working at european and local levels: an overview of case
TRANSCRIPT
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Working at European and local levels:
an overview of case studies
Francesca Galli
Researcher, University of Pisa, Italy
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Setting the scene…4 premises
• Food is produced and consumed in systems
– Structures, actors, processes
• Food systems deliver food and nutrition security
– FNS is multi dimensional and multi scale
• Food systems are vulnerable
– system’s inability to respond to disturbances without generating
undesirable outcomes
• Food systems are diverse
– Context specificity
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How can we reduce EU food systems’
vulnerabilities and enhance resilience?
1. “Un-packing” EU food systems’ vulnerabilities:
– Vulnerability of what? Boundaries of the system
– Vulnerability to what? Relevant disturbances
– Vulnerability of whom? Vulnerable groups
2. Exploring local responses to vulnerabilities:
– How are global drivers shaped in local contexts?
– What are the specific responses in place?
– Which pathways for possibile future scenarios?
� European and local case studies: different methods, parallel
approaches
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1. Understanding food systems’
vulnerabilities
European case studies: “Hotspot” analysis
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1. Un-packing vulnerabilities at EU level
• EU case studies: selected Hotspots
– “pertinent areas of concern where several factors interact
together and converge into outcomes of particular intensity”
– hotspots represent specific areas for public intervention and
regulation
• Characterising how different types of vulnerabilities
emerge, are expressed and interrelated, and may affect FNS
outcomes.
– Identification of “vulnerability pathways”
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EU Food System Vulnerabilities 8
Hotspots and key issues
�Conflict in the land uses: bio-energy and food
�Preservation of natural and human resources:
conventional and organic agriculture
�Diffusion of new technologies, risks and opportunities:
Genetically Modified food and feed
�Food systems’ governance: the role of (sustainable)
public food procurement
�Social cohesion and security,
entitlements and assistance: food poverty
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EU Food System Vulnerabilities 7
Vulnerability pathways
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Relevance for Food and Nutrition Security
Hotspots Food and Nutrition Security
availability access utilization stability and
control
Biofuels +++ + + ++
Organic +++ + + ++
Food Poverty + +++ + ++
Public Food
Procurement
+ +++ ++ +
Genetically
Modified Feed
and Food
+++ + ++
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Steps in EU case studies:
• Understanding what the internal and external challenges are
• Understand what FNS outcomes are affected
• Map the internal structure of the system
• Identify entry points for external drivers of change
• Identify vulnerability pathways
• Scenario analysis
• Policy solutions to address vulnerabilities: sensitivity, exposure,
adaptive capacity of the system
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Identification of hotspot boundaries and outcomes
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Mapping causal relations: example from organic case
Brzezina N, Kopainsky B., Mathijs E. (2016) Can Organic Farming Reduce Vulnerabilities and Enhance the Resilience of the European Food System? A Critical Assessment Using System Dynamics Structural Thinking Tools, Sustainability, 8(10), 971; doi:10.3390/su8100971
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Focus on vulnerability pathways:
A set of vulnerabilities of EU agriculture:
– Degrading natural resources
– Trading tacit with standardized knowledge
– Dependence on external inputs and governmental subsidies
– Latent volatility of agri-food markets
– Efficiency vs. resilience
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Degrading natural resources
Causal loop diagram representing the relationship between food production and natural resources condition (B1, B2, R2);
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EU Food System Vulnerabilities 10
Hotspot 2: Biofuels’ vulnerability pathways
– Maintaining agricultural production and food availability;
– Dependence from subsidy and rental seeking behaviours;
– Stability of food price;
– Diversification of local and rural areas;
– Sustainability of biofuels.
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EU Food System Vulnerabilities 12
Hotspot 3: Public food procurement
“vulnerability pathways”
• Vulnerability pathways
– Absence of political will and
leadership
– Low availability of healthy food
– Inadequate infrastructure and
budget constrains
– Lack of organizational culture,
knowledge and skills around
and about sustainable food
chains
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EU Food System Vulnerabilities 13
Hotspot 4 – Food poverty, vulnerability pathways
• Social fragmentation tendencies
• Welfare reforms, sanctions and cuts to healthy food;
• Food pricing discrimination mechanisms
• Lack of policy awareness of wider systemic causes of food poverty
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Hotspot 5 – Genetically modified food and feed
• Regulation of the authorization of new events
• Flexibility of coexistence rules
• Regulation of global food trade
• European Citizens’ reluctance to GM food
• Environmental conditions
• Power concentration along the food value chain
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What’s the merit in “un-packing” vulnerabilities?
• “We don’t need better solutions, we need better thinking about
problems” (Russel Ackoff)
• Reorganization of existing knowledge and insights from variables (already
established in the literature)
• Understanding different sources of vulnerability
– Vulnerability arising from external drivers
– Can be amplified or buffered through internal processes in the
system
• A tool for decision makers?
– Assessing the viability of different strategies to fix food system
vulnerabilities
– Communicating the vulnerabilities and the strategies accordingly
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Exploring local responses to FNS challenges
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2. Exploring Local responses
• The food system is fragmented
– various co-existing and interacting sets of “practices”
• Explore the diversity of local situations within regions
• 16 case addressing FNS concerns were developed
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Clusters of cases and FNS outcomes
Clusters of cases Food and Nutrition Security
4 cases in each.. availability access utilization stability and
control
Food assistance ++ +++ + +
(Peri-) Urban
Land-access
movements
+ +++ ++ +
Consumer-Citizen
Commitment
+ ++ +++ ++
Public
Procurement &
Preparedness
+ +++ ++ +
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Steps in local case studies
�Understanding local context and relations
�Looking at multiple futures..
– Stimulating new ideas through back-casting and visioning
– Assess strategic responses through scenario testing
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Example: Food assistance in Tuscany (IT)
• What are the main practices? In response to what
challenges?
• By whom are they developed?
• Focus on materials; skills, and competencies; claims, values and meanings
• How is food assistance re-thinking its role in a changing
environment?
• What transitions pathways can be identified in the current process of
change of the food assistance system?
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A map of actors, processes, flows of resources
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Example: Food assistance in Tuscany (IT)
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A vision for an “Alliance for food” in Tuscany
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“Take home” messages
• Diversity is inspiring (across diversities…)!
• We experimented the value of engaging with
heterogeneous actors
– Supporting systemic thinking and the development of projects
– Challenging actors’ sphere of influence and the given scenario
context
• How to “embrace” innovation at local level and inspire
change at system level?
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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