working with wetlands in altered landscapes - hydrology · conservation practice standards in terms...
TRANSCRIPT
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Slide 1
Working with Wetlands in Altered Landscapes - Hydrology
Richard Weber
Wetland Hydraulic Engineer (Ret.)
Wetland Team
CNTSC, Fort Worth, TX
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Slide 2
Objectives
• Define Alterations in Terms of HGM Classes• Present the Pertinent Water Budget Inputs for
Each Class• Show how These Inputs are Removed under
Alteration• Show how These Inputs can be Restored under
Restoration• Define Hydrologic Restoration vs. Creation and
Enhancement According to NRCS Practice Standards
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Slide 3
The Water Budget Equation -
(P + Ri + Gi) – (Ro + Go + E + T) = ΔS
The good news is –
If you know your HGM type, you may be able
to ignore several factors
The bad news is –
Some factors you DO need are hard to come
by!
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Slide 4
Water Budget Paramenters
• Precipitation – P
• Evaporation – E
• Transpiration – T
– E and T MAY be considered together as ET
• Groundwater out – Go
• Groundwater in – Gi
• Surface Runoff in – Ri
• Surface Runoff out – Ro
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Three Factors that Define Wetland Classes in the HGM System
Slide 5
Landscape Position
(i.e. Headwaters)
Dominant Water Source
(i.e. Groundwater)
Hydrodynamics
(i.e. vertical lake
Fluctuations)
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The Seven HGM Classes
Slide 6
•RIVERINE
•SLOPE
•MINERAL SOIL FLAT
•ORGANIC SOIL FLAT
•ESTUARINE FRINGE
•LACUSTRINE FRINGE
•DEPRESSION
Depressional
Carolina Bay
Estuarine Fringe
Oregon
Slope
Puerto Rico
Mineral Flats
Indiana Flatwoods
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Slide 7
Flatwoods in Indiana
Mineral Flats • Slopes 0% to 2%
• Little to No Drainage
Area
• Rain Fed
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Slide 8
P – ET = ∆S
S in Soil and on Surface
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USDA | NRCS | Module Tit le 9
9
MINERAL FLAT Wetlands
Flatwoods – KY Stream
Terrace
Willamette Valley, OR
Wet Prairie
Photo: OR DFW
Surface Storage (S)
Created by
Vegetation –
Microtopography
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USDA | NRCS | Module Tit le 10
Internal Drainage –Surface and SubsurfaceReduces Soil Storage (S)
Subsurface drainage removes water from within the
soil. This can be accomplished using:
Ditches Tile
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ORGANIC SOIL FLATDominant Water Source – Longer Hydroperiod than Mineral Flats
Slide 11
• Organic Soils
• Often Support Nearby
Discharge Wetlands
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Slide 12
Nebraska Rainwater Basin –
Recharge Depression
Wyoming – Recharge
Depression, Gillette
South Dakota
Prairie Pothole
South Carolina – Carolina Bay
DEPRESSIONAL
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Slide 13
DEPRESSIONAL
Dominant Water
Source
- Surface Runoff
OR
- Groundwater
Discharge
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Slide 14
Depressional -
Recharge
Deep Groundwater
is “Recharged”
from Surface
Runoff
• Restore Watershed
Area
• Restore Storage
• Sediment Removal
• Plug Outlet Ditch
• Restore Perching Layer
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Slide 15
Depressional – Discharge
Shallow
Groundwater
“Discharges” into
Wetland
Recharge Go > GI
Discharge Gi > Go
Flow Through Gi = Go
• Plug Interception Ditch
• Restore Storage
• Sediment Removal
• Plug Outlet Ditch
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SLOPE Wetlands
Slide 16
Dominant Water
Source – Groundwater
Discharge
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Slide 17
Landscape Position –
Concave Topographic
positions, usually
stream headwaters –
SLOPE Wetlands in the
Watershed Network
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Slide 18
Potential Bog Turtle
Habitat
“Typic Endoaquults”
Groundwater
Dominated Soils
In Low Stream Order
Landscapes
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Slide 19
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SLOPE Wetland – Box Elder Co., Utah
Upstream – Beaver Controlled
Downstream – Gullied
Groundwater Drawdown
Due to Drainage Lateral
Effect
Geomorphic Channel?
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SLOPE Wetland – NY Finger Lakes Region
GW Discharge
• Restored GW Source
• Resaturated Wetland
Interception Ditch
-Decommissioned with
Plug
No Need to
Fill Ditch!
Gi
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RIVERINE Wetlands
Slide 22
Landscape Position
Floodplains
Dominant Water Source
Stream Hydrographs (Surface and
Groundwater)
Hydrodynamics
Horizontal,
Bi-Directional
Floodplain Oxbow
-Wyoming
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Slide 23
Landscape Position -
Floodplains
RIVERINE Wetlands
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RIVERINE – Dominant Water Source –Stream Hydrograph
Slide 24
Hydroperiod
Soil Survey
Water
Features
•Flooding
•Ponding
•Groundwater
Primary Data
Source –
Stream Gage
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Slide 25
RIVERINE – Lateral
Connectivity of Surface
Flooding
- Remove Dikes and
Levees
Episaturated
Floodplain
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Slide 26
RIVERINE – Maintain
Surface Storage
(Ponding)
Backswamp - Virginia
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Slide 27
RIVERINE – Lateral
Connectivity of
Floodplain Groundwater
Endosaturated
Floodplain
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In-Series WCS, Critical Flow – Reduce Channel Capacity, Increase Lateral Connectivity
Flow needed to maintain wetlandHead drop across structures is the concern – flankingLong duration flow – we set the crests at that height on purpose
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In-Series WCS, Flood Flow
Short term peak dischargesStructures are “flooded out”Very low head drop across structures, no flanking flow
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Levee Removal Macrotopography• Pond Surface Water (Episaturation)• Expose Groundwater (Endosaturation)• Restore Lateral Connectivity
Macrotopography
Levee Breach
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ESTUARINE FRINGEDominant Water Source - Tides
Slide 31
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Slide 32
Estuarine
Fringe
•Organic Soils are
Common
•Tidally Influenced
Salt, Brackish, or
Freshwater
•Transitions Into
Riverine
landscapes
Beware of Subsidence on Organic Soils!
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ESTUARINE FRINGE – Tidal Inlet Channels
Slide 33
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LACUSTRINE FRINGEDominant Water Source-Lake Fluctuations
Slide 34
Jenny Lake - Tetons
Yellowstone Lake
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Conservation Practice StandardsIn Terms of Hydrology
Slide 35
• Restoration
• Restoring the original Groundwater,
Flooding, and Ponding Duration and Frequency
for the Wetland Soil
• Creation
• Choosing to Provide Groundwater, Flooding,
and/or ponding on a site that did not have
any previously (or enough to be a wetland).
• Enhancement
• Increasing (or Decreasing) one of the previous
three parameters to meet a specific goal.
Limited to 30% of the original wetland acres
on a site.
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Thank You!
Wet Headwater –
Kansas Flint Hills
photo: Jon Fripp