working memory
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Chapter 4. Working Memory. Introduction. working memory short-term memory long-term memory. The Classic Research on Working Memory. George Miller's "Magical Number Seven" suggested that people can remember about seven items (give or take two) chunk as memory unit - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
CognitionCognition
Working MemoryWorking Memory
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
IntroductionIntroduction
working memoryshort-term memorylong-term memory
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Classic Research on The Classic Research on Working MemoryWorking Memory
George Miller's "Magical Number Seven"George Miller's "Magical Number Seven"suggested that people can remember about
seven items (give or take two)chunk as memory unitproposed that people engage in internal mental
processes in order to convert stimuli into a manageable number of chunks
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Classic Research on The Classic Research on Working MemoryWorking Memory
Other Early Research on Short-Term-Other Early Research on Short-Term-Memory CapacityMemory Capacity
The Brown/Peterson & Peterson Techniquematerial held in memory for less than a minute
is frequently forgottenremember three items; count backwards by
threesrehearsal
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
Brown/Peterson & PetersonBrown/Peterson & Peterson—Typical Results—Typical Results
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Classic Research on The Classic Research on Working MemoryWorking Memory
Other Early Research on Short-Term-Other Early Research on Short-Term-Memory CapacityMemory Capacity
The Recency Effectserial position effectrecency effectprimacy effectused to measure the size of short-term
memory
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Classic Research on The Classic Research on Working MemoryWorking Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin's ModelAtkinson and Shiffrin's Modelcontrol processes
Other Factors Affecting Working Memory's Other Factors Affecting Working Memory's CapacityCapacity
Pronunciation Timeshort names vs. long namesnumbers in different languagesacoustic properties of stimuli
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
Pronunciation Rate & Pronunciation Rate & Memory SpanMemory Span
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Classic Research on The Classic Research on Working MemoryWorking Memory
Other Factors Affecting Working Memory's Other Factors Affecting Working Memory's Capacity Capacity (continued)
Semantic Similarity of the Items in Working Memory
semanticsWickens and colleagues (1976)
proactive interference (PI)release from proactive interferenceBrown/Peterson & Peterson task varying semantic
similarity on Trial 4
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
Release from Proactive Release from Proactive InterferenceInterference
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Alan Baddeley & Graham Hitch (1974); Baddeley (2000, 2001, 2006)
What does short-term memory accomplish for our cognitive processes?
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
BaddeleyBaddeley’’s Model of s Model of Working MemoryWorking Memory
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
working-memory approach—our immediate memory is a multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information as we perform cognitive tasks
• central executive• visuospatial sketchpad• episodic buffer• phonological loop
emphasis on active manipulation of information in working memory
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Evidence for Components with Evidence for Components with Independent CapacitiesIndependent Capacities
Working memory is not unitaryBaddeley & Hitch (1974)
random numbers and spatial reasoning task
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
In Depth: Phonological LoopIn Depth: Phonological Loopphonological loop—processes a limited
number of sounds for a short period of time
subvocalization
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
In Depth: Phonological LoopIn Depth: Phonological LoopResearch on Acoustic Confusions
acoustic confusionsSimilar sounding items are more difficult to recall
B D P T V CK M F Q Z L
Conrad & Hull (1964)list of letters, presented visually
lists of words
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
In Depth: Phonological LoopIn Depth: Phonological LoopOther Uses for the Phonological Loop
countingreadingacquiring new vocabularylearning foreign languagemathematical calculationsproblem-solving taskscomplex task instructions
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Neuroscience Research on the Phonological Loop
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Visuospatial SketchpadVisuospatial Sketchpadvisuospatial sketchpad—processes both
visual and spatial informationstore appearance and relative positionstore visual information encoded from verbal stimuli
limited capacity
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Visuospatial SketchpadVisuospatial SketchpadResearch on the Visuospatial Sketchpad
performing two visuospatial tasks simultaneouslyno standardized set of visual stimulitendency to provide names for visual stimuli, thus
using phonological loop insteadBrandimonte and colleagues (1992)—say "la la la"
while looking at complex visual stimulus
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Visuospatial SketchpadVisuospatial SketchpadOther Uses for the Visuospatial Sketchpad
engineeringart architectureretaining image of a scenefinding your way from one location to anothervideogames, jigsaw puzzles, mazestelevision
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Neuroscience Research on the Visuospatial Sketchpad
Parietal and frontal areas are active during mental rotation
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Central ExecutiveCentral Executivecentral executive—integrates information from the
phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer and from long-term memory
Characteristics of the Central Executiveplans and coordinates, but does not store
informationexecutive supervisordecides which issues deserve attentionselects a strategylimited capacity to perform simultaneous tasks
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Central ExecutiveCentral ExecutiveThe Central Executive and Daydreaming
Teasdale and colleagues (1995)random-number generation taskreport thoughts
Neuroscience Research on the Central Executive
frontal lobe
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Episodic BufferEpisodic Bufferepisodic buffer—temporary storehouse where we can gather and combine information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory
integrates information from different modalitieslimitedtemporary
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Individual Differences: Major Depression Individual Differences: Major Depression and Working Memoryand Working Memory
Working memory performance is related to:• overall intelligence and grades in school• verbal fluency, reading comprehension, reasoning
ability, note-taking skills • reading ability• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4
The Working-Memory The Working-Memory ApproachApproach
Individual Differences: Major Depression Individual Differences: Major Depression and Working Memoryand Working Memory
Major depressionChristopher and MacDonald (2005)
phonological loopvisuospatial sketchpadcentral executive
difficulty concentratingunwanted negative thoughts
Alterations in the Functional Anatomy Alterations in the Functional Anatomy of Working Memory in Adult Attention of Working Memory in Adult Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Data suggest the use of compensatory mental Data suggest the use of compensatory mental and neural strategies by subjects with ADHD in and neural strategies by subjects with ADHD in response to a disrupted ability to inhibit response to a disrupted ability to inhibit attention to nonrelevant stimuli and the use of attention to nonrelevant stimuli and the use of internalized speech to guide behavior.internalized speech to guide behavior.
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?Volume=157&page=278&journalID=13Volume=157&page=278&journalID=13
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 4