worl heritage centre_hampi

7/30/2019 Worl Heritage Centre_Hampi

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Expert Workshop on

Benchmarks and Chapter IV(Operation Guidelines)

Case-study:Group of Monuments World Heritage Site, HAMPI

Dr. S.V.P. HalakattiSuperintending Archaeologist

Paris 2007


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IntroductionHAMPI


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HAMPI - LOCATION

Source - Hampi: The Fabled Capital of the

Vijaynagara Empire; Karnataka Archaeology


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HAMPIPre 1986


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HAMPI LANDMARKS

1565 the Vijaynagara empire ended after being attacked and plundered.

Late 19th century Hampi received attention from the then British IndianGovernment.

1903 (Pre-independence)- the monuments were protected by the thenArchaeological Survey of India under the Ancient Monuments Act (1903-04).

1956 (post independence)-Ancient Monuments Act; 56 monuments declaredas nationally protected monuments and 700 protected by the Karnataka State

Department of Archaeology under its Act.

1980- Beginning of the International Documentation project bringing ininternational focus to the place.


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HAMPI(1986-1999)

World Heritage Site


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STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE,World Heritage Committee1986- Inscription of the Group of monuments of Hampi on the list of World heritage List.The austere, grandiose site of Hampi was the last capital of the great Hindu

kingdom of Vijayanagar. Its fabulous rich princes built Dravidian temples

and palaces, which won the admiration of travelers between the 14th and

16th centuries. Conquered by the Deccan Muslim confederacy in 1565, thecity was pillaged over a period of six months before being abandoned.

Imposing monumental vestiges, partially disengaged and reclaimed, today, make Hampi one of the most seizing ruinsof the world.


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IntroductionHAMPI FROM THE EYES OF THE TRAVELLERSThe city of B idjanagar is such that the pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it, and the ear of intelligence has

never informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world. It is bu ilt in such a manner that seven citadeland the same number of walls enclosed each other

Abdur Razzak, the Persian Ambassador,

who sojourned to the Vijayanagara in AD 1443


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World Heritage Site, HampiOUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUESCriteria i, iii, iv(i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;

Hampi represents a unique artistic creation

(iii) to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or whichhas disappeared;

The city bares exceptional testimony to the vanished civilization of the kingdom of Vijayanagara, which reached its

apogee in the reign of Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1530)

(iv) to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which

illustrates a significant stage in human history;

This capital offers an outstanding example of a type structure, which illustrates a significant historical situation; that ofthe kingdoms of South India menaced by the Muslims occasionally aligned with Portuguese of Goa.


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WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The most magnificent extensive

and varied ruins of a

metropolis.

A richly constituted military, civil

religious residential andsecular remains amidst the

most picturesque hills and

river setting.

Architecture, sculpture, painting

and stucco are all

integrated in the remains.


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World Heritage Site, HampiOUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUESICOMOS RECOMMENDATIONS (at the time of inscription)The proposed cultural property be inscribed on the World Heritage list, on the condition that there be an extension of

the area of protection to the whole of the Archaeological site

A new definition of the cultural property of Hampi, which would take into account the whole of the natural andarchaeological resources of the site and not just several isolated monuments should be formulated in view ofbeing able to justify its inscription on the world heritage list based on criteria (1), (3) and (4).

MANAGEMENT PLAN (recommendations)(v). Superlative natural setting of exceptional beauty,

(vi). A broad spectrum of associational value identified from religious to secular royal to common, and living tradition.


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HAMPIArchitecture,

Cultural Landscape and LivingTraditions


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Heritage Components

SETTING OF THE ANCIENT CAPITAL - HILLS


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Heritage Components

BOULDERS


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Heritage Components

RIVER


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Heritage Components

THE GATEWAYS


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Heritage Components

ARCHAEOLOGY AND EXCAVATED SITES


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Heritage Components

THE SACRED STRUCTURES

source - City OF Victory; John. M. Fritz and George Michell


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Heritage Components

THE VALLEYS TEMPLE AND ITS BAZAR


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Heritage Components



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Heritage Components

THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF HAMPI


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Heritage Components

THE RUINS OF HAMPI


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Heritage Components

TEMPLE COMPLEXES

Source - Hampi: The Fabled Capital of the Vijaynagara Empire; Karnataka Archaeology


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Heritage Components



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Heritage Components

THE FESTIVAL STRUCTURES



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Heritage Components

THE ROYAL CENTER



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Heritage Components

THE ROYAL CENTER


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Heritage Components

WATER SYSTEMS


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Heritage Components

THE ORNAMENTAL FEATURES


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Heritage Components

THE STONE SCULPTURES


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Heritage Components

THE SCULPTURES


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Heritage Components

THE LIVING VILLAGES


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Heritage Components

THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE


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Heritage Components

THE ARTS AND CRAFTS


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Heritage Components

TRADITIONL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS THE CORACLES


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Heritage Components

FOLK TRADITIONS


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THE LANDSCAPE OF HAMPI SATELLITE VIEW


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1987- First International Seminar with focus towards the Integrated Development of Hampi.

1988- Notification of the Karnataka State Government to protect 10 villages, an area encompassing a total of 41.8 sq km.This also defined the Core Area for protection

1992-Archaeological Survey of Indias notification on the 100m protected zone and 200m of regulatory zone.

1999- First attempt to prepare a Development plan by the NID, initiated by Department of Tourism, Government ofKarnataka.

this report brought forth the concept of ZONING.

World Heritage Site, Hampi

SIGNIFICANT EVENTS


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1997- the construction of the bridge commences, four years after the laying of the foundation stone.

1997- ASI objects to the construction and brings it to the notice of the authorities at the local level. ASI recommends todivert the path.

1999- Union Minister of Culture (Central Government) expresses concern to the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Asks the StateGovernment to set up a task force.

Task force headed by Chief Secretary and with experts set up to review the

bridge

Task force recommends the removal of the two bridges.


SIGNIFICANT EVENTS


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1999- UNESCO representative Junko Tanaguchi visits Hampi for the first impression of the situation. Bridge constructionstill continues

Junko Tanaguchi highlights the threats.

Recommends immediate corrective measures

Removal of threats causes by two bridges

Recommends the inclusion of the site in World Heritage in Danger.

1999- Inscription of the Group of monuments of Hampi on the list of World heritage in Danger.


SIGNIFICANT EVENTS


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HAMPI1999 2006

World Heritage

Site in Danger


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World Heritage Site in Danger, Hampi

REMARKS BY THE UNESCO COMMITTEE"The Committee examined the findings of the UNESCO reactive monitoring mission, and expressing deep concern over thepartialconstruction of tw o cable-suspended bridges within the protected archaeological areas of H ampi, decided to inscribe the site on the Listof World Heritage in Danger.

. the potential dangers are threatening the integrity and authenticity of the site ,The negative impact caused by the bridges within the World Heritage site were identified as:1. large scale two way bridge for vehicular traffic and the second footbridge - dominate the extraordinary natural environment andrural setting - threatening the integrity of the World Heritage Site.2. dislocation and reconstruction of an important historical monument - implementation of existing cultural heritage legislation andpolicies - to ensure the authenticity of the site.3. Increased road development and vehicular traffic - hamper archaeological research and excavation in significant areas - causenegative impact on the historical monuments, local inhabitants, tourists and visitors to the site.


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THE CONTROVERSIAL BRIDGE


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UNESCO-ICOMOS (Mission 2000)

Corrective Measures(Time Bound Action Plan suggested for enhancing the management)

Removal of threats caused by 2 bridges:a safer transportation means between the Anegundi, Hampi and Virpapura gada and Hampi, as an interim course.

Needs assessment studies of the local communities, site-managers, local industries with regards to the necessity for

transportation of the Tungabhadra River.

based on the above two studies determine whether or not it is appropriate to

construct bridge,

followed by a study for appropriate design and scale of such a bridge,

study of alternative location and designs which do not impact negatively on the

World Heritage site

Scientific impact assessment studies on the World Heritage site caused by such bridges.

Halt further construction of the large-scale bridges till the above studies and assessments.


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UNESCO-ICOMOS Corrective Measures:

Removal of threats caused by dismantling historic monuments within the WHS:Restore the dislocated historic Mandapa at Anegundi to its original location, to ensure retention of the original morphology

and authenticity of the ancient citadel of Anegundi.

Ensure no further destruction, dismantling, relocation and defacement of historic monuments..

Implement existing cultural heritage legislation and policies.

Removal of threats caused by illegal encroachments within the WHS:Undertake necessary legal action to remove illegal encroachment, particularly the areas surrounding the Virupaksha temple

and Hampi Bazaar Mandapas.

Prevent any further illegal encroachment.

Closely control building within the World Heritage Site.


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UNESCO-ICOMOS Corrective Measures:

Removal of POTENTIAL threats caused by ad-hoc development plans within the WHS, including the tourism developmentplans within Virapapura gada:Develop and Implement a comprehensive management plan and integrated development plans.

Develop a plan, establish a GIS

Appropriate illegal framework

Supported and advised by professional group.

Demarcation of the areas.

Awareness raising activities


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The encroachments on the cultural

landscape

The urban growth in the historical

villages


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The resorts on the Virupapura Gadda island


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REACTIONS OF THE STATE PARTYThe Observer of India expressed his Governments appreciation to the Committee for its concern over the state of conservation of

Hampi.

.. the protection of the extraordinary site of Hampi, the result of centuries of interaction between man and nature, was no easy

task. However, the Observer underlined that the integrity of Hampi, comprising approximately 40 kilometers of villages, banana fields,

rice paddies, the river, rocks and monuments, must be preserved.

The Observer informed that the problem of preservation of the archaeological remains was a classic example of the conflict be tweenheritage conservation and development, and that innovative solutions would have to be found in solving this problem. the construction of the two bridges had been halted.

the inscription of the site on the List of World Heritage in Danger would strengthen the capacity of the Archaeological Survey

of India and the State Government of Karnataka in their efforts to safeguard this unique site.

.. for assistance to ensure the integrity of the site.


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REACTIVE MONITORING MISSIONS FROM UNESCO2000 ICOMOS- UNESCO Mission ( Mr. Junka Tanaguchi and Dr. Wijesuriya)

2001 Transport Consultative Mission

2003 Minja Yang and Paul Trouilloud

2004- First Stakeholders meeting prior to the Management Plan

2004- Paul Trouilloud (Workshop on Urban guidelines for capacity building of the Hampi Authority)

2005- UNESCO, ICOMOS, ASI Consultative Review meeting

2006- Stakeholders Meeting with the elected village representatives.

2007- Reactive Monitoring Mission on recommendations of the 30th session.


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MISSION RECOMMENDATIONS

Prof. Hans Detlef Kammeier. Minja Young and Paul Trouilloud Paul TrouilloudThere is a need for a bridge, but locations and

design options not appropriate.- induces new

traffic and new development

Lack of planning for the approach routes.

No major impact if additional measures are takenimmediately(decision evolved based on a seriesof discussions).

One bridge to be dismantled and shiifted 300m

upstream based on further studies, the other

bridge not feasible for the huge investments

made, but additional measures taken.

Bypass road on either side, bypass at Krishna

temple, limitn of bus and truck sizes for through

routes A

There is a need for a bridge, but locations and design

options not appropriate.- induces new traffic and new

development

Lack of planning for the approach routes.

Not appropriate in design or necessity; undermines theauthenticity and integrity of the world heritage site.

To be deferred till the management plan is implemented,

including analysis of traffic mgmt plan. Studies to confirm

the need for a reception center and should be integrated

with the landscape, by creating a green buffer zone.

Re-emphasised the need for a technical team

Urban pressure caused by development activity.

Need to look at the landing of the bridge as there is

cosntraint of space, heritage elements, difference in

height levels.

Construction of by pass road is underway.

Reservation with the location and design of the

interpretation center.

Interchange parking node at Kamalapuram- location

was okay, need to create a green buffer zone of

approx 100m wide; need to consider the future

organisation of the urban planning of the village.

Interchange parking node at Anegondi- location was

not satisfactory, need to create a green buffer zone of

approx 100m wide.


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APPROCH OF THE MISSIONSurveysSite surveys

Study of Proposals and maps

at Hampi levelHampi World Heritage Management Authority

State Department of Archaeology

Stakeholders meeting only started since last mission of 2003.

at Regional (state) levelMeeting various authorities of the local Karnataka State Government

Archaeological Survey of India

NGOs

At New Delhi (central) levelDistrict Administrators

Ministry of Culture.


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COMMITTEE DECISIONS27COM 7A.23 - Group of Monuments of Hampi (India)decision to postpone the completion of the vehicular bridge until the by-pass roadis constructed.adoptingprovisional regulationsfor new construction and renovation.establishment ofa technical unit to support the HWHMA.obilize social housing, agricultural support and cottage craft industrysubsidies and technical expertise.Decides to retain the property on the List of World Heritage in Danger.28COM 15A.24 - Group of Monuments at Hampi (India)postpone the completion of thevehicular bridge until the by-pass roadis constructed.for implementing other recommendations of the UNESCO Mission of 2003;need oflocal community participation in the decision making process.Establisha technical unitwith appropriate capacity to support the HWHMA.Decides to retain the property on the List of World Heritage in Danger.29COM 7A.22 - Group of Monuments at Hampi (India)great efforts made in response to the recommendations,established a management authority for the property;required documentation for the resumption of the Anegundi Bridge , notably the traffic regulations on the bypass road and the erection of traffic barriersreassess the construction of the commercial complexDecides to retain Group of Monuments at Hampi on the List of World Heritage in Danger.


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MEASURES TAKEN BY THE STATE PARTY1999 - The District Commissioner asked to prepare the Management Plan.2002 - Removal of encroachment by ASI in their monuments2002 - Setting of the Hampi Development Authority.2002 - by pass road completed in 2005, land acquired, micro suggestions

implemented

2002 - 2005 - The Hampi Act.2003 - Commencement of the preparation of the Management Plan2002 - 2003 Construction of the interpretation center A new threat.2003 - ASI initiates preparation of GIS database in collaboration with ISRO.


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MEASURES TAKEN BY THE STATE PARTY2005 - 5 volumes of the Management Plan prepared and reviewed during the

Consultative Review meeting by UNESCO and ICOMOS.

2005 - Preparation of Volume VI on the advisory as per the recommendations andsubmitted in 2006 for review.

2005 - NOC for the completion of the controversial bridge given.2005 - Transport regulations notified and amended.2005 - Temp urban guidelines drafted to solve immediate problems of the Hampi

Development Authority.

2005 - Appointment of technical expertise for the Authority.2006 - Decision to shift the Interpretation center.2006 - Master plan by HWHMA under its own act,.2006 - Report submitted to the World Heritage Committee on the actions taken to

remove the World Heritage site from List of Danger,.


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MEASURES TAKEN BY THE STATE PARTY

The by-pass road


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THE STAKEHOLDERS MEET


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THE STAKEHOLDERS MEET


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THE INTERPRETATION CENTER SITE


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30COM 7A. 24 STATE OF CONSERVATION(Group of Monuments at Hampi)Decides to remove the Group of Monuments at Hampi (India) from the List of World Heritage in Danger on the basis offollowing progress achieved: preparation ofurban building regulations for the villages in the core zone, steps taken towards the preparation of theMaster Planfor the regulation of

development activities

completion of thebypass road efforts made by the HWHMA for the preparation oftraffic control regulations; Expresses its concern about the substantialincrease of illegal construction in the

core zone;


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.and imposes following Conditions for further implementation:

a. Adopt and implement the Integrated Management Plan (IMP)

b. Adequate staffing and financial resources to the HWHMA

c. Rehabilitate the abandoned construction site

d. Adopt urban building regulations,

e. Adopt traffic regulations to ban heavy duty vehicular traffic

f. Reconsider and adapt the design and dimensions of the Anegundi Bridge

g. Appropriately address the statement of significance.

A reactive monitoring mission will be sent. ( visited in Jan 2007 and report awaited)


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RECOMMENDATIONSBenchmarks to be more holistic, should reflect all problems of sites rather than focus on one problem.. Need to check all aspects andpotential / future threats. A check list, specific to sites, to monitor all parameters. More problem solving then focus towards

enhancement of the status.

Mission targets to be more realistic based on an understanding of the local socio-political, socio-economic and socio-cultural issues.Benchmarks to be reviewed qualitatively and quantitatively.Measurement exercise over a scale. From the macro level to the micro level. An issue like a bridge or dam or any other activity overthe 40 sq kms of heritage zone will affect the outstanding values of the site or are they applicable to the core area of the site. The

complexities of the management of the site over such an area are large.

Consider Living heritage sites as in Hampi Issues are different then mere physical, mechanism to understand the ground realities(presently only through discussions with groups).

Should set a vision with short term and long term projects Set- time frames as certain solutions can be only accomplished over aperiod of time and not on annual basis.

worl heritage centre_hampi

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