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Workshop: Emissies schatten vanuit de ruimte Bas Mijling, Ronald van der A Emissiesymposium Lucht 17 juni 2014 Utrecht Slide 2 Overzicht Meten van luchtvervuling uit de ruimte Van concentraties naar emissies NO x emissies in China en Zuid Afrika Andere emissies Conclusies en vooruitblik Slide 3 Measuring air pollution from space Slide 4 Atmospheric Composition - Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) - Ozone (O 3 ) - Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) -... (N 2 ) (O 2 ) (Ar) Slide 5 The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) EOS Aura satellite Slide 6 Sun-synchronous Orbit 700-800 km altitude Always same orientations towards sun:rotates eastward about 1 degree each day. Each orbit experiences about 30 minutes darkness and 72 minutes sunlight OMI local overpass time: 13:00 Daily global coverage Slide 7 Measuring trace gases from space Slide 8 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 wavelength [nm] spectral irradiance [W/m 2 /nm] Slide 9 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 wavelength [nm] spectral irradiance [W/m 2 /nm] Slide 10 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 wavelength [nm] spectral irradiance [W/m 2 /nm] ozone (O 3 ) nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Slide 11 www.temis.nl Slide 12 Slide 13 Air pollution from space Slide 14 Slide 15 Shanghai Beijing Hong Kong Slide 16 From concentrations to emissions Slide 17 Basic tools NO 2 retrievals from OMI and GOME2 CHIMERE 0.25 0.25 Slide 18 Chemical transport model Meteorology Emission inventory Air pollution concentrations Slide 19 Difference between simulation and observation......mainly caused by wrong emissions simulated by model (2008) observed from space (2008) Slide 20 How to find emissions from concentrations? wind ( ( ( ( Slide 21 Properties of DECSO* Takes transport into account enables high resolution (~25 25 km 2 ) Relatively fast enables operational emission estimation Emission updates by addition enables detection new hotspots enables relocation existing hotspots * Daily Emission estimates Constrained by Satellite Observations From concentrations to emissions CHIMERE 0.25 x 0.25 NO 2 retrievals from OMI or GOME-2 Slide 22 NO x in China Slide 23 Air pollution from space Shanghai Beijing Hong Kong Slide 24 Bevolkingsdichtheid China Slide 25 Change in NO 2 column densities over China 2003 SCIAMACHY mean tropospheric NO 2 2006 Slide 26 China: Economic indicators Average annual income per capita, 1980-2008Chinas electricity production, 1980-2010 Number of vehicles in Beijing, 1998-2015Chinas urbanization, 1980-2011 Source: China Statistical Yearbook, China Daily (17/2/09) GDP per capita in the Netherlands: 30.174 (2006) Slide 27 Shanghai 1995Shanghai 2010 Slide 28 Luchtvervuiling Beijing 17 miljoen inwoners; elk jaar 500.000 nieuwe inwoners erbij 3.3 miljoen autos; elke dag 1000 nieuwe autos erbij Zware industrie dicht bij de stad Kolengestookte kachels en fornuizen Slide 29 Beijing smog, januari 2013 Slide 30 Air quality measures No construction activities Closure or translation of polluting industry 30% reduction coal-fired power plants Ban high emission vehicles Traffic system with odd/even number plate Slide 31 Slide 32 Emission results China New power plants in Inner Mongolia Distinct emissions along great rivers original emissions new emissions No emissions in North Korea Ship tracks Slide 33 Based on GOME-2 observations from 2007-2010 NO x emission trends Slide 34 Slide 35 NO x in South Africa Slide 36 South Africa: Emissions characterized by few hot spots (power plants, heavy industry) Apriori emissions taken from EDGAR v4.2 Total emissions too lowTotal emissions too low Location and strength of hot spots generally wrongLocation and strength of hot spots generally wrong Slide 37 EDGAR v4.2 low high 200 km Slide 38 DECSO low high 200 km Slide 39 Slide 40 Majuba power plant Slide 41 Matimba power plant Slide 42 vanadium mine Slide 43 Sasol company oil from coal Slide 44 Biomass burning in Mozambique Slide 45 Other species Slide 46 www.globemission.eu Slide 47 CH 2 O (formaldehyde) by GOME-2 Slide 48 NMVOC from fire emissions Slide 49 C 5 H 8 (isoprene) emissions Slide 50 PM 2.5 / PM 10 emissions by MODIS Slide 51 NH 3 by IASI NH 3 total column distribution above Europe (5-yr weighted mean from morning overpass) Slide 52 Conclusions & Outlook Slide 53 Emission estimation from space: Standing on the shoulders of giants Satellite retrievals Chemical transport modeling Inversion algorithm Slide 54 Current state Relative new technology: quality improving rapidly Already giving useful complementary information for regions with unknown or outdated emissions Urban scale Monthly emission inventories Slide 55 Shortcomings Not all species can be detected from space Total emissions: difficult to infer sectorial contributions Slide 56 (Near) Future Better satellite observations Switch from scientific to operational missions TROPOMI (spatial resolution) Geostationairy (temporal resolution) Better chemical transport models Better inversion algorithms Slide 57 More information www.globemission.eu www.temis.nl www.tropomi.eu www.marcopolo-panda.eu Slide 58 Vragen?