WORD FORMATIONWORD FORMATION

PREFIXES IPREFIXES I

Prefixes are syllables put at the beginning of Prefixes are syllables put at the beginning of words.words.

anti- = against (antinuclear)bi- = two (bilingual)co- = with (cooperation)de- = acting against

(decomposition)ex- = before, former (ex-wife)inter- = between (intermediate)

PREFIXESPREFIXES

mono- = one (monolingual)mono- = one (monolingual)

non- = not (non-stop)non- = not (non-stop)

over- = too much (overeat)over- = too much (overeat)

post- = after (postgraduate)post- = after (postgraduate)

pre- = before (prejudge)pre- = before (prejudge)

pro- = in favour of (pro-pro- = in favour of (pro-american)american)

re- = again (rearange)re- = again (rearange)

PREFIXESPREFIXES

semi- = half (semicircle)semi- = half (semicircle)

sub- = under (subconcious)sub- = under (subconcious)

super- = above (supernatural)super- = above (supernatural)

trans - = across (transatlantic)trans - = across (transatlantic)

tri- = three (tricycle)tri- = three (tricycle)

under- = not enough under- = not enough (underestimate)(underestimate)

uni- = one (unicycle)uni- = one (unicycle)

PREFIXES IIPREFIXES II

There are certain prefixes which mean NOT or show an There are certain prefixes which mean NOT or show an OPPOSITE state or process. These are:OPPOSITE state or process. These are:

un- (unbelievable)im- (impossible)mal- (malfunction)ir- (irregular)il- (illegal)in- (incompetent)dis- (disagree)

SUFFIXES ISUFFIXES I

Suffixes are syllables put at the end of words which are used Suffixes are syllables put at the end of words which are used to form new words.to form new words.

-ee = with passive meaning (employee)-er = with active meaning (employer)-ful = with (careful)-ful = indicates quantity (spoonful)-ish = with the quality of (childish)-ish = rather (smallish)-less = without (careless)-proof = safe against (waterproof)

SUFFIXES IISUFFIXES II

To describe people we add –ar, -er, -or to the end of To describe people we add –ar, -er, -or to the end of the verbs or –ist, -ian to the end of the nouns or the verbs or –ist, -ian to the end of the nouns or verbs.verbs.

-ar, -er (manage – manager)-or (create - creator)-ist (type – typist)-ian (music – musician)

Nouns formed from verbsNouns formed from verbs

-age -age (break – breakage)(break – breakage)

-al-al (propose – proposal) (propose – proposal)

-ance-ance (annoy – annoyance) (annoy – annoyance)

-ation -ation (organise – organisation)(organise – organisation)

-ence -ence (prefer – preference)(prefer – preference)

-ion -ion (confuse –confusion)(confuse –confusion)

-ment -ment (amuse – amusement)(amuse – amusement)

-sion -sion (suspend – suspension)(suspend – suspension)

-sis -sis (analyse –analysis)(analyse –analysis)

-tion -tion (direct –direction)(direct –direction)

-y -y (perjure –perjury)(perjure –perjury)

Nouns formed from Nouns formed from adjectivesadjectives

-ance (tolerant – tolerance)-ance (tolerant – tolerance)-cy (fluent – fluency)-cy (fluent – fluency)-ence (obedient – obedience)-ence (obedient – obedience)-ion (desperate – -ion (desperate –

despreation)despreation)-iness (happy –happiness)-iness (happy –happiness)-ity (popular – popularity)-ity (popular – popularity)-ment (content – contentment)-ment (content – contentment)-ty (royal – royalty)-ty (royal – royalty)-y (honest – honesty)-y (honest – honesty)

Adjectives formed from Adjectives formed from verbsverbs

-able (bear – bearable)-able (bear – bearable)

-ive -ive (decide – decisive)(decide – decisive)

Verbs formed from Verbs formed from adjectives/nounsadjectives/nouns

-en (dark – darken, -en (dark – darken,

fright – frighten)fright – frighten)

ExercisesExercises

Make nouns from the following words:Make nouns from the following words:

exceptexceptdevelopdevelopdrivedrivepollutepolluteuseuseregularregularexamineexamine

Fill in the right form of the words in bracketsFill in the right form of the words in brackets

The ............ The ............ (1. long)(1. long) of the journey was beginning of the journey was beginning to cause a lot of ............. to cause a lot of ............. (2. frustrate)(2. frustrate) for for everyone involved. Unfortunately, father got the everyone involved. Unfortunately, father got the blame, as he had been responsible for blame, as he had been responsible for the ............ the ............ (3. organise)(3. organise) of the trip. .............. of the trip. .............. (4. (4. impatient)impatient) had begun to set in when we realised had begun to set in when we realised we`d been given the wrong ............ we`d been given the wrong ............ (5. direct)(5. direct) by by a well-meaning pedestrian. What is more, a well-meaning pedestrian. What is more, father`s ............. father`s ............. (6. popular)(6. popular) was not ............. was not ............. (7. (7. increase)increase) by his ............... by his ............... (8. insist)(8. insist) that we stop that we stop every hour or so to observe the scenery.every hour or so to observe the scenery.

Complete the tableComplete the table

marry

professionaldedication

sensecreative

failureenjoy

adjectivenounverb

Add the correct prefixes to the beginnng of Add the correct prefixes to the beginnng of the words.the words.

The The .......-government.......-government protesters marched to protesters marched to parliament.parliament.

He is taking a He is taking a ..........-atlantic..........-atlantic flight from london to flight from london to new York.new York.

The The ...........-president...........-president of the USA was honoured at a of the USA was honoured at a ceremony.ceremony.

Don`t Don`t .......-feed.......-feed the dog or it`ll get fat. the dog or it`ll get fat.As these programmes are As these programmes are .........-changable.........-changable, they , they

can be used with any computer system.can be used with any computer system.She became She became ............-star............-star overnight. overnight.I always find the day after Christmas an I always find the day after Christmas an

...........-climax...........-climax..

Add the correct sufixes to the end of Add the correct sufixes to the end of the words the words (if necessary cross the last letter of (if necessary cross the last letter of

given word out)given word out)

By the year 2050 the By the year 2050 the populate-......populate-...... of the world will have of the world will have increased so much taht there will be erious ecological increased so much taht there will be erious ecological problem.problem.

Britain`s latest Britain`s latest nation- ......nation- ...... sport seem to have caught the sport seem to have caught the imagine-..... of millions of people.imagine-..... of millions of people.

Bessie, a Bessie, a hairdress-.....hairdress-..... won the first prize. won the first prize.

Cards were an Cards were an invent-.....invent-..... designed to amuse the people in the designed to amuse the people in the palace.palace.

Even the more Even the more amateur-......amateur-...... Part-time followers of the Part-time followers of the Olympics will need to sort a few things out.Olympics will need to sort a few things out.

Make positive and negative adjectives from Make positive and negative adjectives from the verbs by using prefixes and suffixesthe verbs by using prefixes and suffixes

achieve – achieve –

believe – believe –

defend –defend –

eat –eat –

recognize –recognize –

describe –describe –

forgive - forgive -

Fill in the spaces with the form of the words Fill in the spaces with the form of the words in boldin bold

In 1879 the cadbury family set In 1879 the cadbury family set up a factory in Bourneville. up a factory in Bourneville. The town is now ............ for The town is now ............ for its chocolate. The Cadburys its chocolate. The Cadburys used their ............. to used their ............. to modernize methods of modernize methods of chocolate ............ and chocolate ............ and packaging. So ............ were packaging. So ............ were these methods taht the these methods taht the factory became ........... factory became ........... almost overnight.almost overnight.

The great ............ of the The great ............ of the Cadburys are remembered Cadburys are remembered whenever one steps inside a whenever one steps inside a sweet-shop.sweet-shop.

FAME

KNOW

PRODUCT

EFFECTSUCCESS

ACHIEVE

Rewrite the sentences using the adjectivesRewrite the sentences using the adjectives

I just can`t tell you how beautiful the view is from I just can`t tell you how beautiful the view is from my window.my window. – – The view from my window is The view from my window is indescribable.indescribable.

3.3. I will never forgive you for the way you behaved I will never forgive you for the way you behaved at the party.at the party.

4.4. There is no way anyone can kill Superman.There is no way anyone can kill Superman.5.5. No one can beat us at basketball.No one can beat us at basketball.6.6. The doctor said there was nothing they could do The doctor said there was nothing they could do

about the disease.about the disease.7.7. They put so much salt in the food that no one They put so much salt in the food that no one

could eat.could eat.

Insert the right wordInsert the right word

VIVACIOUS / VIVIDVIVACIOUS / VIVIDShe looks very ............ child. She looks very ............ child. Note the collocations: a ......... memory, a ......... impression.Note the collocations: a ......... memory, a ......... impression.

EARTHY /EARTHENEARTHY /EARTHENLike the tribe whom he was studying, the antropologist lived in Like the tribe whom he was studying, the antropologist lived in

a mud hut with an ................ floor.a mud hut with an ................ floor.There was a fresh, ............. smell in the garden after the rain.There was a fresh, ............. smell in the garden after the rain.

MATERNAL / MOTHERLYMATERNAL / MOTHERLYLooking after a baby can often arouse ............... feelings in a Looking after a baby can often arouse ............... feelings in a

woman.woman.She is a very warm-hearted, ............. sort of person.She is a very warm-hearted, ............. sort of person.