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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 4, July-August 2016, pp. 474–482 Article ID: IJCIET_07_04_042
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=7&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH SILICA FUME
AND MARBLE SAWING WASTE
R.L.LIJA
Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College, Padur, Tamil Nadu
S. MINU
Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College, Padur, Tamil Nadu
ABSTRACT
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is relatively new type of concrete which offers several
economic and technical benefits; the use of by product extends its possibilities when combined with
SCC. In this research, cement is partially replaced with silica fume of 15%,20%,25% and 30% by
weight and each concrete mixes were added with 15% of marble sawing waste. The effects of silica
fume and marble sawing waste inclusion on the workability and strength parameters of self
compacting concrete were studied. To check the effect of silica fume and marble sawing waste on
workability parameters, filling ability and passing ability of concrete was evaluated by J-ring,
slump flow, U-box, V-funnel and L-box test. With the addition of 10% of silica fume powder with
15% marble sawing waste, maximum compressive strength were attained. Silica fume 15% and
marble powder 15% partial replacement of cement to attain more flexural strength and stiffness,
but compromising ductility of the flexural member.
Key words: Self Compacting Concrete, Marble Sawing Waste, Silica Fume, Workability
Cite this Article: R.L.Lija and S. Minu, Workability and Strength Behaviour of Self Compacting
Concrete with Silica Fume and Marble Sawing Waste. International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, 7(4), 2016, pp.474–482.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Self compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete that does not require vibration for placing and
compaction. It is able to flow under its own weight, completely filling formwork and achieving full
compaction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense,
homogeneous and has the same engineering properties and durability as conventionally vibrated concrete
(CVC). Self Compacting Concrete offers a rapid rate of concrete placement, with faster construction times
and ease of flow around congested reinforcement. The elimination of vibrating equipment improves the
environment on and near construction and precast sites where concrete is being placed, reducing the
exposure of workers to noise and vibration. The improved construction practice and performance,
combined with the health and safety benefits, make SCC a very attractive solution for both precast
concrete and civil engineering construction.
Workability and Strength Behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica Fume and Marble Sawing Waste
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Self Compacting Concrete usually offers several high performance properties in terms of mechanical
behaviour and durability over conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC).
Use of industrial wastes and by products as an aggregate or raw material is of great practical
significance developing building material components as substitutes for materials and providing an
alternative or supplementary materials to the construction industry in a cost effective manner and the
conservation of natural resources.
The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of natural resource and energy
source and lessen the burden of pollution on environment .Presently Large amounts of marble dust are
generated in natural stone processing plants with an important impact on environment and humans. This
project describes the feasibility of using the marble dust in concrete production as partial replacement of
cement. In INDIA, the marble and granite stone processing is one of the most thriving industry the effects
if varying marble dust content on the physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete
have been investigated.
Therefore, the present work is aimed at developing a concrete using the marble sawing waste, an
industrial waste as a replacement material for the cement. By doing so, the objective of reduction of cost of
construction can be met and it will also help to overcome the problem associated with its disposal
including the environmental problems of the region.
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1. Materials
The mixtures investigated in this study were prepared with Ordinary Portland Cement which is fulfilled the
requirements in the Indonesian Standard SNI 15-2049-2004.Well graded crushed quarry aggregate, with
specific gravity 2.71, was used as coarse aggregate. A maximum aggregate size of 12.5 mm and down was
chosen for coarse aggregates, as it is commonly used for SCC mixes. Well-graded natural sand, with
specific gravity 2.6 and maximum size 4.75 mm, was used as the fine aggregate. Fly ash used as mineral
admixture while naphthalene based superplastisticizer also added in to the mixes. Specific gravity of
marble powder used was 2.813.
Silica fume imparts very good improvement to rheological, mechanical and chemical properties. It
improves the durability of the concrete by reinforcing the microstructure through filler effect and thus
reduces segregation and bleeding. It also helps in achieving high early Silica fume of specific gravity 2.34
was used in this study. The chemical composition of Silica fume is given in Table 1
Table 1 Chemical Composition of Silica Fume
S. No. Constituents (%)
1 SiO2 91.03
2 Ai2O3 0.39
3 FE2O3 0.39
4 CAO 1.5
5 LOI 4.05
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Figure 1 Silica fume
2.2. Mix proportions
Cement = 409 kg/m3
Fine Aggregate 918 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate =730 kg/m3
Water =167 liters
Silica fume = 65.29kg/m3
Marble powder = 75.33kg/m3
Super Plasticizer = 1.1%
Mix proportion: 1:2.24:1.78
• Up to 35% replacement of marble powder with silica fumes for cement.
• Conplast SP430 Super plasticizer is used as admixture.
• Glenium stream 2 is used for Viscosity Modifying Agent.
2.3. Details of Experimental Tests
Fresh characteristics of SCC were evaluated based on its four main measurements; passing ability,
flowability, viscosity and segregation resistance. Those characteristics were measured using following
tests; J-ring Test (ASTM C1621), Slump flow,T 50 slump flow,V-funnel,L-box and U-box. For the
investigation of hardened concrete properties, the compressive, splitting tensile strength, and impact
resistance of SCC were investigated. Concrete specimens were cured with water immersion for 28 days at
the ambient temperature. Compressive strength tests for all the variants of concrete mixes with different
fibre contents were done on three cylinders of 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm length, based on ASTM C-
39. The compressive strength of concrete was determined as the average of those three specimens for each
variant. For tensile strength investigation, the Brazilian splitting tensile test was carried out on three
cylinders with 150 mm diameter and a height of 300 mm based on ASTM C496, and the tensile strength of
concrete was taken as the average of the those three cylinders for each variant.
Workability and Strength Behaviour
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSI
3.1. Fresh Characteristics
Table 3 Slump Flow
The addition of silica fume into SCC mixes
Figure.
Table 4 J-RING (mm) and. L-BOX (H2/H1)
600
650
700
750
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
silica fume
Slump flow (mm)
0
0.5
1
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
SILICA FUME
J-RING AND L-BOX
SILICA
FUME Slump
flow (mm)
J-Ring
(mm)
0% 710 0.98
5% 690 0.95
10% 685 0.92
15% 665 0.89
20% 655 0.87
nd Strength Behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica Fume
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 Fresh properties
Slump Flow Results
Figure 2 Slump flow
into SCC mixes tends to lower the flowability
BOX (H2/H1)
Figure 3
20%
Slump flow (mm)
Slump flow
(mm)
BOX
J-Ring (mm)
L-Box
Fresh properties
Ring
(mm) V-funnel L-Box U-Box
0.98 8.9 0.89 22
0.95 8.7 0.87 25
0.92 8.6 0.85 26
0.89 8.3 0.83 28
0.87 8.1 0.81 29
ith Silica Fume and Marble Sawing Waste
lump flow
flowability (Slump Flow),as show in
Figure 3 L - Box
W/P RATIO &
SP DOSAGE &
Marble Sawing Waste
0.9
SP (1.1%)
15%
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Table 5 V-FUNNEL (sec)
Table 6 U-BOX (R1-
From the above result it is evident that proportionally the addition of
property which in proportion affect the passing ability of SCC.
3.2. Hardened Properties
Table 7
S.
No.
SILIC
A
FUME
Compressive strength
1 0%
2 5%
3 10%
4 15%
5 20%
7.5
8
8.5
9
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
SILICA FUME
V-FUNNEL
0
10
20
30
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
silica fume
U-Box
R.L.Lija and S. Minu
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FUNNEL (sec)
Figure 4 V - Funnel
-R2)
Figure 5 U-
From the above result it is evident that proportionally the addition of silica fume
property which in proportion affect the passing ability of SCC.
Table 7 Comparison of Compressive Strength Results:
7 Days
Compressive strength
(N/mm2)
28 Days
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
Percentage of
28.44 38.55
29.68 39.44
30.43 40.88
26.22 36.33
23.16 34.22
SILICA FUME
V-funnel
U-Box
Funnel
- Box
silica fume reduces the flow
Percentage of
increase
28 Days
--
2.308%
6.04%
-5.75%
-11.23%
Workability and Strength Behaviour
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Figure 6
From the chart it is concluded that for
maximum compressive strength attained.
3.2.2. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
The flexural strength test was conducted using five numbers of 100 x 150 x 1700 mm size reinforced
concrete beams reinforced as shown in figure 7. The beams were subjected to four point bending test. The
beams were instrumented with three LVDT’s in the pure be
increments using a hydraulic jack. The load was measured using a load cell. The behaviour of the
specimen in terms of crack development, the failure mode and the ultimate load were observed during the
test. The deflection at 750 mm, 500mm, 375 mm from the support were recorded using LVDT’s. The
moment Vs maximum deflection of the beam is a major criterion in determining the flexural performance
of the reinforced concrete beams. At each load increment, the load was
were recorded.
Figure 8 Testing of beam specimen
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0%
nd Strength Behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica Fume
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Figure 6 Comparison of Compressive Strength Results
From the chart it is concluded that for 10% replacement of silica fume and 15% of marble dust
strength attained.
flexural strength test was conducted using five numbers of 100 x 150 x 1700 mm size reinforced
concrete beams reinforced as shown in figure 7. The beams were subjected to four point bending test. The
beams were instrumented with three LVDT’s in the pure bending region. The load was applied in small
increments using a hydraulic jack. The load was measured using a load cell. The behaviour of the
specimen in terms of crack development, the failure mode and the ultimate load were observed during the
eflection at 750 mm, 500mm, 375 mm from the support were recorded using LVDT’s. The
moment Vs maximum deflection of the beam is a major criterion in determining the flexural performance
of the reinforced concrete beams. At each load increment, the load was held constant and the deflections
Figure 7 Reinforcement Details
Testing of beam specimen Figure 9 Finished specimen
5% 10% 15% 20%
SILICA FUME
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
ith Silica Fume and Marble Sawing Waste
Compressive Strength Results
silica fume and 15% of marble dust the
flexural strength test was conducted using five numbers of 100 x 150 x 1700 mm size reinforced
concrete beams reinforced as shown in figure 7. The beams were subjected to four point bending test. The
nding region. The load was applied in small
increments using a hydraulic jack. The load was measured using a load cell. The behaviour of the
specimen in terms of crack development, the failure mode and the ultimate load were observed during the
eflection at 750 mm, 500mm, 375 mm from the support were recorded using LVDT’s. The
moment Vs maximum deflection of the beam is a major criterion in determining the flexural performance
held constant and the deflections
Finished specimen
7 DAYS
28 DAYS
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Table 8 Flexural strength test results
SILICA FUME +
marble sawing
waste 15%
Ultimate failure load
(Pu) (kN)
Ultimate deflection
midspan (mm)
First crack load
(kN)
Mode of
failure
0% 45.573 18.453 16 Flexure
5% 44.232 16.975 17 Flexure
10% 46.673 20.746 15 Flexure
15% 42.115 22.195 14 Flexure
20% 34.276 24.369 12 Flexure
3.2.3. DUCTILITY
Ductility index is defined as the ratio of ultimate mid span deflection to deflection at initial crack load of
the beams are presented in table.
Table 9 Ductility index
SILICA FUME +
marble sawing
waste 15%
First crack load
mid span deflection
(mm)
Ultimate load mid
span deflection
(mm)
Ductility Index
D.I=Δy / Δx
0% 2.532 18.453 7.287
5% 2.654 16.975 6.396
10% 2.467 20.746 8.409
15% 2.325 22.195 9.546
20% 4.664 24.369 5.224
From the table 9, 15% replacement of silica fume and 15% of marble sawing waste beam specimen has
higher ductlity index than other beams indicating that other beams are stiffer than 15% replacement of
silica fume and 15% of marble sawing waste beam specimen. It is also observed that 20% replacement of
silica fume and 15% of marble sawing waste specimen have lesser ductility.
Figure 10 Cracked pattern
3.2.4 STIFFNESS
Stiffness may be defined as load required causing unit deflection. The stiffness values of replacement of
silica fume 0%,5%,10%,15%,20% and 15% of marble sawing waste specimens at ultimate load and first
crack load and Percentage Reduction in stiffness are presented in this Table 10, 11 and 12.
Workability and Strength Behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete with Silica Fume and Marble Sawing Waste
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Table 10 Initial Stiffness
SILICA FUME +
marble sawing
waste 15%
First crack load
(kN)
Mid span deflection at first
crack load (mm)
Stiffness
(kN/mm)
0% 16 2.532 6.319 5% 17 2.654 6.405
10% 15 2.467 6.080 15% 14 2.325 6.021 20% 12 4.664 2.572
Table 10 shows that stiffness value of replacement of silica fume 0% and 15% of marble sawing waste
and replacement of silica fume 15% and 15% of marble sawing waste specimen have similar stiffness and
more than the other specimens upto first crack loaded except replacement of silica fume 5% and 15% of
marble sawing waste. Replacement of silica fume 5% and 15% of marble sawing waste has more more
stiffness value.This shows that the addition of silica fume makes the concrete stiffer.
Table 11 Ultimate Stiffness
SILICA FUME +
marble sawing
waste 15% Ultimate load (kN)
Mid span deflection at
Ultimate load (mm)
Stiffness
(kN/mm)
0% 45.573 18.453 2.469
5% 44.232 16.975 2.605
10% 46.673 20.746 2.249
15% 42.115 22.195 1.897
20% 34.276 24.369 1.406
Table 11 shows that Specimen with replacement of silica fume and 5% of marble sawing waste has
higher stiffness value than other specimen beams except control beam specimen has more or less same
stiffness value at ultimate load.
Table 12 comparison of Stiffness
SILICA FUME + marble
sawing waste 15% Initial Stiffness (kN/mm) Final Stiffness (kN/mm)
0% 6.319 2.469
5% 6.405 2.605
10% 6.080 2.249
15% 6.021 1.897
20% 2.572 1.406
Table 12 shows the stiffness of specimen with replacement of silica fume and 15% of marble sawing
waste specimen has high percentage reduction in stiffness than other specimens. Silica fume15% and 15%
of marble sawing waste specimen is next to replacement of silica fume 15% and 15% of marble sawing
waste specimen in percentage reduction in stiffness. Replacement of silica fume 20% and 15% of marble
sawing waste specimen has less percentage of reduction in stiffness.
CONCLUSION
In this project work experiments were carried out for the effective replacement of cement with silica fume
(0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) and marble powder (15%) in self compacting concrete. The addition of silica
fume resulted in similar flow parameters in SCC as that of conventional self compacting concrete. The
results of compressive strength test show that the strength increases up to 6.04% when the cement is
R.L.Lija and S. Minu
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replaced with 10% silica fume. When silica fume content further increased, the strength found to decrease.
The flexural strength of 20% replacement specimen is nearly higher than the control specimen.
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