words and word formation
DESCRIPTION
Word formation processes in the English language.TRANSCRIPT
Words and word formation
Dr. Jessie Grace U RubricoFacilitator
etymology: studies of the history of words, their origin, and how their form and meaning changed over time
coinage, borrowing, compounding, clipping, blending, backformation, conversion, acronyms, calque, onomatopoeia, derivation
**Note: The words and word formation processes here use the English language as an example.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
Guido (Guy) Fawkes, the leader of a plot to blow up the English Houses of Parliament in 1605
> a person of grotesque appearance – after the burning of Fawkes’ effigy
> 20th century, general reference for a man
> replaced "fellow," "bloke," "chap" and other such words throughout the English-speaking world
> both genders : “I like being with you guys!” (refers to a group of men and women).
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
neologism; invention of new terms--happens in rapidly changing cultures; speedy dissemination of information
--mass media, internet, etc.
Ex: robotics (1941), genocide (1943), black hole (1968)blog, internet, googleemoticon
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
e-stalk -to stalk someone using internet searches and email.
flame war - rude and angry exchange of email messages
mailbomb -to intentionally disrupt a computer system by bombarding it with email
e-cruitment - online recruitment of employees; online submission of resumes and cover letters
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
snail mail - standard system of delivering mail which is very slow in contrast to electronic mail.
tweet - send short messages via Twitter netbook –small laptop computer which
weighs less than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10 inch screen
hotspot –places where wireless internet access is available like airports, hotels, train stations, etc.
notspot -an area where there is slow internet access or no connection at all.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
slumdog -very poor, underprivileged person who lives in an overcrowded a slum
viral marketing -marketing strategy that encourages people to pass along information to friends, family and colleagues through e-mail messages, blogs, video-sharing, etc., so that the marketing message spreads like a virus.
freemale -a woman who prefers to stay single and independent to do things she wants when she wants
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
noughties- the years between 2000 and 2009 which contain a 'nought' (zero), as other decades are called the 'thirties', 'sixties', etc .
road rage -aggressive habits often resulting in violence against other drivers
sandwich generation - generation of people who care for the needs of their children as well as those of their own elderly parents
meritocracy - the idea that merit and individual effort determine one’s success rather than wealth or birth.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
--new words based on names of persons/place
sandwich [the Earl of sandwich] jeans [from Genoa, Italy where the cloth was
first made Genoa (ˈdʒɛnəʊə) ] fahrenheit [Gabriel Farenheit, German
scientist] volt [ Alessandro Volta, Italian] watt [James Watt, Scot scientist] boycott [Charles Boycott, Irish]
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
Latin: interim, memorandum, agenda,p.m. and a.m., sponsor, etc.
Greek : pneumonia, panorama, psychoanalysis, psychology, python
French: bureau, café, chauffeur, coup d'état, abattoir, attaché, á la carte
Sanskrit : chakra, cashmere, mahatma, nirvana, musk
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
sago, kapok, gong, orang-utan, gutta-percha, sarong, batik
kampong (trading stations) > compound
amuk > amok or amuck
kati (container for tea) > caddy
padi (Malay, harvested rice) > paddy
Source: World Wide Words, Michael Quinion, 1996–2009
http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/malay.htm
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
boondocks -rural or back country
cogon -type of grass used for thatching; from Tagalog kugon
abaca -hemp fiber made from abaká, a plant in the banana family
jeepney
manila paper -light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
Turkish- yogurt; Bantu- zebra
Tahitian –tattoo; Japanese-tycoon
Hindi -avatar, bungalow, jungle, karma, pajamas, verandah, sentry, shampoo yoga, pundit, bangle, cheetah
Tamil: cash, catamaran, curry
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
combining two words to create a single word
compounds –independent words that can occur by themselves.
-handbag; wallpaper, fingerprint, sunburn, photograph, buzzword
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
–shortening of a poly-syllabic word
facsimile > fax fanatic > fan gasoline > gas influenza > flu condominium > condo gym, lab, exam, math, prof, typo
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
– combining the initial part of one word and the final part of another
brunch < breakfast+ lunch spam < spice + ham motel < motor + hotel smog < smoke + fog transistor < transfer + resistor emoticon < emotion and icon webinar < web + seminar
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
smirt <smoke + flirt; smirting- smokers getting to know each
burkini or burquini <burqa + bikini; swimsuit which covers the whole body, hair and neck
sitcom < situation + comedy; television series based on humorous everyday situations
netiquette <network + etiquette netizen < internet + citizen
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
-- nouns > verbs: reduction of nouns to form verbs
television > televise donation > donate option > opt emotion > emote enthusiasm > enthuse editor > edit
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
- changing the category of words
zero derivation – no affixes are added
nouns > verbs: bottle, butter, chair, vacationverbs > nouns: guess, spy,
print out > printoutverbs > adjectives : see through
adjectives > verbs: empty, dirtyadjectives > nouns: the poor; the weak
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
shift of stress: verb > noun: presént – présentsubjéct - súbjectcontést - cóntest
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
– word from initials of a set of words
scuba -Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
radar - RAdio Detection And Ranging
laser – Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
PIN - Personal Identification NumberPBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
Captcha : Completely Automated Public Turing Test To Tell Computers andHumans Apart
- distorted image of letters and numbers used to ensure that a response is notgenerated by a computer, in order to prevent spamming.
Source: http://www.learn-english-today.com/New-words/new-words-in-english.html
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
Onomatopoeia : creating words from the sounds they represent
buzz, hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, crash, bang, hush, ticktack, etc.
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
word-for-word translation of a phrase borrowed from another language
Spanish from Englishperros calientes – dog hot > hot dog
Bahasa Malay from Englishpasar malam – market night
> night market nasi ayam – rice chicken
> chicken ricePBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
- word formation by affixes prefixes: un-usual
mis-pronounce/demeanor; mis-leadpre-departuredis-respect
suffixes : care-less, child-ishmarx-ism, faith-ful, red-ness
prefix and suffix: dis-loyal-tyun-erring-ly
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico
O'Grady, W.D., Archibald, J., [eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. 2006. The study of language. Cambridge: CUP.
Online:
A Sampling of new words and senses from the new 2006 update of Merriam-Webster'sCollegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 12 August 2010 fromwww.merriam-webster.com/info/new_words.htm
English words of Indian Origin. Retrieved 12 August 2010 fromhttp://www.ratnasagar.co.in/language/71English_words_of_Indian_Origin.doc
New words in English. Retrieved 12 August 2010 fromhttp://www.learn-english-today.com/New-words/new-words-in-english.html
PBET 1101 TESL Program Faculty of Education Universiti Malaya Dr. Jessie Grace U Rubrico