workshop introduction on the pulse of a revolution · 7. a. lampasi, et al., progress of the plasma...

Alessandro Lampasi, ENEA Frascati

Bologna, 23 May 2017

International Workshop on Supercapacitors and Energy Storage

Workshop Introduction

"On the Pulse of a Revolution"

International Workshop on Supercapacitors and Energy Storage – 23 May 2017

Acknowledgements

2

• All the speakers and attendees

• Giulia Bartolomei, OCEM staff

• Mario Conte


The workshop title: “On the Pulse of a Revolution”

3

It is a word play evoking both

1. The pulsed power that supercapacitors can

produce

2. The idea of having one’s finger "on the pulse"

of something (that is, following the latest

developments in a given field)

Typical nuclear fusion power


Why ENEA?

4

ENEA is the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and

Sustainable Economic Development

1. ENEA mission: (includes) energy

2. Energy availability is a crucial concern in modern

technology and social life

In most cases, power is available, but

1. at times

2. in places

different from the needed ones

Energy storage

(today mainly by

supercapacitors)

solution


Why in nuclear fusion research?

5

A responsible low CO2 emission future requires:

1. Renewable sources (solar)

2. Maybe nuclear (debated)Nuclear fusion is both


DTT: Largest Italian research project

6

CS

3U

CS

2U

CS

1U

CS

1L

CS

2L

CS

3L

Pla

sm

a

Pheat≈45 MW

to plasma

Additio

nalh

eating

PF

3

PF

4

-4 m0

4 m

0

6 m6 CS modules


Expected DTT load profile

7


PROTO-SPHERA power supplies (1 s every 10 minutes)

8

=

≈324 V

––

––

––

20 kV 60 kA 350 V

Hydrogen

Cathode

Anode

Pinch power supply12-pulses

=≈

400 V

50 Hz

25 V 1.7 kA rms

6 phases

40 150 Hz

Active front end Inverter

=

≈3 to 6 phases

324 V

20 kV

12-pulses

=

≈

PFC power supply

Cathode power supply


Flywheel energy storage in nuclear fusion

9

JT-60SA (Japan) Capacity: 400 MVA

Energy yield: 2.65 GJ

JET (UK)ENEA FTU


JT-60SA power supplies by ENEA

Time

Co

il a

nd

SN

U c

urr

en

t

Slope due to R1

Slope due to R1//R2Ramp-up

Breakdown zoom

Breakdown

Ramp-down

Current reversal(limit for SNU operations)

≤250 s

≤20 kA

SNU bypassed


Basic (and ideal) principle of storage/recovery PSs

11

68 kA, 4.2 K

Controlled energy balance

1

2𝐿𝐼2

1

2𝐶𝑉2Magnetic energy Electrostatic energy


Potential benefits of SC-based PSs

12

• Low reactive power

• Low harmonics

• Energy recovery

• No high/medium voltage

connections

• Lifetime (1 million

cycles, >10 years)

• Temperature range

• Modularity

• No special disposal

• Is it too large?

Control unit (CU)

Sinusoidal voltage

Sinusoidal currentInput power

electronics

(IPE)

SC buffer

(SCB)Output power

electronics

(OPE)

Low impact

Low pollution

High power quality

Arbitrary Waveform

0 2 kA

-120 120 V

Low ripple

Low overvoltage

Stable parameters

Low power source

Load current

(example)

ETHICAL (Efficient Time to High-I Converter with Affordable Load)

Just a year

ago, right

here!

SNU 1 SNU 2

SNU 3

R1 cubicle

SNU 3

SCB

SNU 3 SNU 4

SNU 4

R1 cubicle

Dummy load (≈1 mH)Test PS (≈1.3 kA)

SNU LCC and JAEA test stand

Substation area

ECRH PSs

NBI

ICRH PSs

14

DTT layout in ENEA Frascati

≈50 m


What are super(/ultra)capacitors?

15

“Super” = high capacitance

Capacitance is only large,

why “super”?


Typical capacitances

16

710 µF

Earth's ionosphere with respect to ground

≈1 F= 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electronsCapacitance is not large, it is super!


Ragone chart (power vs. energy)

17

Power

Energy

https://youtu.be/ijnF67942ac?t=134

Ragone for

storage systems

Power (W/kg)

Energy

(Wh/kg)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10 100 1000 10 000

Supercapacitors

Fuel cells

Pb acid

NiCd

Lithium

Flywheels

Standard

capacitors

SMES?

SMES?

LiC?

Nuclear fusion

H2O

Workshop program on

Ragone Chart

Power (W/kg)

Energy

(Wh/kg)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10 100 1000 10 000

Supercapacitors

Standard

capacitors

SMES?

LiC?9:20 F. Soavi

9:50 J. Ernst

11:50 De Riccardis

16:35 M. Ristic

9:20 S. Kakihara

15:50 A. Morandi

11:25 R. Defant

12:35 G. Testoni

14:00 L. Pellegrino

14:25 L. Pimpinella

17:00 F. Vellucci


Ragone chart for animals (quiz)

20Power

Energy

Energy storage and recovery

(Achilles tendon = spring)

Optimized heat sink

(The Naked Ape)

Energy Management System

(Battery Management System)


Control, managements and simulation of ESSs

21

12:15 A. Michel Power electronics simulations

14:15 L. Pellegrino Battery Management System (BMS)

14:50 P. Mattavelli Power electronics devices

16:15 S. Tenconi Examples of pulsed power systems


Relevant energy storage applications

22

12:35 G. Testoni Electric streetbike

14:25 L. Pimpinella Smart grids

15:15 A. Ferri Roller coaster

16:15 S. Tenconi Examples of pulsed power systems

16:35 M. Ristic Magnetic resonance


Global market and manufacturers

23

Global market (billions $)Source: IDTechEx research report

(Someone is more super than others!)

Number of manufacturers from 40 to 80

in the last few years

(not in Italy or Europe)


Open issues (in my humble opinion)

24

1. Cost

2. Model (a SC is not a capacitor!)

• Frequency behavior

• Equivalent series resistance (ESR)

• Temperature effect


Future expectations

25

1. SCs still relatively new on

the market

2. More and more

manufacturers

3. Advancements in

nanotechnology (graphene)

4. Contributions from power

electronics

✓ Increasing performances

✓ Covering new zones of the

Ragone chart

✓ Lower costs (at least for

ENEA)


Other use of supercapacitors

26


References and further readings

27

Nuclear fusion power supplies:

1. A. Lampasi, S. Minucci, Survey of Electric Power Supplies Used in Nuclear Fusion Experiments, EEEIC 2017.

2. S. Ciattaglia, et al., The European DEMO Fusion Reactor: Design Status and Challenges from Balance of Plant Point of View, EEEIC 2017.

3. L. Novello, et al., Present Status of the new Power Supply Systems of JT-60SA procured by EU, Fusion Engineering and Design 2015.

4. A. Lampasi, et al., Final tests of the four switching network units procured by the European Union for JT-60SA, Fusion Engineering and Design 2017.

The DTT project:

5. DTT project webiste: http://www.fsn-fusphy.enea.it/dtt/

6. A. Lampasi, et al., The DTT device: power supplies and electrical distribution system, Fusion Engineering and Design, 2017.

The PROTO-SPHERA project:

7. A. Lampasi, et al., Progress of the Plasma Centerpost for the PROTO-SPHERA Spherical Tokamak, Energies 2016.

Power supplies based on supercapacitors:

8. A. Lampasi, et al., ETHICAL: A Modular Supercapacitor-Based Power Amplifier for High-Current Arbitrary Generation, EEEIC 2016.

9. A. Lampasi, et al., Compact Power Supply with Integrated Energy Storage and Recovery Capabilities for Arbitrary Currents up to 2 kA, IEEE PPC, 2017.

Fun facts:

10. https://youtu.be/ijnF67942ac?t=134

11. https://www.green-events.co.uk/index.php?mvh_main

12. http://managainsthorse.net/

13. D. Morris, The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal, 1967.

14. H. Wang, et al., Interconnected Carbon Nanosheets Derived from Hemp for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with High Energy, ACS Nano 2013.

http://www.fsn-fusphy.enea.it/dtt/

https://youtu.be/ijnF67942ac?t=134

https://www.green-events.co.uk/index.php?mvh_main

http://managainsthorse.net/

Overview on today power supply systems for tokamaks – 6 April 2017

Alessandro Lampasi

ENEA

[email protected]

workshop introduction on the pulse of a revolution · 7. a. lampasi, et al., progress of the plasma...

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