabic final before ,

3. T as syllabic final before all other consonants

4. J as syllabic final before vowels

kimchi

pinnaen

chatta chotkida

chaja

Final

Always T

changmikkot

Initial

Always K

kokkiri

Medial

Always K

tankanpang

Final

Always K

tongnyk

Initial

Always T

taepung

Medial

1. T before vowels, or after , , , , , and

2. T before , , and

3. N before in compound word, or before ,

kukto katn

kattn natsem

pannil nanmal

Final

Always T

haetpyt

Initial

Always P

pynji

Medial

1. Always P as syllabic initial

2. P as syllabic final

pyngpung

chipsin

Final

Always P

pullip

Initial

Always H

hwanggm

Medial *

1. H as syllabic initial after, and

2 CH as syllabic initial afterand

3. Not romanized as syllabic final before vowels

4. NN as syllabic final before

Pukhan

ichyjin

nan

nannn

Final

Always T

hit

Initial

Always KK

kkamagwi

Medial

1. KK, except after, as syllabic initial

2. KK as syllabic final before vowels

3. K as syllabic final before others

kkalkkm hobakkot

nakkida mukkm

naksi

Final

Not applicable

Initial

Always TT

ttang

Medial

Always TT

chalttk

Final

Not applicable

Initial

Always PP

ppallae

Medial

Always PP

oppa

Final

Not applicable

Initial

Always SS

ssirm

Medial

1. Always SS as syllabic initial or, between vowels

2. N as syllabic final before

3. T as syllabic final before other consonants

pulssang issmy

innn innya

haetta ogatko

Final

Not applicable

Initial

Always TCH

tchajng

Medial

Always TCH

katcha

Final

Not applicable

* For further detail regarding syllabic final medial , see Romanization rule 7

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