work on sports and patriotism
DESCRIPTION
The write up is divided into four chapters, chapter one is the introduction followed by definition of terms. The focus of chapter two is on patriotic spirit during international sporting fiesta, it focused on players, patriotism, chapter three is an examples of patriotism and international sporting events using Olympic games as an example. While chapter four is the summary and conclusionTRANSCRIPT
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UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA
FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
TOPIC
PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS
FIESTA
A TERM PAPER
PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE COURSE: GSP 101
( USE OF ENGLISH)
BY
ONUOHA RAMSEY CHIBUZOR
REG NO:2013/
LECTURER: MR.W.O UGWUAGBO
MARCH, 2014
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TITLE PAGE
PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS
FIESTA
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DEDICATION
To Almighty God
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I humbly wish to acknowledge my lecturer and all the members of my familyfor their advice and support in my academic pursuit.
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PREFACE
The write up is divided into four chapters, chapter one is the introduction
followed by definition of terms. The focus of chapter two is on patriotic spirit
during international sporting fiesta, it focused on players, patriotism, chapter three
is an examples of patriotism and international sporting events using Olympic
games as an example. While chapter four is the summary and conclusion.
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TABLE OF CONTENTSTITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ iii
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. iv
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.1 Sports ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 International Sports Fiesta .............................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 5
PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA .................................................................................... 5
2.1 Patriotism In International Sporting Event ......................................................................................... 5
Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in
easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way........................................... 5
2.2 Patriotic Emotions During International Sports Fiesta...................................................................... 6
2.3 Players, patriotism, and politics at the ancient Olympic Games......................................................... 6
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 10
EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA AND PATRIOTISM ............................................................ 11
3.1 Olympics and Patriotic Spirit ................................................................................................................ 11
3.2 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries................................................................. 12
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 14
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arent just competing for
their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country. ........................................................................ 14
4.2 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 15
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0INTRODUCTION
According to Gibson,( 2010). sport is all forms of usuallycompetitivephysical activity
which through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability
and skills while providingentertainment to participants, and in some cases, spectators. Hundreds
of sports exist, from those requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of
simultaneous participants, either inteams or competing as individuals.
Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physical athleticism or
physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting
only sports meeting this definition, and other organisations such as the Council of Europe using
definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports.
However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition asmind sports.
The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as
bona fidesports, andSportAccord,the international sports federation association, recognises five
non-physical sports, although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as
sportsSports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair
competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by
physical events such as scoringgoals or crossing a line first, or by the determination of judges
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_IOC_Recognised_International_Sports_Federationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_activityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition -
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who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective
measures such as technical performance or artistic impression, (Gibson, 2010). "
1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.1.1 Sports
The precise definition of what separates a sport from other leisure activities varies
between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by
SportAccord, which is the association for all the largest international sports federations
(including association football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports and more), and is
therefore the de factorepresentative of international sport.
SportAccord uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should: have an element of
competition
be in no way harmful to any living creature not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as
arena football)
not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport
They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as rugby orathletics), primarily
mind (such as chess or go), predominantly motorised (such as Formula 1 or powerboating),
primarily co-ordination (such as billiard sports), or primarily animal-supported (such as
equestrian sport). There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerboatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerboatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(game)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportAccord -
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of non-physical challenges such as electronic sports, especially due to the large scale of
participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream
sports organisations.
"Sport" comes from theOld French desportmeaning "leisure", with the oldest definition
in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".Other
meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games
and diversions, including ones that require exercise. Roget's defines the noun sport as an
"activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and
recreation.(Buchanon, 2006).
1.1.2 International Sports Fiesta
International sports fiesta is defined as a physical activity involving large muscle
groups, requiring strategic methods, physical training and mental preparation and whose
outcome is determined within a framework, by skill not chance. Sports occur in an organised
structured and competitive environment where a winner is declared. 'Mind sports' is defined as a
game of mental skill, where training of muscles and skill in controlling them offer insignificant
advantage, and mental abilities are paramount. International and regional sports events are
defined as events that involve a sporting competition between teams, associations and / or
individuals representing at least a minimum of three (3) countries. These events include both
sports and mind sport activities. Cultural, Arts and Lifestyle Event Festivals, including music,
dance, comedy, fashion, visual arts, multi arts, culinary arts, heritage, ethnic and multicultural
performances and commercial music festivals. Performing arts, including theatre, musicals,
opera, ballet, classical and contemporary music and cross disciplinary performances. Event
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_sports -
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Types International Events An international event: Generates significant direct economic, social,
and cultural, benefits to the country. Attracts a significant proportion of international participants
and spectators. Has national significance outside of the region in which it is being run. Generates
significant international media coverage in markets of interest including. The benefits that can be
realised from hosting international events include: Direct benefits such as the creation of
additional tourism revenue, new business opportunities, international exposure for country, the
enhancement of our reputation as a major events destination, (Charles,2002)
1.2 Definition of Patriotism
Cooper-Chen(2005) defined patriotism as a cultural attachment to one'shomeland or devotion
to one's country, although interpretations of the term vary with context,geography and
philosophy.It is a related sentiment tonationalism.Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence
to anational religion (acivil religion or even atheocracy). This is the opposite of theseparation
of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as
similar and opposed forces.Michael Billig andJean Bethke Elshtain have both argued that the
difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of
the one doing the labelling
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Billighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Billighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland -
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CHAPTER TWO
PATRIOTISM AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA
2.1 Patriotism In International Sporting Event
Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are
essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way.
Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are
essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way.
Patriotism is something that involves patriotic emotions, feeling and actions of people
who love his native land and are proud of it. Even though it is considered as a positive feature,
sometimes it causes to negative situations such as arguing, discorting among residents of
different countries. Nowadays the solution of this problem is the subject of discussion, for
example, some people think that worldwide events like the football World Cup, Olympic Games
and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing international tensions and
releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. I totally agree with this statement but before drawing
a quick conclusion, it needs to be discussed.( Paul ,2002)
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2.2 Patriotic Emotions During International Sports Fiesta
In my opinion, the major function of international events is to assemble people from different
countries with various nationalty all over the world in one place for racing. In such famous
competitons the winners are always estimated for their personal qualities such as strength, force
or other abilities, not depending on their nationality. For instance, sportsmen from the enemy
countries forget their national problems with each other and concentrate only on competition and
to my mind, this way is absoluetly effective for releasing patriotic emotions and make stable
atmosphere. Although the number of the pros of international competitions is remarkebly more,
it is an undeniable fact that sometimes there can be some qwarrels, most times among the fans of
different teams. (Eassom, 1994)..
node 33240
2.3 Players, patriotism, and politics at the ancient Olympic Games
Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arent just
competing for their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country. And this uneasy
relationship isnt just a modern affair, politics has had a huge role in sports since the ancient
Olympic Games.
For starters, you think its the taking part that counts, rather than the winning? Well, in
ancient Greece even just turning up was politically influential. The ruling classes of Greek cities
sought to attend the major athletic contests not only to watch the games, but also to engage in
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politics at a personal or state level. The attendance, and above all the wealth, of each citys
official delegation served as propaganda for community identity and interstate rivalry.
For example, after his election as general in Athens, prominent Athenian statesman
Alcibiades attended the 416 bce Olympic Games with the richest delegation so far. He also
rented seven charioteers and entered all his seven quadrigas in the chariot race of the Olympic
Games, winning the three first prizes and breaking the Spartan domination of the event. A few
months later, Alcibiades exploited his Olympic victories politically in the Athenian popular
assembly to gain support for his views in favour of the expedition against the powerful city of
Syracuse in Sicily.
There were also cases, however, in which a resplendent official representation achieved
exactly the opposite of what it was intended to do. In seeking to increase his fame among all the
Greeks, the tyrant of Syracuse, Dionysius I, sent a brilliant delegation to Olympia, including
rhapsodes to give public readings of his poems in order to win glory as a poet. At first, this
glamorous presence aroused the curiosity and admiration of the spectators. But as soon as the
rhapsodes began to read Dionysiuss very bad poetry, the audience began to laugh and mock
him. The Athenian orator Lysias urged the crowd not to accept the emissaries of a tyrant,
whereupon many of the spectators drove the Syracusans from Olympia.
Another very powerful means of exercising political influence at the Olympic Games was
via the emergence of victors. This need, however, often led ancient cities to use methods that
were not entirely legitimate.
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The athletes from Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, won twelve victories out of
twenty-seven Olympiads in the most important contest, the speed race. Modern scholars have
tried to interpret this phenomenon as manufacturing winners by using advanced diet and
training methods, like East Germany in the modern period. Others, however, see strong
circumstantial evidence that these Western Greeks recruited athletes from other cities and paid
them handsomely, (Eassom, 1994)..
The great desire for victory occasionally led the athletes themselves to indulge in
illegitimate practices. In 332 bce, the pentathlete Callippus was caught bribing his opponents.
The Athenians, refusing to pay the exorbitant fine, reacted by using a measure that resembles
events at the modern Olympiads of Moscow and Los Angeles: they threatened to boycott the
games and not send any athletes.
The games also played an important political role in the recognition of Greekness,
since only Greeks originally had the right to take part. For example, at the beginning of the fifth
century, King Alexander I of Macedonia decided to take part in the Olympic Games. Some of his
rivals sought to exclude him, arguing that only Greek athletes, not barbarians, were allowed to
enter. Alexander was able to prove that he was Greek through tracing his genealogy back to
Heracles, and was allowed to participate. This was of great political significance, since this
instance was the first time that Macedonia was accepted as part of the Greek world. Now that
Macedonia was established as part of Greece, Alexander the Great set about disseminating Greek
culture by starting athletic contests in all the lands he conquered.
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The Romans, on the other hand, looked upon athletic contests, with the exception of
chariot races, as an inferior activity. Several emperors supported the games, however, realising
that one of the best ways to control the various peoples in their vast empire was develop existing
institutions of a cohesive character.
In 212 bce, for example, Roman citizenship was granted to all inhabitants of the empire.
This meant that all the great athletes of the Mediterranean acquired the right to compete at the
Olympics, investing the games with a new, very important value: ecumenism.
As you can see, the Olympic Games have had an intense political character throughout their
1200 year long history. After all, there is a reason the games is the longest living institution of
civilization in the history of mankind!
Solidarity, fair play, and globalismthese utopian buzzwords are closely associated with the
Olympic games and the Olympic spirit that the games seek to uphold. The Olympic Charter
even defines the games as competitions between individuals and team events and not between
countries the goal is to celebrate athletic excellence, not to stroke national egos. But, like it or
not, the Olympics have long been a catalyst for intense patriotism, particularly when viewed
through the lens of national media coverage. Is this patriotism in media coverage compatible
with or antithetical to the purpose of the Olympics? (Wade, 2007). "
Last week, the sports news website Deadspin published an article analyzing NBCs Tuesday
night Olympic coverage they found that the United States accounted for 46.5% of all
participant mentions during the broadcast. The United States only won two of the 24 medals
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handed out on Tuesday and none of the gold medals, yet NBC chose to devote nearly half of its
coverage that day to American athletes. In a follow up article on Thursday Deadspin reported
similar trends in CBC coverage of Canadian athletes and BBC coverage of British competitors.
This nationalistic media focus makes a lot of sense on a commercial levelpatriotism sells.
Successful Olympic athletes often become celebrities in their home countries and bankable stars
for commentators to focus on. NBC is strategic to center their Olympic reporting on Shani Davis
and Sean Whitenames that are far more recognizable to American viewers than the
Netherlands Stefan Groothuis and Switzerlands Iouri Podladtchikov, despite the fact that
Groothuis and Podladtchikov beat Davis and White to the gold in Sochi. Most Olympic viewers
want to see and hear about athletes from their own countries, particularly when they come from
countries with a large delegations competing in the games like Canada, the United States, and
Russia in the Sochi Olympics. It can be argued that nationalistic Olympic reporting is simply
giving viewers what they want. (Findling ,2004)
CHAPTER THREE
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EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FIESTA AND PATRIOTISM
3.1 Olympics and Patriotic Spirit
The Olympics are a bit of a sports peculiarity in that they are comprised of sports
oddities. Think about it; when was the last time you watched a swim meet, amateur wrestling or
gymnastics? Unless youre the parent of a high school student, your answer is probably the last
time the Olympics were on. And those arent even close to the most esoteric competitions
curling, a sport widely mocked by most everyone who isnt Canadian, is an Olympic sport. But
when it comes to the Olympics, we watch anyway.What makes us tune in to watch sports we
dont ordinarily give a moments thought? In a word, patriotism. Well, vicarious patriotism. We
dont really care about what the competition is, we just know we want to win. We want the
glory, even if it isnt ours. We want that vicarious thrill of victory and superiority that can only
come from sitting on a couch watching people we dont know try to beat other people we dont
know at some sport weve heard of twice in our lives. We feel that way about almost all sports,
but the Olympics magnifies this beyond any other sporting event, except the World Cup.
In a sense, the Olympics are a substitute for other forms of international conflict, or at least
another form of it. The United States never engaged in warfare with the Soviet Union, but
vigorously competed against them in the Olympics. Theres a reason the Miracle on Ice is so
famous, and its not just because the United States were substantial underdogs. Girginov, 2005)
But at the same time, the Olympics are not war or a battle for economic superiority. They
dont have real consequences. Its a form of conflict we can invest ourselves in, knowing that
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the worst thing that could happen isnt really so bad. When we win, we can say we won
something that epitomizes the human spirit and the resiliency of our nation. When we lose, we
can brush it off by saying its just sports. Today, with egregious political divides, increasing
inequality, and international uncertainty as a result of the economic crisis, it wont hurt totake a
little time and distract ourselves with something that has the potential to lift spirits, not dash
them. (Schaffer, 2000).
This is why we watch the Olympics. Its why a man deadlifting 1,000 pounds with the aidof unpronounceable drugs that are 14 syllables long and wont be detectable for another
five years, is suddenly the measure of that mans character and the strength of his
country; not just a rather absurd and relatively uninteresting spectacle. And I think thats
great.
3.2 Economic and social impact on host cities and countries
Many economists are skeptical about the economic benefits of hosting the Olympic Games,
emphasizing that such "mega-events" often have large costs while yielding relatively few
tangible benefits in the long run. Conversely hosting (or even bidding for) the Olympics appears
to increase the host country's exports, as the host or candidate country sends a signal about trade
openness when bidding to host the Games Moreover, research suggests that hosting the Summer
Olympics has a strong positive effect on the philanthropic contributions of corporations
headquartered in the host city, which seems to benefit the local nonprofit sector. This positive
effect begins in the years leading up to the Games and might persist for several years afterwards,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy#Modern_vernacular_uses_of_the_word -
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although not permanently. This finding suggests that hosting the Olympics might create
opportunities for cities to influence local corporations in ways that benefit the local nonprofit
sector and civil society. The Games have also had significant negative effects on host
communities; for example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that the Olympics
displaced more than two million people over two decades, often disproportionately affecting
disadvantaged groups. The 2014 Winter Games in Sochi were the most expensive Olympic
Games in history, costing in excess of $50 billion. (Rose, 2011)
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CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary
Patriotism has been long been a key factor in international sportsathletes arentjust competing
for their own satisfaction but for the glory of their country.
Popular events like the football World Cup and other international sporting occasions are
essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way.
Patriotism is something that involves patriotic emotions, feeling and actions of people
who love his native land and are proud of it..
In my opinion, the major function of international events is to assemble people from different
countries with various nationalty all over the world in one place for racing. In such famous
competitons the winners are always estimated for their personal qualities such as strength, force
or other abilities, not depending on their nationality..
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4.2 Conclusion
International sports fiesta offer something unique amongst major sporting events - the
opportunity to celebrate human sporting achievement on a global level. Fans of franchise and
college sports teams are often too wrapped up in the success and failure of their own team to
appreciate the athleticism and talent of their rivals. The Olympics are a rare chance to rise above
these biases and celebrate athletic achievement across domestic and international boundaries.
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REFERENCES
Gibson, Owen ( 2010). "Sainsbury's announces sponsorship of 2012Paralympics". The Guardian (London).
Buchanon, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic
Movement. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press
Charles Blatberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First,
Oxford University Press, 2000.
Cooper-Chen, Anne (2005). Global entertainment media. Mahwah, New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eassom, Simon (1994). Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology. Ontario: The
Centre for Olympic Studies.
Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern
Olympic Movement. Westport CT: Greenwood Press..
Girginov, Vassil; Parry, Jim (2005). The Olympic Games Explained: A Student
Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games. Routledge.
Paul Gomberg,(2002) Patriotism is Like Racism, in Igor Primoratz, ed.,
Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105112.
Rose, A. K., & Spiegel, M. M. (2011). The Olympic Effect*. The Economic
Journal, 121(553), 652677.
Schaffer, Kay; Smith, Sidonie (2000). Olympics at the Millennium. New Jersey:
Rutgers University Press.
Wade, Stephen (2007). "No kidding: Teens to get Youth Olympic Games". USA
Today.
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Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002.ISBN 1-57392-955-7. Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, Patriotism, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999.ISBN 0-8304-1410-X. Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford University
Press, 1997.
References[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriotism&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/083041410Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929557 -
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