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Working Paper 284

Assessing the Future of Trade in the

Automobile Sector between India and

Pakistan:

Implications of Abolishing the Negative List

Biswajit Nag

September 2014

INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

i

Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 A Brief Chronology of India Pakistan Trade ............................................................ 1

1.2 Objective of the Study ................................................................................................ 2

1.3 Organisation of the study and Methodology Used .................................................... 3

2. Pakistan’s Automobile Industry at a Glance: ................................................................ 3

2.1 Growth in Industry and Production: ............................................................................... 3

2.2 Changing Automobile Policy and its Impact on Industry ............................................. 5

3. Import Structure of Automotive Products in Pakistan ............................................... 10

3.1 Import of vehicles and major parts thereof ................................................................... 10

3.2 Import of Components ..................................................................................................... 11

3.3 Import sources .................................................................................................................. 12

4. Opportunities and Challenges in Bilateral Trade in Automobiles between India and

Pakistan ........................................................................................................................... 15

4.1 Trends in Bilateral Trade ................................................................................................ 15

4.2 Industry Views from Pakistan ......................................................................................... 16

4.2.1 Market Entry and Automobile Value Chain ........................................................ 16

4.2.2 Environmental Norms in India ............................................................................. 17

4.2.3 Other NTBs and Possibilities of Joint Ventures ................................................. 19

4.2.4 India’s Advantage through the SAFTA route...................................................... 19

5. Identification of Products with respect to Pakistan’s Import Sensitivity in Post-

MFN period ..................................................................................................................... 20

6. Summary and Recommendations ................................................................................. 22

References ............................................................................................................................... 24

Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 26

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List of Tables and Figures

Table 1: Production of Automobile in Pakistan .............................................................................. 5

Table 2: Activities under Annex A for Localisation ...................................................................... 7

Table 3: Level of Localization in Pak Automobile Industries ...................................................... 7

Table 4: Major Vendors associated with Automobile Parts Manufacturing in Pakistan ........... 9

Table 5: Value of Pakistan’s Import of Vehicles (Major Products under HS 87) .................... 11

Table 6: Value of Pakistan’s Import of Major Auto Parts and Accessories .............................. 12

Table 7: Major Sources of Pakistan’s Import of Vehicles in 2012 ............................................. 13

Table 8: Major Sources of Pakistan’s Import of Auto Components in 2012 ............................ 14

Table 9: India-Pakistan Bilateral trade under HS code 87 (Vehicles and Parts thereof) ......... 15

Table 10: Frequency Distribution of MFN rates of the Auto Products under the Negative List ........ 20

Table 11: HS code wise Number of Common Products under India-Pak Negative list and

SAFTA Normal Track list ............................................................................................. 20

Table 12: Pakistan’s Import Threat and India’s Competitive Advantage in Automobile

Products under Negative List ........................................................................................ 21

Figure 1: Decade wise India’s Export and Import to/from Pakistan (US $ Million) ................. 2

Figure 2: Deletion and Production of Complex components by Major Assemblers in Pakistan ......... 9

iii

Abstract

This paper makes an attempt to understand the implications of trade normalisation between

India and Pakistan on the automobile sector. Currently, am majority of auto components are

in Pakistan’s negative list. Based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis, the paper

concludes that India will compete mostly with South-East Asian countries in the Pakistani

market, Indian exports will substitute imports from Japan, Thailand and China, and Indian

products may not have a significant impact on Pakistan’s domestic automobile industry.

Besides, opening up trade can create an opportunity for the development of cross border

production networks in this sector. This has the potential to provide a major price benefit to

Pakistani consumers who will gain substantially from the introduction of new and better

models. The paper also identifies the products on which the impact of removal of the negative

list is expected to be minimal. In these products, either Pakistan is a small importer from the

world or India is not a large exporter to the world, or both. In many other products, Pakistan

has been experiencing declining import growth or their share in total import is less than one

per cent. The threat perception in these products seems to be relatively low. The analysis of

India’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index for automobile products also reflects

that India is yet to become competitive in a large number of automobile products and hence,

Pakistan does not have an immediate threat in such products. However, there are critical

components and vehicle parts in which Pakistan is already a large importer and India will

compete with other Asian players in these segments.

The author acknowledges the research contribution by Suhel Yadav and Ashley Thomas

Abraham, MBA students from IIFT.

_________________

JEL Classification: F10, F13, F14, F50.

Keywords: India-Pakistan, automobile trade, trade normalization, MFN, negative list

Authors Email: [email protected]

_________________

Disclaimer: Opinions and recommendations in the paper are exclusively of the author(s) and

not of any other individual or institution including ICRIER.

mailto:[email protected]

1

Assessing the Future of Trade in the Automobile Sector between India and Pakistan:

Implications of Abolishing the Negative List

Biswajit Nag

1. Introduction1

1.1 A Brief Chronology of India Pakistan Trade

Pakistan is in the process of offering the most favoured nation (MFN) status to India and this

is expected to open a new trade regime between the two neighbours. Since 1947, trade

between the two countries has gone down and it came to a halt for almost a decade following

the war in 1965. In 1974, a protocol was signed between two countries for restoration of

commercial relations. This was followed by a trade agreement in 1975. Trade resumed on a

list of mutually agreed items following this agreement. Both the countries joined the WTO in

1995 and India accorded the MFN status to Pakistan in 1996. However, Pakistan initially

allowed import from India on the basis of a ‘positive list’, which specified the products that

were eligible to be exported from India to Pakistan. The number of products in the list has

increased over the years. Until 2011, Pakistan allowed only 1,946 items to be imported from

India. In November 2011, Pakistan decided to accord MFN status to India and in March

2012, it shifted to a ‘negative list’, which comprises of items that are prohibited from being

imported by Pakistan from India. Currently, Pakistan’s negative list has 1,209 items.

Immediately after independence, Pakistan had a trade surplus with India. During 1960-61,

total trade was around US$50 Million but due to armed conflict, it reached near zero in 1966-

67. Trade remained suspended until 1974-75. Following the 1975 agreement, trade resumed

for three years. This agreement was never renewed. In the 1980s, India’s exports to Pakistan

started showing a slow rising trend and in some years, the balance of trade was in favour of

India. The trade balance remained in favour of India during the 1990s with a few exceptions.

India’s exports to Pakistan jumped significantly in 1996-97 and again in 2000-01. The steady

rise in India’s exports is visible after 2000. As Pakistan has been shifting products to ‘positive

list’ gradually, India’s exports responded accordingly. However, India’s import from Pakistan

remained at a very low level throughout the last decade. Since 2011-12, total trade between

these two countries crossed the US$2 billion mark and in 2012-13, it touched US$2.4 billion.

Pakistan’s exports increased by 28 per cent and for India the increase is of 19 per cent in

2012-13. Figure 1 below provides the decade wise growth in trade between India and

Pakistan.

1 This paper has been written as part of research studies conducted under the project “Strengthening Research

and Promoting Multi-level Dialogue for Trade Normalization between India and Pakistan” led by Dr. Nisha

Taneja. The author is thankful to Dr. Nisha Taneja, Dr. Sanjib Pohit, Dr. Meenu Tiwari, Dr. Sanjay Kathuria

and Dr. Saikat Sinha Roy for comments.

2

0

10

20

30

40

50 Import

Export

0

10

20

30

40

50

60 Import

Export

0

20

40

60

80

100

120 Import

Export

0

50

100

150

200

250 Import

Export

0

500

1000

1500

2000 Im… Ex…

Figure 1: Decade wise India’s Export and Import to/from Pakistan (US$ Million)

Source: Data taken from Table 1: Pakistan India Trade, from the article ‘MFN Status and Trade

Between Pakistan and India’ published by Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and

Transparency (PILDAT), 2012; and India Trades, CMIE Database

1.2 Objective of the Study

Trade data shows that there has been some trade in the automobile sector in the past. This is

perhaps because the positive list approach was sometimes difficult to administer as there

were ambiguities regarding the classification of certain items. Currently, at the HS 8-digit

level, there are 385 automotive components and accessories that are on Pakistan’s negative

list of 1209 products. There has been a significant growth in the Pakistani automotive market

in recent times and with the opening up of the market, India’s export to Pakistan in the

automobile sector is also expected to grow. Pakistan has also gained a comparative advantage

in some components and they are interested in exporting these to India. The news of the

0

20

40

60

80

100

120 Import

Export

3

opening up of the automobile sector in Pakistan has generated a debate on whether it would

be good for the local industry and economy as a whole. Studies indicate that imports from

India will mostly replace expensive components imported from other countries and larger

imports will lead to higher tax revenues to Pakistani government. Nonetheless, the fear of job

loss and negative impact on local suppliers in Pakistani automobile sector is widespread. The

current study looks at the possibility of trade between India and Pakistan in the automotive

sector with a focus on its possible impact on Pakistan’s local automotive industry.

1.3 Organisation of the study and Methodology Used

The study is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses in brief the evolution and current

status of the automobile industry in Pakistan, focusing on the growth of production, impact of

policy change, degree of localisation etc. The import structure of Pakistan’s automobile

industry is analysed in section 3. Opportunities for bilateral trade between India and Pakistan

are the main focus area of Section 4. In this section, views of individual auto makers and

industry associations in Pakistan regarding the removal of ‘negative list’ have been taken into

consideration. Issues such as non-tariff barriers, environmental issues, along with investment

opportunities have also been included in this section. India’s advantage in Pakistan through

the SAFTA route in the post-MFN period is also examined through automobile product tariff

data analysis. In Section 5, automobile products are divided into some groups based on

Pakistan’s sensitivity to their imports. Products are identified on which the impact of the

removal of the negative list is expected to be minimal. The concluding section summarises

the main findings of the study and provides policy recommendations for future growth.

2. Pakistan’s Automobile Industry at a Glance:

2.1 Growth in Industry and Production

The automobile industry in Pakistan took a giant leap forward when General Motors, USA,

started assembly operations and established National Motors Limited, a public limited

company in 1950. The company assembled passenger cars as well as commercial vehicles,

which carried the General Motors brand names. The first vehicle was a Bedford truck

assembled in Pakistan in 1950. Subsequently buses, light trucks and cars were assembled in

the same plant.

Until the 1990s, the industry was highly regulated with very little competition. However,

since 1990, the industry was de-regularised. After deregulation, major Japanese

manufacturers entered in the market and brought in some competition in this sector.

Assemblers of HINO trucks, Mazda trucks, Toyota (1993) and Honda (1994) in particular,

entered once deregulation was introduced. The assembly of Daihatsu and Hyundai cars

(1999) and various brands of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and range of mini-trucks

began in the early 2000s. A regular car industry started in the country in 1983, when Suzuki

began to assemble the FX 800 cc to target the middle-income group. Suzuki introduced

Khyber 1000 cc and Margalla 1300 cc in 1992 to strengthen its customer base. Since its

inception, Suzuki has enjoyed the position of a market leader in the car and LCV segments.

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In 1993, Indus Motor (Toyota), and in the succeeding year (1994) Honda Atlas commenced

their operations in Pakistan as the main competitors to Suzuki in the high price segment of

the market (i.e. 1300 cc - 2000cc range).In the commercial vehicles segment, Hino Pak

started assembling operations in 1986 and is the market leader in the segment with a market

share of 65 per cent at present. Today, there are 32 assemblers including multinationals with

equity participation (Toyota, Honda, Suzuki, Hino, Nissan, Hyundai/ Kia) engaged in

manufacturing/assembling of different automobiles under the approved ‘deletion

programme’2 of the Ministry of Industries and Production, Government of Pakistan. There

are also more than 50 assemblers/manufacturers of motorcycles and three wheelers.

The car industry of Pakistan saw a major boom during 2006-07 when sales volume touched

180,834 units. However, since then, sales volumes have fallen. During 2012-13, total car

sales were around 120,332. In 2007, the total contribution of the auto industry to GDP was

2.8 per cent and to manufacturing was 16 per cent. Vehicles’ manufacturers directly employ

over 192,000 people with a total investment of over US$1.5 billion.3

The industry’s development history can be roughly divided into the following four phases:4

1. Nascent period (1949 – 1971);

2. Nationalisation period (1972 – 1982);

3. Partnership with the private sector (1983 – 1990);

4. Post-privatisation (1991 to present).

As of August 2010, over 100 manufacturers are estimated to be engaged in production of

motor vehicles (including passenger cars, buses, trucks, two wheelers, rickshaws, and

tractors) in the country. Also there are close to 500 component manufacturers in the country.

Demand driven production was very high in 2007-08. However, production started dwindling

in almost all segments of the automobile sector since then with some exceptions. Table 1

below shows the production trend and the compound average growth rate (CAGR). The

CAGR for 2007-08 data has been omitted as we consider it an outlier. Healthy growth is

visible in the small and big car (above 1300 cc) segment. In the case of commercial vehicles,

Pakistan has witnessed a drop in production with a CAGR of -10.39 per cent. Among the

various segments, two and three wheelers have posted robust growth. There are a large

number of domestic producers and technology is mostly localised now due to Deletion policy

pursued during 1985 to early 2006. Out of the production of 8 lakh units of bikes and three

wheelers, almost 6 lakh is by Honda. Other major players in this segment are DYL, Suzuki,

Habib, Hero etc. In the case of passenger vehicles, Suzuki had more than 58 per cent of the

market share in 2011, followed by Toyota (29 per cent) and Honda (8.2 Per cent). Toyota

Corolla, produced by Indus Motor, a local Toyota subsidiary, is the largest selling car and has

2This refers to Pakistan’s localization policy which was pursued from 1980s till early 2006. For more detailed

discussion refer to Section 2.2 3 Source: Economic Pakistan http://economicpakistan.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/automobile-industry/

4Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA); (2011): Project forAutomobile Industry DevelopmentPolicy

in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Main Report

http://economicpakistan.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/automobile-industry/

5

a market share of nearly half of the over 1300 cc segment. Suzuki has the largest share in the

smaller engine and mini-car segments.

Table 1: Production of Automobile in Pakistan

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 CAGR

08/09-

12/13

1300 and Above cc 50310 39478 60360 62111 66299 60223 11.14

1000 cc 48495 16149 23330 25287 28888 12785 -5.67

800 cc & Below 1000cc 65905 28681 37957 46574 59068 47324 13.34

Total cars 164710 84308 121647 133972 154255 120332 9.30

Trucks 4993 3135 3425 2901 2597 1923 -11.50

Buses 1146 657 628 490 568 522 -5.59

Total trucks & buses 6139 3792 4053 3391 3165 2445 -10.39

LCVs, vans & jeeps (4x4) 1590 932 1172 883 451 1475 12.16

Pick ups 21354 16158 15768 19142 20929 14517 -2.64

Farm tractors 53256 59968 71607 70770 48120 50859 -4.04

Motorcycles & three-wheelers* 641031 493592 736861 838665 828576 819556 13.51

* It is important to note that many motorcycle producers are not members of PAMA and this

table does not include them. Considering the data provided by Association of Pakistan’s

Motorcycle Assemblers (APMA), the total production is 1,636,721 in 2011-12 and 1,634,803

in 2012-13.

Source: PAMA Website

At present, Japanese automakers operating in Pakistan purchase 40-70 per cent of parts and

components for passenger cars from local sources, 43-65 per cent for buses and trucks, and

85-92 per cent for motorcycles. The very high local-content levels for motorcycles reflect the

fact that original equipment manufacturers (OEM)/assemblers make most parts internally. In

the case of passenger vehicles, almost 70 per cent of the components are locally sourced.

However, the general perception is that less than 50 per cent of locally made parts satisfy the

quality requirements demanded by OEM assemblers. Hence, at the outset, there is a large

demand for quality auto components in Pakistan.

2.2 Changing Automobile Policy and its Impact on Industry

Pakistan’s automobile policy has evolved around the policy of localisation. Since 1980s, the

country has been pursuing a useful local content scheme, which has done some good to the

technological base of the automotive sector and improved its design and development

capabilities. The methodology adopted is that the manufacturers are offered tariff incentives

for progressive local manufacturing of automobiles and other engineering goods. Several

production activities were identified for this purpose. In this case, the importer or assembler

needs to have suitable in-house facilities or have a commercial relationship with another

component manufacturer who has in-house production facilities. The policy of gradual

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localisation was guided by Engineering Development Board. These companies were allowed

to import specific components with a discount. The policy of local content requirement,

which Pakistan pursued during 1985-2005, was commonly referred to as ‘Deletion

programme’. This programme worked on the basis of industry specific deletion programmes

(ISDPs) and product specific deletion programmes (PSDP). All local manufacturers were

given permission for local assembly of Japanese cars with the explicit understanding that the

manufacturers will steadily reach a certain ‘deletion level’, thus increasing the local content

of automobile parts and giving up the concessional tariffs being availed by them under their

specific ‘deletion programmes’. Under these programmes, annual deletion targets for each

model of vehicle would be set by giving a choice to the assembler to choose components

from a basket carrying fixed indices based on their individual values. The Engineering

Development Board (EDB) would conduct the technical audits annually to determine the

achievement or shortfall in meeting deletion targets. In the case of a shortfall, assemblers

would be penalised by imposing the full rate of duty on the value of components that were

not indigenised in that period on the completely built unit (CBU)5. In 2006, Pakistan shifted

to a tariff-based system (TBS) bringing an end to the Deletion Programme. As per the

notification SRO 656(I)/2006, activities under Annex-A have been made open. These

activities were controlled under the Deletion Programme earlier. Table 2 below provides a

snapshot of the kind of activities that have been put under Annex A. Tariff rates for

components required for Annex A have always been high compared to others to encourage

local production of components. Through SRO 693(I)/2006, tariffs were revised. The shifting

to tariff based system did not matter much to the assemblers but posed challenges to the

vendors who were more comfortable with the previous system and were pushed to improve

the quality, supply systems, shop floor efficiencies and marketing. This is because while

importers could import many components paying higher duties, component manufacturers

found it difficult to modernise their plants to compete with imported components under the

new environment

5 MirzaM. Shahrukh and Irfan AnjumManarvi (2011): Analysis of Technological advancements in Pakistani

Automobile Car Industry; published in Global Journal of Research in Engineering Volume 11 (3, Version 1.0

April)

7

Table 2: Activities under Annex A for Localisation

Vehicle Type Minimum Production activity under ‘Annex A’ Following Deletion

Programme

Cars and LCVs Body welding shop, Body Paint shop, Vehicle Final Assembly (Trim line,

Chassis line and Final Line with multiple stations), Performance testing

facility, Inspection equipment, storage

HCVs Main Chassis Frame Assembly and/or Riveting line, Axle Assembly, Welding

Shop, Paint Shop, Vehicle Final Assembly (Trim line, Chassis line and Final

Line with multiple stations), Performance testing facility, Inspection

equipment, storage

Tractors Engine Assembly, Paint Shop for Sheet Metal and Chassis, Vehicle Final

Assembly, Performance testing facility, Inspection tools/equipment, storage,

Test rigs for Endurance testing for safety, Availability of drawings of

components,

Motorcycles and

Motorcycles

Rickshaws

Frame Welding Shop, Body Paint Shop, Engine Assembly and Testing, Frame

Assembly Fixtures, Final Assembly Tools, Final Inspection and Storage

Stroke Auto

rickshaws

Frame Welding Shop, Body Paint Shop, Engine Assembly and Testing, Final

Assembly , Final Inspection Tools, and Storage

Note: For details of Annex A activities refer to SRO 656(I)/2006, Govt. of Pakistan

It needs to be noted that under the earlier strategy, the rate of localization was significant,

especially for tractors and motorcycles. Table 3 provides the localization position during the

early 2000s. According to information from Pakistan Association of Automotive Parts and

Accessories Manufacturers (PAAPAM), localization had been to the extent of almost 95 per

cent in the case of tractors and 90-92 per cent in the case of motorcycles. But in the case of

cars, localization is still less than 70 per cent. This implies that in post-2006 period,

assemblers continued to use local components manufactured by local SMEs in a relatively

inefficient manner, especially for passenger vehicles.

Table 3: Level of Localization in Pak Automobile Industries

Automobile Percentage

Cars 68

Tractors 85

Motorcycles 82

LCVs 43

Buses/Trucks 50

Source: Development of the Automotive Sector in Selected countries in ESCAP region, UNESCAP

(2002)

None of the local manufacturers have achieved the deletion level undertaken by them under

their respective programmes. Therefore, the local car industry has not become as efficient as

it should have. Local vendors of automobile parts have also suffered in the process.

Influential automobile manufacturers have been enjoying concessional tariffs on imported

automobile parts under their deletion programmes by manipulating extensions in the time

schedules of such programmes. The only locally-assembled car which has achieved a

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significantly high local content under its deletion programme is Suzuki Mehran6. In the

passenger car segment, Suzuki, with the highest market share, has reached 65 per cent of the

targets under the deletion programme and they produce almost 25 per cent of complex

components. Suzuki Motors Japan supports the technology transfer directly to local vendors

through parts, drawings and process sheets. In absence of good infrastructure and

manufacturing facility at the SME level, Suzuki has not been very successful in providing

technological assistance to local companies. Along with this, the absence of adequate quality

control standards and lack of competition among vendors have resulted in the deteriorating

quality of final products. Due to non-availability of expensive quality control equipment,

many of the precision safety components are imported. Regular training at all levels is being

imparted locally in the factory areas in Karachi as well as at dealerships throughout Pakistan.

Manufacturing knowhow is transferred directly to local vendors according to their

qualification and skills, whereas assembly and operational knowhow is transferred to Pak

Suzuki Motor Company. On the contrary, Indus Motors, producing Toyota cars, has reached

a 45 per cent deletion level. Toyota is unable to transfer adequate technology due to lack of

local capacity and skills. Only 15 per cent of critical components are manufactured by Toyota

or by its vendors in Pakistan. Honda Motor Company Japan gets only 5 per cent parts

manufactured locally, partly because the localization policy has not been enforced strictly and

partly because of Honda’s reluctance to transferring design and manufacturing knowhow to

local vendor industry. Honda is of the opinion that non-availability of R&D facilities in the

automobile industry, and the lack of highly-skilled manpower and well developed

infrastructure are the main hindrances to the development of indigenous component sector.

Figure 2 below provides a snapshot of achievement of deletion level under the deletion

programme and the production of complex components by major assemblers in Pakistan

The above discussion indicates that the ‘deletion programme’ has proved inadequate to

promote localization of the component industry. The automobile industry is very dynamic.

Consumer choice, comfort and safety, design, IT-driven accessories, etc. are driving the

industry. Government needs to encourage the development of R&D centres, schools for

advanced learning of auto technology, and the development of quality control instruments,

which create an enabling environment for the component industry to grow. Apart from this,

competition among component manufacturers is important to drive local innovation. It seems

Pakistan has achieved some level of localization but it lacks the capability to move to the next

level of value addition. Major local vendors (See Table 4) are still supplying basic

components and OEMs are still significantly dependant on foreign players for critical

components. As a result, the number of models available in the Pakistani market has been

limited.

6‘Local Auto Industry: Foreign Competition’, by Zaheer Ahmed; published in Dawn.com dated February 8,

2012, http://www.dawn.com/news/739064/local-auto-industry-foreign-competition

http://www.dawn.com/news/739064/local-auto-industry-foreign-competition

9

Figure 2: Deletion and Production of Complex components by Major Assemblers in Pakistan

Source: M. Shahrukh Mirza and Irfan Anjum Manarvi (2011)

Table 4: Major Vendors associated with Automobile Parts Manufacturing in Pakistan

Name of Vendor Products of Vendor Manufacturing

Since (year)

Vehicles using these

products

Allied Engineering

Works

Shock Absorbers -150 (Gabriel)

Shock Absorbers -160 (Gabriel)

1990

1996

Toyota Corolla, Suzuki

Mehran

Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Bolan

Agri Auto Industry Shock Absorbers

Strut Assembly

Steering gear box

1988

1995

2005

Toyota Corolla, Suzuki Alto

Daihatsu Cuore, Suzuki Liane

Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Bolan

Alsons auto parts (pvt.)

Ltd

Cooling Fans

Brake Assembly

1992

1992

Toyota Corolla, Daihatsu

Cuore

Suzuki Vehicles (All type)

Atlas Engineering Radiators, Fly Wheel assembly

Disc Brake, Brake Drum

Piston Sleeves

1967

1982

1996


Cuore

Suzuki Van/Pick up

Atlas Battery Company Dry Cell Batteries

Range (12V 6 AH to 12V 200 AH)

1969 Vehicles (All types)

Baluchistan Wheels

limited

Wheel rims

Range (12 inch to 30 inch)


General tyres Tyre size

Diameter (12 inch to 30 inch)


Infinity Engineering Spur gear for transmission

Transmission shafts, Connecting

rod.

1994

1994


Cuore

Suzuki Vehicles

Mecas Engineering

(pvt.) limited

Brake Disc, Drum

Axle Hub Mounting Bracket

1987

2000


Cuore

Suzuki Vehicles

Rastgar Engineering Steering Knuckle 1994 Toyota Corolla, Daihatsu

Cuore

Source: Mirza M. Shahrukh and Irfan AnjumManarvi (2011)

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3. Import Structure of Automotive Products in Pakistan

The automotive industry consists of vehicles and its components. Components spread over

different industrial segments. These include plastic and rubber products, components made

from glass, steel, etc. Apart from this, there are critical components such as engines, gearbox,

brakes, body-parts, computerised or digital components. As a result, the HS codes to describe

the trade pattern includes different HS chapters (40, 85, 87, etc). The HS codes of some

components also depend on the size of the vehicle and engine capacity. In this study, we have

considered the list prepared by ACMA and Pakistan’s negative list for data analysis. As

international data is available at the 6-digit level, we have converted the 8-digit level data to

6-digit level for analysis. There are 167 automobile items at the 6-digit level, which have

been considered for the data analysis in this section.

3.1 Import of vehicles and major parts thereof

Pakistan has experienced a phenomenal increase in the import of passenger cars over the last

4 years. Part of it has been due to the relaxation on the import of used vehicles. The Import of

commercial vehicles, especially trucks, inreased dramatically in 2009-10 and then almost

doubled in 2010-11. However, it dropped significantly in 2011-12. Increased economic

activity and the need to transport goods have created the demand for trucks and lorries. The

import of motorcycles increased slowly in the mid-2000s as the production of domestic

motorcycles surged. However, a jump in imports is visible in the last couple of years.

Pakistan reported strong domestic growth of motor rickshaws along with high import growth

during 2009-10.

It has been mentioned earlier that domestic production peaked in 2006-07 and declined

thereafter. On the other hand, the number of cars imported has kept increasing. Pakistan’s

average production of cars is around 120,000 against its installed capacity of 240,000. A

large number of SMEs supply parts and components. The shortfall in production vis-à-vis

installed capacity has affected the entire supply chain, particularly component SMEs that

supply parts and components, which are at the lower end of the supply chain. The increase in

vehicle imports has hurt them further. As a result of this, the major dilemma is about the

consumer choice (higher imports with lower price) vs. need for protection to domestic

producers.

Pakistan’s import policy allows import of both new and used vehicles. New vehicles can be

imported freely by any one, under the generally applicable import procedures and

requirements, on payment of applicable duty and taxes. Used vehicles, on the other hand, can

only be imported by Pakistani nationals under three schemes, namely the transfer of residence

scheme, the gift scheme, and the personal baggage scheme. These schemes are often used by

commercial interests to import used vehicles for sale in the local market and are a cause of

concern to local producers. Producers have also protested the increasing incidence of

smuggling through Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan.

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Pakistan’s total import in the automotive sector in 2012 was roughly around US$ 2.49 billion,

of which the import value of various vehicles (mostly in completely knocked down (CKD)

form) was US$ 1.27 billion. Tables 5 and 6 provide more detailed information.

The products listed in Table 5 constitute almost 96 per cent of vehicle imports in Pakistan.

The Table shows Pakistan’s import structure. Small cars and cars with engine capacity

between 1000 and 1500 cc account for the largest chunk of imports. Mini vans and other

vehicles with more than 1500 cc are also major imports. The 5-year CAGR is also high in

these categories. Other segments where high growth is visible are diesel powered buses and

trucks, road tractors and special purpose vehicles. The growth of these segments is directly

related to the economic health of the country.

Table 5: Value of Pakistan’s Import of Vehicles (Major Products under HS 87)

HS Code Description Import

Value (US$

000) in 2012

Share in

Total vehicle

Import (%)

5 year

CAGR (%)

870120 Road tractors for semi-trailers 14628.79 1.15 17.68

870190 Wheeled tractors nes 37982.68 2.98 7.69

870210 Diesel powered buses with a seating more than 10 51620.60 4.05 18.41

870290 Other Buses (CNG, LPG, others) 39132.50 3.07 4.46

870321 Cars (not exceeding 1000 cc) 290441.32 22.80 10.19

870322 Cars (more than 1000 cc, not exceeding 1500 cc) 400407.05 31.43 28.40

870323 Automobiles (more than 1500 cc, not exceeding

3000 cc)

151281.91 11.87 26.01

870324 Automobiles (exceeding 3000 cc) 30587.57 2.40 20.56

870421 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding 5

tons

79106.34 6.21 12.37

870422 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW more than 5

tons but not exceeding 20 tons

28803.44 2.26 0.98

870423 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW exceeding 20

tons

24881.95 1.95 26.27

870431 Gas powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding 5

tons

35407.78 2.78 49.22

870590 Special purpose motor vehicles nes 39975.57 3.14 31.91

Total Import of Vehicles 1274081.41

* Total import consists import of other vehicles also and hence is not the sum of listed products

Source: Calculated from COMTRADE database available from WITS

3.2 Import of Components

Table 6 shows the major auto components that Pakistan imports. These products consist of

around 81 per cent of total component import in Pakistan in 2012. Metal scrap, engines and

its parts, body parts, parts of air conditioning tools, bearings, gears and its components, etc.,

are the main auto parts imported. The import growth of some of these products is also very

high. In last 3 years, the average import growth of parts of spark-ignition internal combustion

piston engines have been more than 112 per cent followed by air filters for internal

combustion engines (67 per cent), body parts (61 per cent), air conditioning machinery (36

per cent), bearing housings and plain shaft bearings (31 per cent), etc. It is important to note

that all these are critical components. High imports of these parts and accessories indicate

that the Japanese, who are the main players in Pakistan, are still dependent on imported

12

components. Japanese manufacturers have difficulty transferring technology to local players

in Pakistan because of lack of infrastructure, capability, absence of precision machinery and

R&D facilities.

Table 6: Value of Pakistan’s Import of Major Auto Parts and Accessories

(Value in US$ Thousand)

HS

Code

Description Import in

2012

CAGR %

(2009-12)

Share (%)in Total

Import of Components

401699 Other Articles of vulcanised rubber 16040.3 8.00 1.31

720449 Other ferrous waste and scrap 321055.8 9.11 26.26

731815 Other screws and bolts, whether or

not with their nuts or washers of iron

or steel

14398.5 10.30 1.18

760200 Aluminium waste and scrap 46430.6 5.19 3.80

840991 Parts of spark-ignition internal

combustion piston engines

89438.0 112.18 7.32

840999 Parts of compression-ignition internal

combustion piston engines

64148.7 14.64 5.25

841330 Fuel, lubricating or cooling medium

pumps

15910.6 -25.46 1.30

841391 Parts of pumps for liquids 21941.2 11.80 1.79

841590 Parts of air conditioning machines 37580.9 36.04 3.07

842131 Intake air filters for internal

combustion engines

19330.6 67.66 1.58

848180 Other valves and other appliances for

pipes, tanks, vats or the like

60408.0 -24.19 4.94

848310 Transmission shafts (including

camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks

21503.1 -1.45 1.76

848330 Bearing housings; plain shaft bearings 19712.9 31.08 1.61

848340 Gears and gearing; ball screws; gear

boxes and other speed changers

17286.8 5.76 1.41

853710 Bases for electric control or the

distribution, not exceeding 1,000v

18675.0 -19.62 1.53

870829 Other parts and accessories of bodies

for the motor vehicles

74695.0 61.12 6.11

870880 Suspension shock absorbers 14701.7 8.15 1.20

870899 Other parts and accessories of

vehicles

60022.5 1.66 4.91

871419 Other parts and accessories of

motorbikes

39152.8 -6.77 3.20

903289 Other automatic regulating or

controlling instruments & apparatus

16568.5 -4.85 1.36

Total Import of parts and accessories

including machinery*

1222591.16

* Total import consists of other components also and hence is not the sum of listed products


3.3 Import sources

Japan, China and the Republic of Korea are the primary countries from which Pakistan

imports its vehicles. Table 7 below provides Pakistan’s country wise imports of selected

vehicles, mostly in CKD form. In 2012, the import value from these three countries has been

over US$900 million.

13

In the case of components, Pakistan mainly imports from Japan, China, Thailand, the

Republic of Korea and Indonesia. In 2012, these countries accounted for almost 63 per cent

of Pakistan’s total import of auto components or close to US$ 776 million. The remaining

imports were from other parts of the world, including the European Union. It is important to

note that Japanese companies prefer to import components from their trusted vendors in

Thailand. Sometimes, Thai subsidiaries of Japanese companies play an active role in

exporting components (such as body parts and accessories, air conditioning machinery, etc)

to Pakistan (see Table 8). However, as Table 8 indicates, there are a number of components

and parts that the major players are willing to import from sources other than their trusted

partners. These include products such as metal scrap, engine parts, air filters, transmission

equipment, bearing and gear parts. It is in these products that India could corner a large part

of the market if it were granted MFN status.’

Table 7: Major Sources of Pakistan’s Import of Vehicles in 2012

(US$ Thousand)

HS Code Description China Japan Korea

Rep

870120 Road tractors for semi-trailers 4518.78 9353.58 579.23

870190 Wheeled tractors nes 1871.23 3845.39 3397.13

870210 Diesel powered buses with a seating more than 10 15430.3

6

31269.11 4423.65

870290 Other Buses (CNG, LPG, others) 27900.0

3

6525.14 2483.28

870321 Cars (not exceeding 1000 cc) 5315.38 276130.68 51.94

870322 Cars (more than 1000 cc, not exceeding 1500 cc) 293.37 304961.22 135.65

870323 Automobiles (more than 1500 cc, not exceeding

3000 cc)

454.44 76401.73 83.65

870324 Automobiles (exceeding 3000 cc) 249.91 17622.13 494.91

870421 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding 5

tons

797.52 19303.04 17.49

870422 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW more than 5 tons

but not exceeding 20 tons

4824.96 19588.19 32.14

870423 Diesel powered trucks with a GVW exceeding 20

tons

2286.56 20746.64 982.07

870431 Gas powered trucks with a GVW not exceeding 5

tons

167.61 34738.33 3562.77

870590 Special purpose motor vehicles nes 2331.31 7657.41 3.25

Note: Some Import values (in italics) from Korea are for the year 2011


14

Table 8: Major Sources of Pakistan’s Import of Auto Components in 2012

(US$ Thousand) HS Code Description China Indonesia Japan Korea Rep Thailand RoW Share of

RoW (%)

401699 Other articles of vulcanised rubber 4132.92 30.42 4038.20 41.03 309.99 7487.74 46.68

720449 Other ferrous waste and scrap 144.14 10.28 1174.29 912.99 290.36 318523.70 99.21

731815 Other screws and bolts 3972.40 68.83 902.78 122.21 2132.58 7199.69 50.00

760200 Aluminium waste and scrap 18.52 14.84 125.46 2.22 46269.56 99.65

840991 Parts of spark-ignition internal

combustion piston engines 13108.48 79.51 61894.67 31.34 6444.58 7879.46 8.81

840999 Parts of compression-ignition internal

combustion piston engines 17785.62 78.04 4078.35 457.72 14.34 41734.64 65.06

841330 Fuel, lubricating or cooling medium

pumps

1930.60 0.94 368.42 26.08 126.83 13457.72 84.58

841391 Parts of pumps for liquids 2793.68 3.89 1032.46 197.92 10.32 17902.94 81.60

841590 Parts of air conditioning machines 23360.45 301.22 3216.88 8.52 9590.05 1103.75 2.94

842131 Intake air filters for internal combustion

engines

1285.18 70.37 621.76 69.67 290.45 16993.20 87.91

848180 Other valves and other appliances for

pipes, tanks,

8147.96 417.63 3778.52 1104.07 848.08 46111.76 76.33

848310 Transmission shafts (including camshafts

and crankshafts) 8767.07 0.81 716.80 78.48 46.70 11893.25 55.31

848330 Bearing housings; plain shaft bearings 1898.86 63.20 1495.16 184.76 56.88 16014.04 81.24

848340 Gears and gearing; ball screws; gear boxes 5667.37 0.22 852.02 226.20 96.29 10444.70 60.42

853710 Bases for electric control or the

distribution, not exceeding 1,000v

5400.04 0.33 3090.73 65.56 14.18 10104.18 54.11

870829 Other parts and accessories of bodies for

the motor vehicles

1513.07 638.50 11947.22 68.92 48403.92 12123.36 16.23

870880 Suspension shock absorbers 430.43 1.47 9002.45 24.64 3959.91 1282.80 8.73

870899 Other parts and accessories of vehicles 4542.86 542.59 17153.22 2459.20 13424.71 21899.92 36.49

871419 Other Parts and accessories of motorbikes 23686.99 682.42 8952.71 4132.15 1698.54 4.34

903289 Other automatic regulating or controlling

instruments

2153.67 3.49 2080.51 1333.81 59.09 10937.93 66.02

Note: Bold ones having higher share in that category.


15

4. Opportunities and Challenges in Bilateral Trade in Automobiles between India

and Pakistan

4.1 Trends in Bilateral Trade

The existing level of trade in automobiles and components between India and Pakistan is

negligible as most items fall either under the negative list which is not allowed to be imported

(in the case of Pakistan) or they fall in the sensitive list (in India’s case). There have been

exports of a limited number of components from India to Pakistan due to problems in

administering the positive list (Table 9). Pakistan’s exports also have also been low.

Following Indian data source, its imports from Pakistan under HS 87 have been around

US$1.43 million in 2011-12. However, this was an exceptional year; India’s imports from

Pakistan have ranged from a high of US$ 1 million in 2008-09 to a low of US$ 0.09 million

in 2009-10. Parts and accessories under HS 8708 are the major importable products under HS

87. In the case of exports, India was able to sell components of commercial vehicles and

some chassis fitted with engines during 2006-07.

Table 9: India-Pakistan Bilateral trade under HS code 87 (Vehicles and Parts thereof)

Value in US$ Million

India’s Exports to Pakistan

India’s Imports from

Pakistan

HS

Code Commodity Name

2006

/07

2009

/10

2010

/11

2011

/12

2006

/07

2009

/10

2010

/11

2011

/12

87

Vehicles and parts and accessories

thereof. 2.59 0.23 0.32 0.12 0.39 0.09 0.43 1.43

8701

Tractors (other than tractors under

heading 8709) 0.01 0.06

8702

Motor vehicles for the transport of 10

or more persons 1.36

8703 Cars 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.23

8706 Chassis fitted with engines, 0.51

8708

Parts and accessories of the motor

vehicles 0.28 0.16 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.09 0.43 1.16

8709

Works trucks, used in

factories,warehouses and docks 0 0.01 0.01 0

8711 Motorcycles (including mopeds) 0 0 0

8712 Bicycles and other cycles 0.13 0.1 0.02 0

8713 Carriages for disabled persons, 0.02

8714

Parts and accessories of vehicles of

headings 8711 to 8713 0.24 0.06 0.13 0.01 0

8715 Baby carriages and parts thereof 0

8716

Trailers and semi-trailers; parts

thereof 0 0.03

Note: 0 value indicates trade with of low value. If there was no trade the cell has been left blank.

Source: India Trades, CMIE

16

4.2 Industry Views from Pakistan

While it is widely believed within both government and industry that India’s exports to

Pakistan will increase once non-discriminatory market access is granted, it is difficult to

estimate potential exports because of the lack of data pertaining to the past. However, this

paper makes an attempt to assess the potential through an analysis of the source of Pakistan’s

imports discussed in the previous section and through discussions with Pakistani

manufacturers who provided their inputs either through personal meetings with the author or

through a focus group discussion (FGD). Representatives of PAMA and PAAPAM also

participated in the meeting and provided their views.7

Pakistan’s auto industry in general is apprehensive of normalising trade between India and

Pakistan. They fear that Indian automakers will overwhelm the Pakistani market because of

the size of the Indian automotive industry that allows it to exploit scale economies. They also

feel that Pakistani manufacturers will not be able to access the Indian market because of non-

tariff barriers (NTBs). In fact, many participants during FGD showed their uneasiness about

pollution and other standards (especially for motorcycles) in India. After initial opposition to

the very idea of liberalised trade with India, car assemblers of Pakistan have now pushed for

a middle path. At present, they appear inclined to import parts in a completely knocked down

(CKD) form, but oppose imports of completely built units (CBUs).

4.2.1 Market Entry and Automobile Value Chain

Currently, the Pakistani automotive industry is divided into two groups –one favouring

imports from India and others opposing. Suzuki, which has a large production base and

enjoys scale economies in India, is naturally interested in exporting to Pakistan. Over the

years, Suzuki’s trusted suppliers in India have achieved some level of productive efficiency

through competition and innovation. Importing major car parts from India will help reduce

the cost of production of cars. Pakistan imports car parts from Thailand and Japan that can be

easily imported from neighbouring India owing to its proximity with the country. Production

costs in India are substantially lower due to low labour and material costs. By changing the

source of automobile components from Japan and Thailand to India, Pakistan stands to gain

substantially in terms of foreign exchange savings. It is important to note that the cost of

importing from Japan almost doubled over the past five years because of the depreciation of

the Pakistani rupee against Japanese yen. Besides, since India is a big market, Suzuki takes

into consideration local market preferences to develop India-oriented models. As culture and

preference in Pakistan is almost the same as in India, imports from India can allow Suzuki to

introduce models in Pakistan without much R&D. Suzuki is also interested in transferring

technology to Pakistan and work towards promoting joint ventures between Indian and

Pakistani vendors for component and parts manufacturing. Pak Suzuki discontinued

production of its Suzuki Alto model in Pakistan from July 1, 2012, when the Pakistani

government made compliance with Euro II emission standards mandatory for all car

producers in the country. The company not only wants to import Alto engines from India but

7 Focus Group Discussion was conducted at Karachi on 27

thNov. 2013

17

also launch new models, especially in the small engine category (including pick-up vans)

with the help of cheaper Indian components. In other words, Suzuki is interested in extending

its value chain, combining India and Pakistan into a single market with some sourcing

facilities in each country.

The biggest stumbling block for increasing exports of vehicles from Pakistan to India is the

difference in pollution standards in the two countries. India has introduced superior standards

(Bharat IV/Euro IV)8 while vehicles produced in Pakistan have Euro II/Pak II standards. To

export to India, Pakistani manufacturers will have to upgrade their vehicles to meet emission

norms in India. India has agreed to accept emission and quality certificates issued by Pakistan

Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA), provided the norms match the Bharat IV

norms.

Unlike Suzuki, which has been pushing for liberalisation of trade in the automotive sector,

Toyota does not support or oppose liberalisation. Toyota is dependent on Japan significantly

for engines and other critical components. It also imports from Thailand, Indonesia and

others. After the implementation of the India-Thailand FTA, Toyota teamed up with

Kirloskar to set up a joint venture to produce transmission equipment, engines, axles and

shafts. Hence, it is important for Indus to develop close relations with its counterpart in India.

It is reported that Indus has requested Toyota Headquarters9 to support its affiliates in India

and Pakistan equally because some car components of Toyota cars are cheap in Pakistan and

some are cheap in India. So, both of Toyota affiliates will grow if they collaborate with each

other. For example, Toyota is now producing critical components of cars such as Etios,

Innova, and Fortuner in India which is expectedly less costly than those from Japan. Table 7

and 8 above describe that CKD components and engines for bigger cars (more than 1000 cc)

are mostly imported from Japan and Thailand. Import of these components from India will

reduce the import cost significantly without in any way affecting domestic players in Pakistan

as these imports will merely substitute for imports from Japan and Thailand. From the

Pakistani side, Indus is interested in exporting products such as special type of sheet metals,

chemicals for paints, etc., to India.

4.2.2 Environmental Norms in India

Atlas Honda, one of Pakistan’s major motorcycle producers, opposes trade liberalisation in

the automotive sector. The level of localization in motorcycles has reached more than 90 per

cent and opening up the sector to India directly invites intense competition. India is a

potential exporter of engine parts. Atlas Honda feels that the import of bikes and components

from India would seriously affect the local industry. Besides, the company, which is seeking

to export to India, has serious reservations about the emission standards for motorcycles in

8 In 2010, as part of auto fuel policy, Bharat Standard (BS) IV has been introduced to 13 cities and it is expected

that 50 cities will be covered by 2015. Other cities are currently having BS III norms. Hence, it is clear, that

eventually India will move to BS IV and all imported cars and components must comply with that. 9 http://tribune.com.pk/story/579956/trade-competition-pakistans-auto-industry-determined-to-find-middle-

ground-with-indian-counterparts/ , accessed on 10th

Jan 2014

http://tribune.com.pk/story/579956/trade-competition-pakistans-auto-industry-determined-to-find-middle-ground-with-indian-counterparts/


18

India (see Box 1).10

India’s two-wheeler emission norms are unique and cannot be compared

with European standards. It follows a joint emission level corresponding to hydrocarbons and

nitrogen oxides (HC and NOx). Also, it follows the India Drive Cycle (IDC), following

driving norms in India, not the Worldwide Harmonised Motorcycle emission Test Cycle

(WMTC), which is followed in developed economies. Atlas considers this a major NTB from

the Indian side. It is important to note that India recently made testing under WMTC optional

and has already announced that it would be mandatory in couple of year’s time.

In the Pakistani motorcycle sector as a whole, there are close to 100 manufacturers; among

these are many Chinese assemblers who import components from China. Atlas Honda has

already proven itself in the intensely competitive Pakistan market and has acquired a market

share of 47 per cent. Normalization of trade between India and Pakistan can provide an

opportunity to Indian manufacturers to set up plants (if CBU import is not allowed) and

compete with the large number of Chinese manufacturers and with Atlas Honda. This will

definitely help consumers to get wider choice.

Box 1: Emission Norms for Two and Three Wheelers in India

Two and three-wheelers in India accounted for almost 80 percent of all new vehicle sales in the 2009-

2010 fiscal year. The regulated pollutants for these vehicles in India are hydrocarbons, carbon

monoxide and nitrogen oxides (HC, CO, & NOx,) with extra particulate matter (PM) regulations for

diesel powered three-wheelers. Gasoline is the most common fuel for these types of vehicles,

although some three-wheelers, particularly commercial ones, run on CNG or diesel. India introduced

its first two and three-wheeler emissions standards in 1991, with limits for CO and HC. Since then,

other pollutants have been brought under regulation and emission limits have been tightened. In the

case of two and three-wheelers, India does not follow the European model.

As emission standards were tightened, two-stroke motorcycles all but disappeared from the market.

However, two-strokes do continue to be produced for some mopeds (50 cc or smaller engines), which

are a small part of the market, as well as for three-wheelers (mainly auto-rickshaws). Even as

standards for two and three-wheelers are tightened over time, these remain more polluting than four-

wheeled vehicles on a per kilometre basis, particularly for PM. India has a joint HC+NOx emission

standard for two and three-wheelers. This often leads to a situation in which two and three-wheeler

engines run fuel lean, lowering HC emissions but increasing NOx emissions.

While Europe uses WMTC (Worldwide harmonised Motorcycle emission test cycle) test cycles, India

has traditionally used the India Drive Cycle (IDC), which is said to more closely represent Indian

driving norms. The differences in these test cycles mean measurements of pollutant emissions vary,

making it difficult to compare Indian and European emission standards. India recently made testing

under the WMTC optional for two-wheelers. It is expected to become mandatory for the next stage of

two-wheeler emission standards after 2015.

http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=India:_Motorcycles:_Emissions accessed on 15th March

2014

10

http://tribune.com.pk/story/641199/assurances-needed-opening-road-for-india-may-hit-our-motorcycle-

industry/ Article published in Dec 4, 2013. Accessed on 10th

Jan 2014

http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=India:_Motorcycles:_Emissions

http://tribune.com.pk/story/641199/assurances-needed-opening-road-for-india-may-hit-our-motorcycle-industry/


19

4.2.3 Other NTBs and Possibilities of Joint Ventures

During the discussion with Pakistani players, a few other important points have emerged.

Pakistan is in favour of foreign direct investment (FDI) in heavy commercial vehicles (HCV)

sector and Indian companies such as Tata and Mahindra may look for opportunities. Several

Pakistani respondents mooted the idea of an auto park near the border for the smooth

development and functioning of production networks. Tractor manufacturers in Pakistan such

as Millat Tractors are interested to export to India. However, more studies are required to

understand the nature of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) imposed on tractor imports in India as

apprehension of NTBs (emission and homologation related) affecting tractor export is widely

present. Pakistani manufacturers are also concerned about the layers of centre and state taxes

levied in India. It is important to note that none of these are country specific barriers and

hence, both countries need to find practical solutions to resolve such issues. In an earlier

study, Husain (2012) also highlighted the concern of Pakistani businessmen about the NTBs

imposed by India.

4.2.4 India’s Advantage through the SAFTA route

Pakistan is also concerned about India’s ability to enter the Pakistani market with a lower

tariff under the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) once non-discriminatory

market access is given to India. It is argued that the average duty on these products under

SAFTA is around 5 per cent only and given NDMA, India will be able to enter the Pakistani

market at rates much lower than the MFN rate and jeopardise the domestic auto industry,

which is dominated by SMEs. Table 10 below provides the frequency distribution of the

MFN rates on all auto products under negative list. Almost 66 per cent of the products attract

duty of between 30 per cent and 35 per cent and hence, the apprehension that India will use

the SAFTA route seems to be genuine. The question is whether India has truly received any

advantage under SAFTA. We have juxtaposed the SAFTA duties vis-à-vis MFN duties and

noticed that only 14 per cent of the products (54 in number) attract a duty of 5 per cent under

the SAFTA scheme, which India can take advantage of. All other products are still under the

SAFTA ‘sensitive list’, for which domestic producers in Pakistan enjoy protection against

competition from Indian exporters.

Let us now examine the products in which India has an advantage. For example, under HS 87

there are 10 products (vide Table 11) in which India can have easy market access in a post-

MFN scenario. These products are cash carrying vehicles, carriages for disabled persons,

saddles, engine components for motorcycles, etc. Under HS 90, various meters for measuring

temperatures, revolution etc., are there in the list in which India will be able to enter Pakistani

market with 5 per cent tariff. The profile of these products clearly depicts that either they are

specialized in nature for which demand is less or they are non-critical components in which

Pakistan already has a comparative advantage. Pakistan will face competition from India only

in case of engine components of motorcycles. Hence, the fear that India will wipe out the

domestic industries is not true.

20

Table 10: Frequency Distribution of MFN rates of the Auto Products under the

Negative List

MFN Duty (%) Frequency

0-15 7.8

15-25 4.9

25-30 6.5

30-35 65.9

35-50 3.4

50-75 8.1

75-100 3.4

Source: Calculated from Pakistan’s custom duty

Table 11: HS code wise Number of Common Products under India-Pak Negative list

and SAFTA Normal Track list

No of Products

HS 40 7

HS 48 3

HS 68 2

HS 72 2

HS 73 3

HS 76 1

HS 82 3

HS 83 3

HS 84 4

HS 87 10

HS 90 7

HS91 4

HS 94 3

HS96 2

Source: Calculated from Pakistan’s SAFTA notification (SAARC 2/4-A/2012) and Negative List

5. Identification of Products with respect to Pakistan’s Import Sensitivity in Post-

MFN period

It is important to understand the concerns of the Pakistan automobile industry. An attempt

has been made in this section to divide auto products into sub-groups based on the value of

Pakistan’s imports of these goods in 2012, the growth rate of Pakistani imports of the

products from the rest of the world, the value of India’s exports to the world and its growth

rate. India’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA)11

for these products is also considered

11

Revealed comparative advantage indices (RCA) use trade pattern to identify sectors in which an economy has

a comparative advantage by comparing that country’s trade profile with the world average. The RCA index is

defined as the ratio of two shares. The numerator is the share of a country’s total exports of the commodity of

interest in its total exports. The denominator is share of world exports of the same commodity in total world

exports.

The mathematical definition of RCA is given as

21

for analysis. Table 12 and Appendix Table A provide the details. A total of 167 HS6-digit

products are divided into 8 categories, including one category for which there is no import

data for Pakistan in 2012. These groupings will help industry to develop strategies for those

products in which perceived competition after the removal of ‘negative list’ will go up.

Industrialists in Pakistan will also be able to gauge India’s competitive advantage in those

products from the change of RCAs between 2007 and 2012.

It needs to be noted that there is no threat from imports in the case of around 74 out of 167

products. These are the products in which either Pakistan’s import from the world is not

much or India is a small exporter or both. In some cases, India’s export growth is also low

and its RCA value is less than 1, indicating India’s comparative disadvantage. Products in

five groups: A, B, C, D and E1, fall in this category. We have also included 6 products from

group H in this category. In 16 products under category E2, there will be moderate

competition. In some products (not all) under Group F (52) and G (25), India has a higher

RCA implying a competitive advantage. These products are mainly from the group of rubber

products, mechanical and electrical components and vehicle parts. So, clearly, in a large

number of products, either Pakistan does not face an immediate import threat or India’s

competitive advantage is not significant.

Table 12: Pakistan’s Import Threat and India’s Competitive Advantage in Automobile

Products under Negative List

Groups Characteristics Suggestion No of

Products

A Pakistan’s current import is low

(less than USD 100, 000) and

India’s export to world is also low

These products don’t face any immediate import

threat

10

B Pakistan’s current import is low

(less than USD 100,000) and India’s

export to world is more than USD 1

million

As Pakistan’s import demand is low and many of

them have experienced negative growth rate,

opening up of these products will not create any

new risk. Only in two products India has RCA>1

11

C India’s export to the world is less

than Pakistan’s import

India is an insignificant exporter to have an effect in

Pakistan. India has RCA >1only in 3 products.

24

D Pakistan’s current import is

moderate (more than USD100, 000

but less than USD 1 million) and

India’s export to the world is also

low (less than USD 1 million

India’s export is low in this segment and may not

increase much even when Pakistan opens up.

7

E Pakistan’s current import is

moderate (more than USD 100, 000

but less than USD1 million) and

India’s export to world is more than

USD1 million

For some products, India’s export growth is not

much and hence relatively low impact on Pakistan’s

import (E1). India has RCA>1 only in two products

Rest may have some impact once MFN status is

given (E2). India has a high RCA in some rubber

components and engine parts.

16+16=32

Where s is the country of interest, d and w are the setoff all countries in the world, i is the sector of interest, x is

the commodity export flow and X is the total export flow. The numerator is the share of good i in the exports of

country s, while the denominator is the share of good i in the exports of the world. For details see Mikic &

Gilbert (2009) and UNCTAD (2012).

22

Groups Characteristics Suggestion No of

Products

F Pakistan is a moderately large

importer (less than USD 10 million)

and India is also a major exporter

Opening up will provide a choice to Pakistani

importers and it willintensify competition. Pakistan

needs to develop a strategy through more

investment and other trade defence tools. Further

study is required. India has an advantageIn some

metal products and vehicle parts.

52

G Pakistan is a very large importer and

India is a large exporter

There are several critical products and vehicle parts

in this segment. In many cases, assemblers have a

tie up with OEMs and they cannot reduce imports

from them. In a post-MFN situation, India will

substitute other countries as source for some

products but in others Pakistan will continue to

import from earlier sources.

25

H There is no data for Pakistan’s

import in 2012

Following past data, it can be said that Pakistan is

not a large importer of these products and there is

no immediate threat.

6

6. Summary and Recommendations

Bilateral trade between India and Pakistan has had a chequered history. Both the countries

joined the WTO in 1995 and India accorded MFN status to Pakistan in 1996. By contrast,

Pakistan allowed import from India on the basis of a ‘positive list’. In November 2011,

Pakistan decided to accord MFN status to India and in March 2012, it initiated the first step

by shifting to a ‘negative list’ that listed products whose import from India was banned.

Currently, Pakistan’s negative list comprises of 1,209 items. It is important to note that

India’s automotive industry is unable to export because a large number of automotive

components (385 under HS8-digit or 167 under the HS6-digit code) are still under Pakistan’s

negative list. There has been significant growth in the Pakistani automotive market in the

recent past. With the normalization of trade, there is scope for increasing exports from India

to Pakistan. Pakistan has gained comparative advantage in some components too and they are

interested in exporting to India. Currently, there is an apprehension that the Pakistani

automobile sector will be hard hit in case automobile products move out of the ‘negative list’.

This paper highlighted the fact that once India is granted NDMA/MFN status, Indian

automotive products will mostly compete with other players such as Thailand, Japan, China

etc., and not directly with domestic suppliers. Pakistan will be able to substitute costly

components currently imported from other countries by relatively cheaper accessories from

India, enabling it to reduce the consumer price for these products. Higher affordability by

consumer will force competitors to introduce new models in the market. Lower price will

unleash demand and hence manufacturing activity will increase, leading to the growth of the

industry in general. The Pakistani government is also expected to gain through higher custom

and excise revenue as lower vehicles price will drive the final demand up. This will open the

gate for joint ventures between the manufacturers from the two countries. Besides, the two

countries would also benefit from collaborations. This can increase their exports to Middle

East, Central Asia and Africa.

India and Pakistan could also consider jointly setting up an auto park near the border for the

smooth functioning of production networks in the automobile sector.

23

However, future expectations are mostly based on economic logic, not supported by data.

Similarly, the apprehension of the negative impact on Pakistani automobile sector is also a

visualization based on industry experience. The lack of past bilateral trade data has fuelled

this confusion. As there was minimal trade in the automobile sector in the past, it is difficult

to develop a sector level detailed simulation for projection. The communication gap among

manufacturers in the two countries has also heightened fears. Hence, we require more

interaction among auto sector players from both sides to discuss the possible way out and

develop a future plan for collaboration and market development.

This paper has also made an attempt to group the automobile products into categories

considering the import sensitivity as highlighted by Pakistani industry. It is noted that in a

large number of products, India does not have a competitive edge, and in many products it is

not a large exporter either. Hence, the mere removal of negative list may not be enough to

stimulate Indian export of automotive products to Pakistan.

24

References

Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (2013): India Trades; (online trade database

accessed in Oct 2013)

Govt. of Pakistan (2013), Trade Policy 2012-15

Husain Ishrat (2012): Managing India-Pakistan Trade Relations; paper presented at the

Woodrow Wilson

Centre Conference on Pakistan-India Trade at Washington, D.C., on April 23, 2012

Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA); (2011): Project for Automobile

Industry Development Policy in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Main Report

Mikic M and J Gilbert (2009): Trade Statistics in Policymaking: A Handbook of

Commonly Used Trade Indices and Indicators, ESCAP

Mirza M. Shahrukh and Irfan AnjumManarvi (2011): Analysis of Technological

advancements in Pakistani Automobile Car Industry; published in Global Journal of

Research in Engineering Volume 11 Issue 3 Version 1.0 April

Mirza Rohail B (2010): Automobile Industry; published in Economic Pakistan;

http://economicpakistan.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/automobile-industry/; accessed

on15th March 2014

Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency (PILDAT) (2012):

‘MFN Status and Trade between Pakistan and India’, Background Paper, January

Pursella Garry, Ashraf Khanb & Saad Gulzarc (2011): Pakistan’s trade policies: future

directions; International Growth Centre Working Paper; 11/0361; June

Taneja Nisha, et. al (2013): Normalising India Pakistan Trade; ICRIER Working Paper 267;

September

Transport Policy. Net (2013): India Motorcycles: Emissions

http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=India:_Motorcycles:_Emmissions

UNESCAP (2002): Development of the Automotive Sector in Selected countries in ESCAP

region,

WITS (2013): COMTRADE Database available in WITS (accessed in Oct 2013)

WTO & UNCTAD (2012): A Practical Guide to Trade Policy Analysis

http://economicpakistan.wordpress.com/2008/02/08/automobile-industry/

http://transportpolicy.net/index.php?title=India:_Motorcycles:_Emmissions

25

Zaheer Ahmed (2012): ‘Local Auto Industry: Foreign Competition’, published in Dawn.com

dated February 8, 2012, http://www.dawn.com/news/739064/local-auto-industry-

foreign-competition; accessed on 15 March 2014

Zaheer Farhan (2013): Trade competition: Pakistan’s auto industry determined to find

middle-ground with Indian counterparts; published in the Express Tribune, dated July

21, 2013

Zaheer Farhan (2013): Assurances needed: ‘Opening road for India may hit our motorcycle

industry’ published in the Express Tribune, dated December 4, 2013



http://tribune.com.pk/author/151/farhan-zaheer/



http://tribune.com.pk/author/151/farhan-zaheer/



26

Appendix

Table A: Pakistan’s Import from the World and India’s export to the World of

Automobile Items in the Negative List in 2012

Value in US$ Thousand, CAGR of last three years and Share (%) of total import of these

products in 2012

Pakistan's Import from World India's Export to World

Groups HS Code Import CAGR Share 2012 Export CAGR Share 2012 RCA 2012 RCA 2007

A

840731 18.23 187.08 0.001 38.4 35.73 0 0.01 0.15

910610 23.58 -5.41 0.001 67.98 -37.1 0 0.08 0.08

401036 92.7 24.71 0.004 127.88 -37.45 0.001 2.35 0.07

701400 71.54 7.24 0.003 139.87 25.49 0.001 0.11 0.08

910400 2.11 -80.76 0 284.06 -15.99 0.002 0 1

871000 67.05 0.003 296.88 -89.66 0.002 0 0.08

871190 1.33 -14.29 0 409.19 -24.31 0.002 0.07 0.22

870710 68.07 47.78 0.003 559.74 -17.81 0.003 0.22 0.01

870110 0.52 92.22 0 642.22 -39.52 0.004 2.07 0.26

870895 18.96 90.55 0.001 721.77 1805.42 0.004 0.09 0.03

B

870432 37.51 0.002 1030.96 -34.23 0.01 0 0.01

871110 44.25 1.38 0.002 1558.49 -82.34 0.01 0.01 0.17

400819 73.95 -38.2 0.003 2142.87 70.69 0.01 1.9 0.89

830230 87.91 107.09 0.004 3863.98 -22.88 0.02 1.23 0.88

871492 94.19 -55.99 0.004 11337.02 33.15 0.07 0.51 0.39

940120 58.59 -16.11 0.002 12435.56 129.83 0.07 0.73 0.13

870892 54.78 -71.24 0.002 16053.42 80.18 0.1 0.2 0.34

871496 53.63 -24.79 0.002 18402.3 52.26 0.11 0.65 0.96

871494 27.72 -43.13 0.001 19956.53 78.23 0.12 0.38 0.33

870490 51.53 13.78 0.002 36520.6 123.2 0.22 0 0.01

871491 13.48 -74.9 0.001 40149.64 79.73 0.24 0.48 0.18

C

871390 188.19 85.44 0.01 111.52 25.88 0 0 0.27

401035 197.35 27.26 0.01 59.68 33.77 0 0.11 0.02

871150 222.59 105.76 0.01 94.49 58.14 0 0 0

871500 330.47 -17.02 0.01 131.08 -78.89 0 0 0.01

852721 370.6 -11.98 0.01 34.33 26.95 0 0.23 0

840733 461.93 448.68 0.02 291.73 -87.56 0 2.01 0

871610 592.91 688.18 0.02 139.53 -21.09 0 0 0.01

853910 863.78 -16.86 0.03 240.21 -43.2 0 0.09 0.33

871639 1034.03 -4.41 0.04 1013.4 27.77 0.01 0.01 0

720410 1188.21 10.45 0.05 878.98 58.81 0.01 1.48 0.95

871631 1317.68 47.9 0.05 387.34 8.92 0 0.01 0.15

871680 1848.91 62.11 0.07 618.54 -12.64 0 0.06 0.09

840732 4315.28 10.11 0.17 66.8 28.81 0 0.03 0.08

870510 8048.12 2.24 0.32 2167.74 138.04 0.01 0 0.15

870333 13873.29 137.26 0.56 12054.14 36.25 0.07 0.01 0.04

870120 14628.79 2.98 0.59 14512.36 -16.19 0.09 0.01 0.02

842131 19330.62 67.66 0.77 7621.77 56.29 0.05 0.78 0.15

870324 30587.57 83.92 1.23 4504.98 1.79 0.03 0 0

870431 35407.78 91.53 1.42 101.23 46.61 0 0 0.01

870290 39132.5 129.87 1.57 19015.86 40.58 0.11 1.15 0.32

870590 39975.57 -26.54 1.6 30637.67 77.69 0.18 0.05 0

760200 46430.6 5.19 1.86 8240.12 120.79 0.05 0.01 0.02

870829 74694.98 61.12 2.99 53074.31 55.37 0.32 0.28 0.12

720449 321055.8 9.11 12.86 490.98 -17 0 0.04 0


D

841520 269.81 5.09 0.01 300.9 24.53 0 0.08 0.08

731519 185.33 21.23 0.01 396.05 -28.04 0 2.49 1.73

870310 302.33 62.66 0.01 412.31 -67.43 0 1.15 0.32

401034 128.14 -15.48 0.01 494.86 22.63 0 0.18 2.17

401033 136.25 -3.48 0.01 610.99 6.65 0 0.14 0.29

27



961380 274.33 6.35 0.01 725.24 7.62 0 0.26 0.08

853230 606.46 -54.4 0.02 819.75 -66.36 0 0.28 0.4

E1

681320 857.56 25 0.03 7314.75 -31.1 0.04 0.8 1.81

870331 508.58 9.04 0.02 39177.55 -30.7 0.23 0.1 0.21

851180 483.4 -1.7 0.02 2975.41 -15.26 0.02 0.47 0.32

400829 628.21 51.51 0.03 17675.64 -6.55 0.11 1.81 1.15

831000 192.78 37.5 0.01 4373.87 -0.47 0.03 0.87 1.02

871130 131.22 170.64 0.01 27509.81 2.51 0.16 1.1 0.66

850710 197.74 -32.53 0.01 35558.56 7.99 0.21 0.02 0.24

902910 138 -0.02 0.01 1899.65 9.2 0.01 0.41 0.15

732010 520.22 -32.17 0.02 33234.94 12.3 0.2 0.4 1.39

871495 283.44 7.89 0.01 4853.33 17.6 0.03 0.06 0.27

871420 761.95 1798.5 0.03 15743.09 20.96 0.09 0.01 1.2

400931 787.09 38.47 0.03 14141.19 22.94 0.08 0.84 0.6

830120 454.4 -1.66 0.02 17337.47 23.99 0.1 0.43 0.16

401290 339.95 132.65 0.01 31505.05 24.46 0.19 0.81 1.14

842549 152.41 -66.05 0.01 4958.25 26.5 0.03 0.57 0.26

851230 878.67 4.84 0.04 19940.89 33.13 0.12 0.76 3.36

E2

851240 281.69 -30.12 0.01 7998.17 41.53 0.05 0.4 0.1

870840 439.34 -33.39 0.02 201847.2 42.93 1.21 0.69 0.32

871493 451.46 2.08 0.02 25993.3 44.42 0.16 0.88 1.63

902920 446.83 -4.48 0.02 10133.47 45.3 0.06 0.46 0.23

700910 509.61 -9.78 0.02 14814.6 46.35 0.09 0.21 0.18

871140 372.67 53.02 0.01 3733.39 48.93 0.02 0.02 0.02

731822 942.1 -14.24 0.04 34246.84 54.1 0.2 0.9 1.29

851140 891.3 -56.23 0.04 104293.2 56.09 0.62 1.83 1.98

852729 365.07 -10.21 0.01 2235.08 98.47 0.01 0.16 0.03

854590 392.83 -18.25 0.02 11308.19 108.79 0.07 0.18 9.12

870821 745.52 -14.02 0.03 5233.6 140.51 0.03 1.33 0.07

400941 640.41 2.15 0.03 4082.25 146.92 0.02 1.06 0.53

400921 508.88 4.53 0.02 36500.72 172.58 0.22 1.66 1.93

871640 680.28 182.68 0.03 4187.85 175.07 0.03 0.71 0.01

820600 436.86 76.81 0.02 7940.43 194.02 0.05 0.27 0.35

870790 754.33 53.9 0.03 22446.38 230.85 0.13 0.05 0.01


F

870810 1009.96 24.25 0.04 204417.4 30.38 1.22 0.25 0.31

700721 1174.98 39.36 0.05 7044.95 4.04 0.04 0.03 0.27

870893 1261.53 -9.65 0.05 23880.95 24.64 0.14 0.58 0.42

871310 1328.5 46.67 0.05 12671.34 74.77 0.08 0.01 0.74

400811 1358.23 93.79 0.05 7835.75 10.54 0.05 0.33 0.38

840734 1442.27 685.03 0.06 27178.8 68.39 0.16 0.4 0.07

851290 1535.45 147.74 0.06 9365.55 25.09 0.06 0.16 0.19

854430 1564.81 7.44 0.06 113832.6 101.64 0.68 0.16 0.3

851120 1568.73 51.31 0.06 11322.63 102.81 0.07 0.36 0.85

681381 1675.59 31.77 0.07 43339.04 -9.45 0.26 4.66 2.64

401039 1728.44 -2.51 0.07 26343.31 168.3 0.16 1.52 1.05

830210 1782.42 52.79 0.07 63201.96 28.22 0.38 0.66 0.77

848350 1911.11 39.3 0.08 48507.57 76.19 0.29 0.95 0.47

730791 2104.63 -20.62 0.08 216688.1 95.37 1.3 11.6 6.55

903033 2139.59 1.1 0.09 9185.6 4.28 0.05 0.23 0.33

870891 2180.98 -9.45 0.09 38059.91 11.01 0.23 1.25 0.86

400911 2185.25 57.17 0.09 3569.87 6.98 0.02 0.28 0.43

870540 2405.26 -14.6 0.1 2685.46 72.43 0.02 0.09 0

870830 2472.47 -9.65 0.1 115780 49.79 0.69 1.77 0.77

851130 2567.09 13.46 0.1 10100.31 97.08 0.06 0.3 0.46

401032 2579.1 81.5 0.1 7186.48 29.41 0.04 0.7 1.35

401031 2626.59 8.86 0.11 4804.14 8.49 0.03 0.16 0.66

870870 2731.11 3.36 0.11 96585.73 95.84 0.58 0.56 0.58

853921 2740.32 30.16 0.11 17609.52 -33.68 0.11 0.2 1.27

851190 2813.68 93.37 0.11 41004.89 10.3 0.25 0.54 1.45

732090 3016.39 8.28 0.12 19842.64 0.12 0.12 1.19 0.51

28



848390 3033.57 15.37 0.12 91498.49 40.41 0.55 2.05 1.8

840820 3551.2 -8.16 0.14 72207.87 196.9 0.43 0.16 0.11

853929 3585.5 11.2 0.14 23496.66 132.49 0.14 0.25 0.27

871200 3595.14 111.58 0.14 45135.85 36.74 0.27 0.01 0.08

848420 3686.24 1.2 0.15 13809.27 25.78 0.08 0.47 0.46

851150 4010.54 214.89 0.16 32828.77 129.59 0.2 0.35 0.87

842123 4026.11 19.21 0.16 32597.38 83.61 0.19 0.58 0.39

842890 4065.07 -49.23 0.16 18195.16 73.44 0.11 0.24 0.05

840790 4210.18 122.57 0.17 35978.66 56.71 0.22 1.11 0.48

482110 4253.25 -26.08 0.17 16244.63 8.1 0.1 0.07 0.13

570320 4616.79 -11.62 0.18 16421.75 7.88 0.1 0.32 0.2

870894 4698.51 3.85 0.19 25223.1 50.85 0.15 1.04 0.82

870332 4850.78 -30.36 0.19 19345.73 -13.72 0.12 0.37 0.02

871499 4949.18 82.1 0.2 85166.29 27.46 0.51 0.34 0.59

731511 5011.03 6.89 0.2 5700.98 -33.32 0.03 0.91 2.37

400821 5150.38 19.76 0.21 52081.1 27.67 0.31 3.75 1.97

870850 5365.93 87.51 0.21 129504.4 114.5 0.77 1.95 0.93

848790 5504.41 -16.03 0.22 138866.4 37.24 0.83 0.61 0.65

848360 5796.88 18.41 0.23 47348.95 23.53 0.28 0.95 0.82

570330 6070.64 31.86 0.24 58982.96 104.94 0.35 4.14 1.28

940190 6739.9 30.23 0.27 23806.48 204.98 0.14 0.29 0.12

870410 7005.06 -11.49 0.28 710987.9 129.44 4.25 0.56 0.44

853650 8059.98 2.06 0.32 94054.42 41.58 0.56 0.34 0.31

848410 8323.07 3.87 0.33 41549.63 12.26 0.25 1.34 1.61

870390 8348.64 5.49 0.33 30381.57 81.22 0.18 0.03 0.46

854442 8576.88 55.43 0.34 45252.67 67.43 0.27 0.11 0.34


G

851220 10843.06 -3.48 0.43 47921.12 15.73 0.29 0.39 0.21

731815 14398.48 10.3 0.58 254430.6 77.02 1.52 1.04 1.32

870880 14701.7 8.15 0.59 76491.4 124.79 0.46 0.84 0.63

841330 15910.58 -25.46 0.64 80636.64 28.74 0.48 0.8 1.25

401699 16040.3 8 0.64 184552 65.77 1.1 1.01 1.33

903289 16568.5 -4.85 0.66 62744.62 44.84 0.38 0.37 0.23

848340 17286.8 5.76 0.69 89392.74 46.7 0.53 1.28 0.57

853710 18675.02 -19.62 0.75 179487.8 28.84 1.07 0.36 0.41

848330 19712.89 31.08 0.79 32429.94 46.77 0.19 0.76 2

848310 21503.11 -1.45 0.86 178753.8 54.73 1.07 2.18 2.1

841391 21941.22 11.8 0.88 194289.5 27.54 1.16 1.53 1.2

870423 24881.95 63.06 1 65527.56 210.59 0.39 0.53 0.15

870422 28803.44 -10.56 1.15 175330.2 76.79 1.05 0.11 0.06

841590 37580.87 36.04 1.51 48596.8 26.48 0.29 0.13 0.15

870190 37982.68 -29.88 1.52 784811 75.89 4.69 5.04 1.94

871419 39152.81 -6.77 1.57 125442.1 22.58 0.75 0.69 1.12

870899 60022.49 1.66 2.4 2528274 84.4 15.12 0.74 0.66

848180 60408.01 -24.19 2.42 683958.2 36.27 4.09 0.8 1.06

840999 64148.71 14.64 2.57 483309.4 18.18 2.89 2.04 1.43

870421 79106.34 51.25 3.17 325633 174.51 1.95 0.34 0.18

871120 81309.45 32.31 3.26 1284825 65.8 7.68 3.15 1.8

840991 89438.05 112.18 3.58 223782.8 35.22 1.34 0.67 0.54

870323 151281.9 54.24 6.06 363143.3 207.28 2.17 0 0.02

870321 290441.3 59.8 11.63 1135018 21.32 6.79 3.94 2.57

870322 400407.1 40.27 16.04 2634205 14.78 15.75 1.61 1.03

H

871411 0 1186.3 111.69 0.01 0 0.27

870130 0 4423.8 -34.49 0.03 0.01 0.02

902580 0 4924.64 103.92 0.03 0.23 0.39

871620 0 4995.2 35.76 0.03 0.2 0.01

871690 0 23136.01 44.69 0.14 0.32 0.34

870600 0 247389.1 67.9 1.48 6.82 1.68

Source: Calculated from the data available in COMTRADE, WITS

30

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