world bank documentdocuments1.worldbank.org/curated/en/844841468044952343/... · 2016. 7. 13. ·...

Initial Environmental Examination

Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Korea Electric Power Corporation G

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

EXAMINATION AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR

GREATER MEKONG SUB-REGION POWER TRADE PROJECT

Ban Hat in Champasak Province (Laos) to Stung Treng (Cambodia)

December 2010

KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

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Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Korea Electric Power Corporation G


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy � Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Table of Contents

Pages I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose of the report 1 1.3 Extend of the report 1 1.4 Legal and policy framework 2 1.4.1 Cambodia Environment Assessment Requirement 2 1.4.2 World Bank Operational Policy 2 1.4.3 Relevant Agreements 3

II DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 4 2.1 Project areas 4 2.2 Scope of the project 4 2.3 Amount of land required for construction 4 2.4 Transmission line route 6 2.5 Transmission line design 9 2.6 Tree clearance 10 2.7 Conductor selection 11 2.8 Substation design 11

III PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 12 3.1 Pre-construction activities 12 3.2 Construction 12 3.3 Operation and maintenance 13

IV DESCRIPTIN OF THE ENVIRONMENT 14 4.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES 14 4.1.1 Topography and drainage 14 4.1.2 Climate 14 4.1.3 Geology and soils 15 4.2 Biological resources 15 4.2.1 Flora 15 4.2.2 Fauna 16

A. Mammal 16 B. Birds 16

4.2.3 The Ramsar Site in Stung Treng 19 4.3 Socio-economic conditions 23 4.3.1 Administration 23 4.3.2 Population and settlement pattern 24 4.3.3 Land tenure 25 4.3.4 Land Use Change 27

A. Economic Land Concession 27


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy �� Korea Electric Power Corporation G

B. Social Land Concession 28 C. Agricultural Activities 29

4.3.5 Local economy and household characteristics 29 4.3.7 Transportation and Communication 30 4.3.7 Historical and religious sites 31

V ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 33 5.1 Land acquisition and land use change 34 5.2 Land restriction 34 5.3 Crop and land disturbance 35 5.4 Soil erosion 36 5.5 Water quality and soil contamination 37 5.6 Noise and air quality 38 5.7 Loss of tree resources 38 5.8 Habitat loss 39 5.9 Resettlement 40 5.10 Health and safety 40

A. Labor force 40 B. Construction Hazards 41

5.11 Historic, cultural and religious sites 42 5.12 Negative impact in construction and maintenance state 42 5.12.1 Electrocution 42 5.12.2 Radio and TV interferences 43 5.12.3 Flight deaths and electrocution 43

A. Birds 43 B. Mammals 44

5.13. Positive environmental impact 45 5.13.1 Social and Economic benefit 45 5.13.2 Reduce air pollution 46

VI ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 47 6.1 Environmental management plan 47 6.2 EMP Monitoring 48 6.3 Environmental Management Responsibilities 56

VII CONCLUSIONS 59 7.1 Public consultation 59 7.2 Methodology 59 7.3 Participant 62 7.4 Public Consultation meeting (main point discussion) 62 7.5 Main discussion and conclusions 62

VIII EMP BUDGET AND FINANCING 63 List of Annexes 64 Annex 1: list of people consulted 65



Annex 2: Photo activities of the consultation team and persons consulted 69 Annex 3: List of Official letters 72

List of Tables and Figures List of Tables Page Table 2.1: Transmission Line Design Features 9 Table 4.1: Climate Data for Stung Treng Province (2005) 16 Table 4.2 Reported Occurrence of Mammals in or Near the Ramsar Site 17 Table 4.3 Key Cambodian Bird Species Found in or Near the Ramsar Site 20 Table 4.4 main occupation per sector in Stung Treng 2009 24 Table 4.5 Land Use Classification 28 Table 4.6: List of economic land concession in Stung Treng (up to 15 September 2009)

28

Table 4.7 Estimated rice balance based on actual cultivated in 2009 30 Table 5.1: Impact Matrix of Environmental Impact and Mitigation 32 Table5.2: Estimated Land Acquisition 34 Table:5.3: Demography in the Affected Villages 41 Table 6.1: Environmental Mitigation Plan 48 Figure 6.2: Organizational chart of project implementation 59 Table 8.1: Compensation cost estimated for PAP 64

List of Figures

Page Figure 2.1: : Existing proposed Transmission Line from Laos border to Stung Treng 4 Figure 2.1 Proposed updated transmission line to 230 kv 7 Figure 2.3: Project areas with IP and alternative line 8 Figure 2.5: Compare similar 230 kV Towers 9 Figure 2.6: Tree Clearance along the ROW 10 Figure 2.7: Resettlement Clearance (ROW) 11 Figure 4.1: Lower Island Area Locations 22 Figure 4.2: Upper Island Area Location 23 Figure 4.3: Population by district/municipal 24 Figure 4.4 Percentage of four major occupations in each district, Stung Treng province26 Figure 6.1 Organizational chart of project implementation 58 Figure 7.1 List of photo activities consulted 60



Acronyms APs Affected Person/People ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASL Above Sea Level CBD Convention on Biological Diversity EAC Electricity Authority of Cambodia EdC Electricity de Cambodia EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Electrical and Magnetic Field EMP Environmental Management Plan GHG Greenhouse Gas GMS Greater Mekong Sub-Region HFO Heavy Fuel Oil IEC International Electro-technical Committee IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment IMO Independent Monitoring Organization IPP Independent Power Producer IRC Inter-ministerial Resettlement Committee ISO International Standards Organization LDO Light Diesel Oil MEF Ministry of Economy and Finance MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy MOE Ministry of Environment NR National Road PAC/F/H People Affected Communities/Families/Households PIC Project Implementation Consultant PMO Project Management Office RPEC Resettlement Plan/Environmental Coordinator ROW Right of Way RP Resettlement Plan UXO Unexploded Ordinance


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy � Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Units/measurement mm Millimeter km Kilometer sq Square-millimeter V Volt kV Kilovolt (1,000 volts) A Ampere (Coulomb/second) kA Kilo Ampere W Watt (Joule/second) kW Kilowatt (1,000 W) MW Megawatt (1,000 kW) GW Gigawatt (1,000MW) Wh Watt-hour kWh Kilowatt-hour (1,000 Wh) MWh Megawatt-hour (1,000 kWh) GWh Gigawatt-hour (1,000 MWh) VA Volt-Ampere kVA Kilovolt-Ampere (1,000 VA) MVA Megavolt-Ampere (1,000 KVA)



NOTES OF CHANGES (Between December 2006 IEE and this UPDATED IEE)

REFERENCE

New

Explanation

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 230 KV in Stung Treng Only

Updated statistics in Stung Treng

1. Introduction to project Background

Updated Removed reference to Kampong Cham and 115kV transmission line

2. Description of the project From 2.1. Project Area to 2.9. Substation Design

New Transmission line routes are new and substation is at a new site. Only Samaki is valid. The 230 kV line crosses Ou Svay, Sdau, Kamphun communes. It also crosses Se Kong and Se San rivers. All new maps have been replaced.

3. Project implementation Update Change some key figures 4. Description of Environment Update More information are added such as bird in

proposed new site, land tenure, land use change and completely new for economic land and social land concession, socio economic data

5. Environmental Impact and Mitigation measure

Update New data added

6. Environmental Management Plan

Update Revised some key figures

7. Conclusions Update Additional data from public consultation in 2010 are added. The old data move to annex part.

8. EMP Budget and Financing Update This is based on social impact section Appendix 9. Public consultation in

2006 Update This move to annex

10. List of key informants and activities during visit in Sept 2010

New List of people meets and consulted and place visited have been updated and put into annex

11. List of Official Letters No update No update


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy �� Korea Electric Power Corporation

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Transmission Line Project is part of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Power Trade Project that will be made possible through the financial assistance of the World Bank. This project will provide a reliable supply of electricity to Stung Treng Province and other neighboring provinces in the future. A 230kV double circuit transmission line is to be constructed by Electricité Du Cambodge (EDC). This transmission line will extend 46.7km, along the west side of NR No. 7 from Laotian Border, passing through four communes in three districts and Se Kong and Se Sen Rivers. It reaches a substation in Kamphun, in Se San District and about 14Km from Stung Treng town. The settlement and land use pattern along the proposed route is primarily rural composed of villages of between 30 households, and far away from urban settlement. The local economy is characterized by rural production and provision of basic goods and services. The primary occupation among the Affected Persons (APs) is farming (all of AP respondents) with rice as the main source of income. The Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) formulated in 2006 a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) covering two 115kV lines for the relocation of households and other structures and land use restrictions within the Transmission Line Right of Way (ROW) and to identify impacts on the affected population and to provide proper compensation. A detailed survey of the final route will be carried out to finalize and peg the transmission line centerline, ROW, and tower locations to identify the people affected by construction and substation sites, and to inform APs what aspects and what extent of their physical and non-physical assets are affected. This expected to occur sometime in 2011. Built upon the work of the Social and Business Khmer Research and Development (SBK) in 2006, socioeconomic surveys of affected persons (APs) at proposed Substation site, as well as its Resettlement Cost Study, the EDC and local consultants conducted a survey to update the costs of resettlement compensation as part of this updated RAP to ensure that the rates reflect accurate replacement costs for losses at current market value. These are independent and objective studies in the current Feasibility Study Phase of the Project to determine value of land, structures, perennial and annual crops, and other non-land based income (e.g., businesses, fishponds). This maximizes the economic and social benefits of the investment. These rates will be updated by a professional asset value during the Detailed Design Phase when final compensation rates acceptable to both APs and the Government. The mitigation of impacts during construction will be based on selection of construction techniques and machinery that function with a minimum of ground disturbance. Construction activities on crop land will be timed to avoid the disturbance of field crops within one month of harvest wherever possible. An ongoing process of information exchange through community participation of affected villagers and venders with agriculture specialists, contractors and builders, and officials of the


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy �� Korea Electric Power Corporation

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Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery facilitates the work of agencies and stakeholders involved and reduces potential conflicts, minimizes risks of project delays, enables a comprehensive development program design of resettlement and rehabilitation that prioritizes the needs of the affected villagers.

An Income Restoration Strategy has been developed if effects or losses on land, houses, structures, crops, trees, and communal properties cannot be avoided. APs will be compensated in cash or in kind at replacement cost to maintain or improve their livelihood and socioeconomic foundation. Severely affected farmers losing 20% or more of total productive landholding and vulnerable groups will be entitled to other rehabilitation assistance, including extension and technical assistance to improve productivity on remaining land or to develop alternative livelihoods. Lack of formal legal rights to land does not prevent APs from receiving compensation and rehabilitation assistance. Those APs in possession of user’s rights or any form of written or verbal agreements with Provincial, District, or Commune authorities to utilize the land are entitled to compensation and assistance. Tenants are also entitled to compensation and assistance. Rehabilitation assistance will be provided to those requiring relocation and to recover social and economic networks to pre-project levels or better. A Housing Relocation Allowance and Transportation Allowance will be provided to relocating APs to enable the transport of affected households’ building materials and other affected properties to new sites. A cash payment of US$40 is per house. A Cost of Disruption Allowance in the amount of US$40 will be paid to every relocating household and households severely affected by loss of 10% or more of productive, income-generating assets. Special Assistance for Socially or Economically Vulnerable Households such as the very poor, households headed by the aged, women, and the disabled, as well as ethnic minorities will be provided so they may improve their socio-economic conditions based on identified needs and priorities. This includes assistance for landless households to obtain land, assistance to the poor to improve their housing, as well as skills training to learn a trade. Total updated estimated cost of implementation of the RP is US$ 153,671.70 including all entitlements, implementation, contingencies, and Incremental Administrative Costs. The incremental costs of administration related to the preparation and implementation of the RP including External Monitoring are estimated at 20% of the total resettlement cost or US$19,701.50. The total costs of compensation for the Project including a 30% contingency are estimated at US$133,970.20. The revied IEE and EMP is an attempt to identify the number of local residents affected by the project, the nature and degree of impact on them, measures taken to minimize the effects and compensation, and other assistance to be delivered to affected people for unavoidable impacts. Some key potential impact includes bird flying areas at the new proposed sub-station and rural infrastructure such as road which could not accommodate heavy trucks during construction and post construction.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy X Korea Electric Power Corporation G

I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND

With financial support from World Bank, EdC has launched the construction project of one transmission line from the Laos Border to Stung Treng. This project is a part of the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Power Project. As clearly defined by the Ministry of Environment, the project is going to be carried out with environmental sustainability of the affected areas along the ROW. In 2006, KEPCO had carried out IEE and EMP in an attempt to identify the number of local residents affected by the project, the nature and degree of impact on them, measures taken to minimize the effects and compensation, and other assistance to be delivered to affected people for unavoidable impacts. The social impacts from the transmission lines will be the relocation of households and dwellings and other buildings within the ROW during construction, and land use restrictions within the ROW during operation. The primary bio-physical impacts, associated with transmission line construction and operation are land use change, vegetation loss, minor habitat loss, wildlife death, and minor erosion.

1.2. PURPOSE OF THE IEE

The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination is to:

� This IEE revision is to reflect the impacts and mitigations in upgrading the TL from 115kv to 230 kV.

� Identify and assess environmental impacts associated with transmission lines. � Identify design, construction and maintenance measures to avoid or mitigate

potential adverse environmental impacts, to be incorporated into the final design.

� Develop an environmental management plan and associated monitoring plan for project construction and operation.

� Assess the organizational capacity of the implementing agency and provide

recommendations for enhancement. 1.3. EXTENT OF IEE

This IEE covers the assessment of bio-physical and socio-economic aspects of the proposed 230 kV transmission lines from the Laos border to Stung Treng, collectively referred to as the "transmission line" throughout this IEE.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Y Korea Electric Power Corporation G

This IEE is based on the feasibility design of the main transmission line route and line structures, and primarily assesses key environmental issues. Final route and line design will be undertaken by the Contractor in accordance with feasibility design criteria. Changes may occur to the selected route, but these are expected to be minor. The design of the line structures may change particularly tower height and spacing.

1.4. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

According to the Law of the Royal Government of Cambodia and World Bank Policy the project is required to conduct a study of Environmental Assessment. No conflict has been identified between these separate requirements.

1.4.1. Cambodia Environmental Assessment Requirement

The key requirements of the Environmental Assessment are that environmental and social impact assessment is carried out, impacts are minimized and mitigation and compensation measures incorporated into the project including assistance to people affected by the project. All the above requirements have to be in accordance with the Law of Royal Government of Cambodia on Environmental Protection and Natural resource Management, This law is supported by the Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Sub-Decree 72, August 11, 1999), which sets out institutional responsibilities, impact assessment requirements and examination procedure. The Annex to the Sub-Decree lists project types that require Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), although no distinction is made between these two types of assessments. The Draft Guideline for conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA Report 2000), prepared by The Department of Environmental Impact Assessment, Provides an EIA format guideline and indicates mandatory information to be provided in the EIA. All mandatory information is contained in this IEE.

1.4.2. World Bank Operational Policy The World Bank’s Environmental Assessment Policy (OP 4.01) requires that the environmental assessment accurately identify the breadth, depth and type of analysis based on the nature, scale and potential impacts. Environmental assessments are classified into different categories based on complexity, scale and level of impact, ranging from the largest and most complex - Category A, to the smallest and least complex – Category C. For all categories the environmental assessment should take into account global environmental aspects on biodiversity and institutional capabilities related to environmental and social aspects. The assessment nevertheless examines the project’s potential environmental impacts and recommends measures to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The project has to avoid forest, wild lands, national parks, protected or other sensitive natural environments areas and particular cultural and social sensitive area such as temples, graves, schools.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z Korea Electric Power Corporation G

1.4.3. Relevant Agreements Cambodia is one of the signatories to a number of international conventions and agreements that include:

� Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD ,1995) � Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl

Habitat (Ramsar, 1975) � ASEAN Agreement on the conservation of Nature and Natural Resource

(1985)

Cambodia ratified The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in 1995. The three objectives of this convention are to conserve biodiversity, sustainable use biological resources and to fairly and equitably share the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. Cambodia became a party to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in 1999, formally listing three Ramsar sites in the north, center and south-west of the country, with plans to consider further sites. Cambodia signed the ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1985, committing its self maintaining essential ecological processes preserving genetic diversity and ensuring sustainable natural resource use.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1. PROJECT AREA

Figure 2.1: Old (Dec 2006) Transmission Line from Laotian border to Stung Treng


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

The former project study area encompassed Samaki Commune, Stung Treng District, and Stung Treng Province. Samaki Commune has 6 Villages. The revised one has encompassed four villages in three communes and three districts listed below:

• Forest areas in Ou Svay District from Laotian border (Thalaboriwat district). • Koh Khon Den, Sangkat Samaki (Krong Stung Treng) • Sdau village, Sdau Commune (Sesan district). • Kamphun village in Kamphun commune (Se San district).

2.2. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The followingsare the scope and extent of the project:

� A 230kVdouble circuit transmission line from the Laotian Border to Stung Treng

(Kamphun), 46.7 km of steel lattice towers, contains one substation, located in Kamphun Village, Kamphun Commune, Se San District (around 14km from Stung Treng). This substation is accessible through a newly-paved road from Stung Treng on the southern side of Se San River to the provincial Airport.

� The clearance of a 40 meter wide path along the transmission line route (20 meters on either side from the central line).

� The Resettlement of Affected Persons along the path of clearance of the power transmission line (20 m x 20 m on either side from the central power line).

� The land for one substation to be cleared with the dimensions of about 200m x 200m. It is currently rice field. Five land plots along the road in front of designated substation (4 wooden houses) will be affected.

� The land for the access road to the substation will be cleared of 50m x 200m. Half of that is occupied land and the rest is rice field.

2.3. AMOUNT OF LAND REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION In general the project will require the following areas of land:

� 2.9025 ha of land for tower footings based transmission line from the Laotian Border

to Stung Treng Province.

� 5 haof land for the substation including the access road of 200 m x 50m. The construction of 230 kV transmission line and one substation will require the acquisition of land, or in the case of transmission line, restriction of land use below the power line. The substation site is located on private lands. Towers for the transmission line include standard


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ] Korea Electric Power Corporation G

lattice towers for which an area of 225 m² (15x15m) is required per tower.�The number and location of towers were determined during the detailed design phase, which currently stands at 129. However, land owners will lose only a small area for each tower. There is not much agricultural land within the proposed alignments. When it is necessary to construct transmission lines across agricultural land the EdC will permanently acquire the land on which the tower is to be situated. In the unlikely event that it is necessary to acquire land for towers, compensation will be provided to the affected persons (APs) on whose land the tower will be located.

2.4. TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE

The 230kV Transmission Line from the Laos Border to Stung Treng, is approximately 46.7 km:

- From Laos border to Stung Treng runs along the south side of NR7 until the cross road to Krong Stung Treng.

- After that it runs crossing the NR 7 and run along it to Stung Treng Sub-station in the east.

- It would be set back from the road by 100 to 200 meter in order to reduce environment impact. Most trees and plants along the west and east side of the road have already been cleared and pruned, so that the necessary conductor clearance distance will be provided. There are few settlements and individual houses along the route. The new TL (230 kV) will come across current Keo Vuthy Economic Land concession.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ^ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Figure 2.3 Proposed updated transmission line to 230 kv before field survey 2010


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy _ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Figure 2.4: Project Area: Purple line is a new route determined during the field survey (Sept 26-29) with EDC staff and subject to technical verification


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ` Korea Electric Power Corporation G

2.5. TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN

The chosen nominal voltage level of the 230 kV corresponds to the intended voltage of the interconnection with Laos. Although demand at Stung Treng may currently be low, MIME emphasized the importance of Stung Treng as the hub in the northeast which is a focus area of a regional development triangle among Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Therefore, double circuit transmission lines will be installed to satisfy above similar reasons to those stated in Stung Treng. Table 2.1: Transmission Line Design Features

Design Feature TL Line from Laos –Stung Treng

Line Length 46.7 km ( to be confirmed) Type of Support Tower Number of Towers 129 Average span between Tower 300-400 m Tree Clearance Width (From central power line)

15 x 15

Resettlement Clearance Width(ROW) (From central power line)

15 x 15 m

Tower height 25 to 50 m and 78.6 m river crossing Substations 200m x 200 m

Figure 2.5: left to right (230 kV Tower Design, Similar 230 kV Tower and river crossing tower)


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy XW Korea Electric Power Corporation G

2.6. TREE CLEARANCE

Trees will be either removed or periodically pruned to provide necessary line clearance, whilst minor pruning will be required for insulated distribution lines. The SWER alignment will avoid in preference to trees grown for wood and smaller fruit trees as many of these trees can be pruned to provide the necessary line clearance without killing the trees. If growing tip of palm is removed then the tree dies. Vegetation clearance distances will be maintained by pruning regrowth every 1-2 years. Cuttings will be offered to the local resident if the pruned tree is privately owned, or offered to the community for communal trees, but if cutting are not required then the contractor will be responsible for their disposal. It is proposed that pruning contracts be awarded to local people to maintain line clearances.

Figure 2.6: Tree Clearance along the ROW

Centre Line

22m No restriction

17m

13m 3m

15m

20m

25m

30m


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy XX Korea Electric Power Corporation G

2.7. CONDUCTOR SELECTION In a transmission line construction, the conductor usually comprises 20% to 30% of the material and labor costs. The selection of conductors is critical since the wind and tension loads that supporting structures must withstand are dependent on the size and type if conductors used. Structure heights are also largely dependent on the conductors selected since maximum sag of phase conductors under maximum ice or maximum temperature conditions is governed by certain physical, mechanical and dimensional properties of the conductor. Even environmental effects, such as radio noise and audible noise, are heavily influenced by the conductors themselves.

2.8 SUBSTATION DESIGN

Transmission lines from Laos’s border to Stung Treng substations will be connected to substation in Ban Hat, Laos and operated under the voltage of 230 kV, with double circuits.

The design shall comply with Cambodia “Electric Power Technical Standards” and the guidebook for “Power Engineers” issued by the ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) and other international standards. The design shall be suitable for operation in Cambodia weather. In the case of matters not stipulated in the technical standards, IEC or ISO standards will be applied.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy XY Korea Electric Power Corporation G

III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

3.1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Pre-construction activities will involve the final design of the transmission structures and routes, geotechnical investigations, asset verification and acquisition, compensation and relocation measures. A detail final design will be prepared for the transmission line, towers and substations. Final designs will include tower spacing and a range of foundation and tower types for different ground and flood conditions. A detailed survey of the route will be undertaken based on the previously surveyed route to finalize and peg the transmission line centerline, ROW and tower location. Asset verification will be completed once the ROW has been pegged, for all privately owned land, buildings, trees and other non-transferable property within the ROW that will be affected by the construction or operation of the line or substations. This will be used to update the existing asset database. The acquisition of land at tower sites, the relocation of buildings within the ROW and the payment of compensation for trees to be removed will be finalized prior to the start of construction at each related site.

3.2. CONSTRUCTION

Sections of the line will be constructed concurrently by multiple work teams to complete the line during this period. Construction will primarily occur during the dry season (November-May), when ground conditions are dry enough to allow heavy machinery access to tower sites for foundation construction and tower erection and to the substation sites for foundation preparation. The only construction that may occur during the wet season will be substation construction after the foundations have been prepared. Line stringing may also occur, although this may be limited by access to the line and thunderstorm activity. The main transmission line construction activities will be vegetation clearance within the Clearance Width, tower foundation construction, tower erection and line stringing. Vegetation clearance will be undertaken by hand and kept to the minimum required to achieve necessary line clearance distances, restricted to the 30 m Clearance plus nearby large trees that could fall and damage the line. Vegetation less than 3 m high will not be cleared. Land mine or cluster bomb clearance will be required at least at one site along the Clearance prior to any construction in the vicinity. Tower foundation will be constructed by in drilling each footing point with a mobile drilling unit, then concreting the excavated voids to form footing points. Alternatively, pre-fabricated concreting pile will be driven into the ground to form the foundation points, with the exposed sections of the piles tied together by concrete horizontal beams. On sites subject to deep flooding a concrete support structure will be constructed.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy XZ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

The substations will be constructed by removing and stockpiling topsoil from the area to be land filled, installing the earth mat and land filling to approximately 1 m above original ground level. Topsoil will then be spread over the fill batters and seeded. Construction of the substation facilities will then be undertaken.

3.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Transmission line operation will generally involve limited maintenance activities. Line maintenance will usually be restricted to periodic, special and emergency inspections. Routine inspections and planned maintenance will be timed to occur during the dry season where possible, whereas emergency line reinstatement may have to occur during the wet season. Patrolling of the line from the ground will be undertaken periodically before and after the monsoon. The patroller will inspect structure foundations, insulators, conductors, and jumpers, etc. Periodic hand pruning of vegetation within the ROW will be undertaken to maintain line clearance distances. Special inspections will be undertaken after floods, severe winds, hail storms, earthquakes and fires. Emergency inspections of the affected section of line will be undertaken after each tripping of the line to ascertain the nature of the fault and carry out repairs. Failure of the line involving a wire break is highly unlikely, but it would require line restringing.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy X[ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The bio-physical and socio-economic environment along the majority of the proposed transmission line routes are generally typical of non-irrigated floodplain paddy land and cleared forests as slash and burn agriculture in Stung Treng, northeastern of Cambodia.

4.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES Topography, drainage, geology and soils along the proposed transmission line routes are described in this section.

4.1.1. Topography and Drainage The proposed transmission line route is located on or near the Upper Mekong floodplain, which forms part of the Mekong Lowlands. The entire route is flat, with grades generally between 0-1%, except for hillsides between Ch.19.600-28.000 (plantation) and Ch. 59.850-61.300, and for specific site features such as riverbanks, canal and drain banks, road and rail embankments and the landform transition between settlement areas and lower paddy fields. Lower floodplain land is interspersed with shallow water bodies and minor rises, often where settlement and tree crops are grown. The elevation of the route ranges between 5-44 m above sea level (ASL), with most of the route located between 5-18 m ASL. The lowest point occurs where the line terminates on the Vietnam border. Seasonal flooding occurs over an estimated 70% of the route, based on levels recorded in the route survey that included anecdotal information on flood levels. Flood levels up to 3.5 m deep occur on the southern end of the route, but the majority of seasonal flooding is estimated to be less than 1.2 m deep.

4.1.2. Climate The high coastal mountains of Viet Nam shield the Stung Treng area during the northeast monsoon, the coolest and driest part of the year. At this time, and particularly in December and January, winds from central Asia bring cooler air to northeast Cambodia. From February onwards, light southerly winds bring warmer air and the hottest time of the year until the southwest monsoon breaks in May. The project area has a monsoon-dominant climate, described as tropical wet and dry due to the distinct seasonal variation. Approximately 70-80% of annual rainfall occurs during the southwest monsoon from mid-May to late September or early October. The northeast monsoon brings drier and cooler air from early November to March, then hotter conditions prevail in April and early May, producing a pronounced dry season.


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The hot season lasts from March to June, with air temperatures in the project area peaking in April at an average daily maximum of 36 ºC. The coolest months are December/January with an average daily maximum of 30-31 ºC.

Table 4.1: Climate Data for Stung Treng Province (2005)

Stung Treng province Month Ave.Max

Temp (oC) Ave.Min

Temp (oC) Rain (mm)

January 32.90 20.90 0.00 February 34.00 21.70 0.00 March 35.80 24.60 13.70 April 37.50 26.00 24.50 May 35.40 25.50 95.40 June 33.10 24.20 218.60 July 32.70 24.60 233.50 August 32.20 24.30 336.00 September 32.90 24.00 302.50 October 32.40 22.80 63.70 November 33.60 22.50 37.90 December 31.80 19.70 42.80 Annual Mean 33.69 23.40 114.05

Source: Ministry of Water Resource and Meteorology

4.1.3. Geology and Soils Geology along the transmission line route is characterized by Cenozoic alluvial plain deposits, terrace alluvial, pediments, alluvial fans and floodplains. Accordingly, surface soils along the route are reasonably uniform. Soil fertility is very low, with little potential to improve rice yields by more intensive management. The soil is subject to water logging due to the low permeability of the underlying subsoil, and can be saturated for periods of up to a week even after heavy, short duration rainfall. The soil is also drought sensitive due to the low water holding capacity of the sandy surface soils and the difficulty of root penetration into the heavy subsoil.

4.2. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Flora, fauna and protected areas along the proposed transmission line route are described in this section.

4.2.1. Flora Vegetation cover within the ROW is largely dictated by the intensive land use activities that occur along the entire route. Areas of grassland occasionally occur next to watercourses or on


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land with poorer cultivation potential as a fallow between occasiona1 crops. Small areas of flooded grassland occur within some water courses and depressions. Trees locate along the ROW (Laos Border to Stung Treng) are considered to be forest trees which most of them have already been cleared

4.2.2. Fauna There are no fauna will be affected by the transmission line ROW from (Laos Border to Stung Treng). Since the habitats along the ROW were already cleared.

A. Mammal Vong (2004) provides the most comprehensive account to date of mammals recorded from or close to the Ramsar site. A total of 26 species were found to be presently or recently living in or close to it (Table 3.3). Small mammals (bats, rats, mice, shrews, otters, civets etc) were not included in the study. The total number of mammals in the Ramsar site will therefore be considerably higher than 26. Most of the Ramsar site mammals were reportedly hunted and together with habitat loss/degradation and loss of prey species this has contributed to the reported decline and local extinction of many species. Hunting appears to be carried out extensively and is done for both local consumption and sale for meat, trophy and medicinal purposes. Table 4.2 Reported Occurrence of Mammals in or Near the Ramsar Site English Name Scientific Name Occurrence and Comments Sunda pangolin Manis javanica Outside Ramsar area, rare and declining.

Hunted Long-tailed macaque

Macaca fascicularis Common in Ramsar. Hunted occasionally

Pig-tailed macaque

Macaca nemestrina Occurs on some Ramsar islands and O’Talash river

Asian wild dog (dhole)

Cuon alpines Occurs outside Ramsar. Rare

Asiatic jackal Canis aureus Believed to be rare around Ramsar Sun bear Ursus malayanus Formerly in Ramsar, rare and declining

outside. Hunted Asiatic black bear

Ursus thibetanus Formerly present. Now believed absent from Ramsar

Jungle cat Felis chaus In areas close to Ramsar, e.g. O’Talash. Rare. Hunted

Leopard Panthera pardus Occasionally in Ramsar Tiger Panthers tigris Reported from Preah Rumkel commune Asian golden cat Catopuma temminkii Not recently recorded and believed absent

from Ramsar Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Present in Ramsar site. Hunted


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Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus Formerly common now believed only in O’Talash. Hunted

Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa Reportedly in O’Talash. Rare. Hunted Southern serow Naemorhedus sumatrensis Recorded at O’Savy in 1993. Hunted Banteng Bos javanicus Rare in Ramsar. Hunted Gaur Bos gaurus Believed to occur in forests outside Ramsar.

Hunted Wild water buffalo

Bubalus arnee Absent

Sambar Cervus unicolor Absent from Ramsar but occurs in nearby forests. Hunted

Eld’s deer Cervus eldii Absent from and near Ramsar Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjac Ramsar islands and O’Talash East Asian porcupine

Hystrix brachyura Common. Hunted for medicinal purposes and food

Wild boar Sus scrofa Common in Ramsar. Hunted Asian elephant Elephas maximus Occurs in or near Preah Rumkel Slow loris Nycticebus coucang Occurs in or near Ramsar. In decline and

hunted Pygmy loris Nycticebus pygmaeus Absent

Source: adapted from Smith (2001) and Vong (2004) Field survey from 26-29 September 2010 showed elephant and tigers were found in Sesan district which is close to the new proposed sub-station in Kamphun across Sdau commune. However, the sub-station is close to village which will not affect these type of mammals.

B. Birds The new proposed transmission line has extended beyond existing areas on Ramsar Site of the Mekong in Stung Treng and Thalboriwat district to Sesan district across two more tributaries: Sekong and Sesan River. BirdLife International (2003) has identified 40 important bird areas (IBAs) for Cambodia. Fiver was found in StungTreng. The first is the Mekong river channel from Kratie to the Lao PDR border, which includes the Ramsar site. The altitudes of these area range from 21 to 189 meters asl. This IBA contains seven globally threatened and near-threatened species: the critically-endangered white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis) and white-shouldered ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) and the near-threatened black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), grey-headed fish eagle (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus), the red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus), oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster), and the Mekong endemic the Mekong wagtail (Motacilla samveasnae). The Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is reported by Danida (2000) to occur at O’Svay and Preah Rumkel communes as well as other communes near the Ramsar site. Vong (2004) did not record this species. Vong (2004) recorded all these species as occurring in the Ramsar site.


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The second is the Sekong River, which lies on the territory of Siem Pang and Se San districts and covers an area of 14,116 ha, with an altitude (m asl) of 44 to 108. The IBA comprises the stretch of the Sekong River from the international border with Lao to its confluence with the Mekong River. Along this stretch of the river, there are many different habitats, many of which can be categorized as channel mosaiscs of rock and sand islands with riverine scrub. There are few stretches with large sandbars, and significant stretches are slow-moving and relatively featureless. For much of its length, the Sekong River is fringed by a belt of gallery forests, about 100 m wide, which is significantly taller than the adjacent deciduous dipterocarp forest, and contains a high proportion of broadleaf evergreen trees. However this has been degraded or cleared for cultivation in many areas. The third is the Virachey National Park, which lays in Siem Pang district of Stung Treng province, and Veun Sai and Taveng districts of Ratnakiri provinces. This IBA covers an area of 432,415 ha, with altitude (m asl) from 65 to 1,546. This IBA borders Laos to the north and Vietnam to the east. The IBA comprises all areas, primarily of evergreen and semi-evergreen forest, within and adjacent to the national park above 150 m asl. The vegetation in this area is dominated by dense semi-evergreen forest, interspersed with patches of true evergreen forest, upland savanna, bamboo thickets and occasional patches of mixed deciduous forest. The fourth IBA is the Sesan River. The IBA area covers Sesan district and partially in Siem Pang of of Stung Treng, Veun Sai, Taveng, and Andong Meas districts of Ratanakiri province, with an area of 20,504 ha, and altitudes ranging from 43 to 166 masl. The IBA comprises the entire Cambodian stretch of the Sesan River and associated riverine vegetation, from its confluence with the Sekong River to the international border with Vietnam. The riverine vegetation is dominated by semi-evergreen and mixed deciduous forest, which grades into deciduous dipterocarp forest away from the river. The fifth IBA associated with the province is Lumphat, which lies in Se San district of Stung Treng, Sambo district of Kratie province, and Kom Mum and Lumphat district of Ratanakiri province and Koh Nhek district of Mondulkiri province. This IBA covers territory of 306,397 ha, with an altitude (masl) ranging from 90 to 160. The IBA comprises a contiguous area of open deciduous dipterocarp forest extending from the western parts of Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuary, to the north and west, as far as the confluence of the Sesan and Srepok Rivers. The vegetation of the IBA is dominated by mixed deciduous forest, and semi-evergreen forest. Seasonal streams, often flanked by gallery forest, are found throughout the IBA, and there are numerous deep pools, mostly seasonal. The follow up visit from September 26-29, 2010 with provincial department of environment officials reported large amount of endangered bird species are found seasonal migration in the province such as: White-shoulder ibis migrate out to Siem Pang, Sekong at Boeng York areas from October, March, April and May from Ramsar site. Surus Crane also found migrate from Ramsar (Preak Rumke, O’svay commune) to Siem Pang, Sekong River and to areas surrouned Tonle Sap Lake, Red-head vulture migrate from Stung Treng to Preah Vihear and Mondulkiri provinces.


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In the most comprehensive bird survey undertaken to date in the Ramsar site and adjacent areas, Vong (2004) recorded 231 species. This is nearly half the total currently known from Cambodia. These records include birds from both the Mekong river channel and the northern plains to the east and west of the river. Smith (2001) identified 39 key Cambodian bird species of which Vong (2004) recorded 17 from the Ramsar site area (Table 4.3). It is very clear therefore that the Ramsar site and adjacent forest areas are of major importance for the conservation of Cambodia’s birds. Table 4.3 Key Cambodian Bird Species Found in or Near the Ramsar Site English Name Scientific Name Occurrence and Comments Spot-billed pelican Pelecanus philippensis Reportedly occurs August to November.

Globally threatened – vulnerable Oriental darter Anhinga melanogaster Globally near-threatened Painted stork Mycteria leucocephala Globally near-threatened Lesser adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus Globally threatened – vulnerable Greater adjutant Leptoptilos dubius Globally threatened – endangered White-shouldered ibis

Pseudibis davisoni Globally threatened – critical

White-winged duck Carina scutulata Globally threatened – endangered Lesser fish-eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Globally near-threatened Grey-headed fish-eagle

Ichthyophaga ichthya Globally near-threatened

White-rumped vulture

Gyps bengalensis Globally threatened – critical

Cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus Globally near-threatened Red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus Globally near-threatened White-rumped falcon

Aquilla clanga Globally near-threatened

Green peafowl Pavo muticus Globally threatened–vulnerable Black-bellied tern Sterna acuticauda Globally near-threatened Indian skimmer Rhyncops albicollis Record needs confirming Great hornbill Buceros bicornis Globally near-threatened

Source: adapted from Smith (2001) and Vong (2004) The project for transmission lene for Laos border to Stung Treng, according to Fiat –Law of fisheries 1987, large scale commercial fishing is not allowed in the Ramsar reserve.

4.2.3 The Ramsar Site in Stung Treng

The complex ecosystem of the Stung Treng Ramsar site is not newly recognised. Its first description can be referred back to the French colonial period in the 19th century. During the French expedition (1866 – 1868) along the Mekong mainstream, de Carné described the river's characteristics from Kratie to Stung Treng:


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From Stung Treng town to the Lao PDR border, the characteristics of the river still continue to be impressive. Here de Carné (1872) has described that in some places the water flowed violently through the twisted channels and between flooded forests along the river bed. The river and forest joined one to the other and nothing was heard but the noise of the wind in the high branches of trees, or the roaring of the waters round their roots. The account also shows that when the evening came, some fishers (as now) showed themselves by the flickering light of their torches, which illuminated them with fiery serpent-like beams cast on the waters, and the dying voice of the wind. Elsewhere, the water spreads out, half-veiled by charming trees, which bend over it and dip their ever-fresh leaves, and white and rose flowers, in its coolness. In 1999, a 37 km stretch of the Mekong river from about 5 km north of Stung Treng town to about 3 km south of the Lao PDR border (with 500 m on each side of the river) was designated as a Ramsar reserve (‘wetland of international importance’ under the Ramsar Convention). The site covers an area of 14,600 hectares. Currently, there are about 13,000 people living at the site. It is located in two districts: Thalaboriwat and Stung Treng, with four communes, 21 villages, and about 40 islands (DoE, 2002). The varied and special ecological conditions of the Ramsar site provide the area with a great diversity of wildlife – mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and vegetation –described in detail in Chapter 4. The four flagship species1 of the Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme (MWBP) are found in or very close to the Ramsar reserve – the Irrawaddy dolphin, Sarus crane, Mekong Giant Catfish and Siamese crocodile. This gives the area an added significance for the programme.


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Figure 4.1 Lower Island Area Locations


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Figure 4.2: Upper Island Area Location


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4.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS The general social environment in the vicinity of the propose transmission line route is described below.

4.3.1. Administration

The 230 kV transmission line routes from Laos Border to Stung Treng Crosses Samaki Commune, Stung Treng District, to Sdau and Kamphun commune in Sesan district total route 46.7 km.

4.3.2. Population and Settlement Pattern Before National Road No.7 renovated in late 2006, most people live along rivers: the Mekong, Seskong, Sesan and Srepok. Waterway and boats remained major transportation. Most of agricultural products come from the four rivers in the provinces. Population has increased from 96,015 (18,721 families) in 2005, in 2006: 98,374 (19,206 families), in 2007: 99,322 (20,042 families) and in 2008 with 106,378 (20,819 families). The province is divided into four districts and one city (Stung Treng). Figure 4.3: Population by district/municipal

Table 4.4 Percentage of occupation per sector in Stung Treng 2009

2006 2007 2008 Description % % % Number

Families whose primary occupation is agriculture 82.79 83.86 84.94 17,683Families whose primary occupation is rice farming 76.97 78.39 79.64 16,581Families whose primary occupation is cultivating long-term crops 2.51 2.14 2.03 422


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Families whose primary occupation is cultivating short-term crops 1.12 2.23 1.42 295Families whose primary occupation is cultivating vegetable 0.54 0.52 0.45 93Families whose primary occupation is fisherman 0.56 0.34 1.03 215Families whose primary occupation is livestock farmer 0.68 0.15 0.29 61Families whose primary occupation is NTFP collection 0.4 0.09 0.08 16

Families whose main occupation is craft work 0.36 0.33 0.44 91Families, who is furniture crafter, wooden, rattan, vine, bamboo 0.27 0.15 0.23 48Families who is metal, aluminium, glass goods producer 0.03 0.02 0.04 9Families who are food stuff producer (noodle, sauce...) 0.01 0.05 0.05 11Families who tire, plastics and rubber goods producer 0 0 0 0Families who is textile, clothing goods producer 0 0 0 1Families who is other producer, not listed above 0.06 0.1 0.11 22

Families whose main occupation is services 3.48 2.91 10.13 2,109Families whose main occupation is trader 2.06 1.41 6.01 1,252Families whose main occupation is repairer 0.28 0.31 0.5 104Families whose main occupation is transport services provider 0.44 0.64 0.76 159Families whose primary occupation is providing other services 0.7 0.54 2.85 594

Families whose main occupation is not clear (multi) 13.37 12.9 4.5 936


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Figure 4.4 percentages of four major occupations in each district, Stung Treng province

4.3.3. Land Tenure All land belongs to the State under the Land Law 1992, but private property rights regarding possession, use of land and rights of inheritance are recognized by this Law1. The Land Law (2001) reiterates this requirement as follows: No person shall be deprived of his/her ownership, unless it is in the public interest. Second, the standard fair and just compensation for the sate expropriate is adopted both in the 1993 Constitution and in the 2001 Land Law. Third, with respect to the timing of giving compensation, both the 1993 Constitution and 2001 Land Law explicitly require compensation be made before expropriate starts. Cambodia laws also explicitly preclude legalization of the following possessory acts: i) entering into possession of state public land at any time; ii) entering into possession of state private land after the cutoff date, 30 August 2001 when the 2001 Land Law took effect; iii) transformation of possession rights to state private land into ownership not pursuant to relevant rules effective at the time of transformation; iv) transformation of land concession into ownership before or after the cutoff date, except for concessions in response to social needs; v) any land concessions not in conformity with rules governing such concessions; and vi) any occupation of privately owned land without a title after the cutoff date. Few people hold legal land titles in Cambodia, however land tenure is largely recognized by occupation and recognition by ones neighbors. Boundaries are clearly defined in paddy areas where each field is demarcated by an earth bund, whilst residential land in villages is often fenced. The Certificate of Possession and Use of Land is a form of title, issued by the Department of Cadastre and Geography within the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Affairs and

1 Under the National Constitution of 1993, the right of private land ownership is recognized and land expropriation is prohibited, except in the national interest and with payment of fair and just compensation.


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Planning (formerly the Land Titles Department). A Certificate is obtained by a landholder by submitting an Application for Possession and Use of Land to the provincial office of the Department of Cadastre and Geography. The applicant receives a Receipt for the application, then a slow process of issue is commenced that may involve a dispute over ownership where more than one receipt has been issued for the same piece of land. The Receipt is used as evidence of ownership and is passed on when land is sold or ownership otherwise transferred. Very few landholders in the project area hold any form of land title, with the majority having lodged an Application for Possession and Use of Land. Most landholders obtained their land from distribution by authorities that commenced in 1989. The remaining landholdings were either bought or inherited. In March 2010, the law on Expropriation2 adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December 2009 with officially published by Ministry of Economic in March 2010. This law is to:

• to ensure just and fair deprivation of legal rights to private property, • to ensure prior fair and just compensation, • to serve the national and public interest, and • to develop public physical infrastructures.

Transmission line is one of the public infrastructures. Article 5 of the law states public physical infrastructure project shall include:

a. construction or expansion of railways, roads, bridges, airports, ports and accompanying structures and equipment;

b. construction or expansion of power stations, structures, equipment and transmission lines and distribution lines;

c. construction or expansion of buildings and equipment for postal, telecommunication and information technology systems;

d. construction or expansion of roads, city space, vehicle parking lots, markets, parks, and public squares;

e. construction or expansion of irrigation systems, clean water supply systems, sewage systems, and public interest spaces;

f. construction or expansion of buildings for education, training, science, culture, health care, social security, and stadiums for performances to public audiences;

g. construction or expansion of refineries, treatment plant, buildings and equipment for protection of nature and the environment;

h. construction or expansion of buildings and equipment for research and exploiting mines and other natural resources;

i. construction or expansion of gas systems, fuel pipes, oil refineries, oil rigs, and other systems;

j. construction or expansion of buildings/residences which are seriously destroyed by natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and landslides etc., and for preparation for resettlement;

2 Expropriation refers to confiscation of ownership of or the real right to immovable property of a natural person, private legal entity and legal public entity, which includes land, buildings, and cultivated plants, for the purpose of constructing, rehabilitating or expanding public physical infrastructure for the national and public interests with prior fair and just compensation.


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k. construction or expansion of buildings for protecting and supporting residents; l. construction or expansion of border crossing posts; m. construction or expansion of or preparation for necessary structures for national

defense or security;

n. new area establishment for protecting of natural resources, forests, cultural and archeological sites or protection of the environment; and

4.3.4. Land Use change Land use change in Stung Treng as dramatically changed since the province open up to outside since late 1990s and more changes starting from mid 20s when more road access were available with more influx from outsiders. Table 4.5 Land use classification

Stung Treng Land Use Classification

Area (ha) Forested land 928,000Agricultural land 126,836 Residential land 103,217Road 2,496 River, stream and creeks 41,094 TOTAL 1,201,643

A. Economic Land Concession

Since 1998 up to 2009, most of the forest land being converted into economic land concession Total economic land concession are 195,105 ha of which 194,236 ha belong to 12 companies which are not under the authorization of provincial authorities and one company with 869 ha under provincial authority. Each company received permission range from 70 year to 99 years. This duration is very dangerous for the Cambodian local people. Table 4.6: List of economic land concession in Stung Treng (up to 15 September 2009)

No Name of companies Total areas (ha)

Location (district)

Type of businesses Master Plan

Current status

Companies with > 1,000 ha 1 Sok Heng Company

Ltd 7,172 Sdau, Sesan

district 3Acacia, Rubber, and other fruit trees

yes On- going

2 Powder processing 7,400 Samaki, Stung Rubber, Teak, yes On-going

3 This company has cancelled in 2010 due to lack of development activities rather than cutting wood and timber for selling.


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company limited Treng Klem Chan, animal raising and wood processing

3 Sal Sophea Peanich Co.; LTD

9,917 Kamphun, Sesan

Rubber, Teak, Klem Chan, animal raising and wood processing

Yes On-going

4 Sopheak Nika Investment Agro-Industrial Plants Co.; LTD

10,000 Kamphun, Se San district

Rubber, Polonia Akapia, Teak, wood processing

yes On-going

5 Phou Mady Investment Group

10,000 Se San Rubber, Akapia, Cassava, Sugar cane and wood processing

Yes On-going

6 GG World Group Cambodia Development LTD

5,000 Samaki, Stung Treng

Teak, Klem Chann, fruit tree, animal raising and wood processing

yes On-going

7 Grand Land Agricultural Development (Cambodia) Co.; LTD

9,845 Sesan Teak, fruit trees, cash crops and wood processing

Yes On-going

8 Green Sea Agricultural Co.; Ltd

100,852 Samaki of Stung Treng & Siem Pang

Rubber, Teak, Trajopha, Akaphia and wood processing

yes On-going

9 Siv Gek Investment 10,000 Se San Rubber, Teak, Cassava, Sugar Cane and wood processing

Yes On-going

10 Sekong Development

9,850 Siem Pang Agro-industry and animal raising

yes No activities

11 Research Mine and Development

7,200 Se San na na No activities

12 Un Inter Trading and Development

7,000 Sesan na na No activities

Companies with <1,000 ha 1 Bou Narita 869 Stung Treng Akapia and Teak na No activities

The highlight column refers to those company situated in commune where transmission line come across.

B. Social land concession Up to 01 January 2008, proposed Social Land Concession for retired and mobilized soldiers were waiting for approval from Ministry of Land and Urban Planning. The area situated starting from Km 9 up to km 23 (Km sign 484) on the west side up to paddy field of local


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resident close to Mekong River Bank equaling with 2,236 ha. Around 122 ha belong to local resident who have settled down since 1995 and their paddy fields, bridge. While the rest confiscated from illegal land clearance and degraded forest belongs to Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). FA in Stung Treng is verbally agreed to offer the land as SLC, while at national level are yet to make decision even during the fieldwork. The proposed new line of 230kv will come across these areas as well.

C. Agricultural productivities

In Stung Treng, rice cultivation remain dominant crop and can be done only one time/year which is rainfed rice crop. According to data provided by provincial department of agriculture (2009) revealed that rice surplus in the provinces has been reported with 18,000 tons even though the effected by Ketsana typhoon in late 2009. Table below shows rice cultivation in Stung Treng based on districts. Table 4.7 Estimated rice balance based on actual cultivated, affected and rice yield in 2009 District Planned

(ha) Actual (ha)

Affected (ha)

Harvested (ha)

Yield (T/ha)

Total prod. (T)

Pop. Food demand (T)

Sesan 5,000 5,035 620 4415 2.75 12,141 17,506 2,503Siem Bouk 3,700 4,320 65 4255 2.75 11,701 14,444 2,066Siem Pang 5,300 5,234 485 4749 2.75 13,060 18,323 2,620Stung Treng 1,500 1,508 64 1444 2.75 3,971 30,959 4,427Thalaboriwat 7,500 7,510 66 7444 2.75 20,471 30,439 4,353Total 23,000 23,607 1,300 22,307 2.75 61,344 111,671 15,969

The activities start from May/June-October and harvested from October-December. This crop is grown without irrigation, transplanted November-March and harvested February-May. There is no dry rice cultivation as there is no irrigation.

4.3.5. Local Economy and Household Characteristics The local economy along the length of the ROW is characterized by rural production and the provision of basic goods and services. The most common primary occupation is farming (38% of AP respondents), with rice providing the main source of income. Other occupations and income sources reported in the survey included: small business seller, driver, worker, officials. Reported annual household incomes ranged from $13 to $2,737, with a median income of $183 and an average of $249 (Preliminary Social Economic Survey results). This figure is underestimated for those villages in Stung Treng along transmission line. For instance, the case in Koh Khorndin shows 68 families involved with fishing and could earn 6,162,200 riel/family/fishing season in 2006 and this might be similar to those villages in Sdau and Kamphun where the transmission line coming across.

4.3.6. Energy Use and Electricity Supply


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Commune data based in 2009 shows 18.10% (around 2,423 consumers with installed capacity 1.7MW) have access to electricity, 17.83% use batter and more than90% use fuel wood. Biomass is the main source of energy in the rural areas along the transmission line route, dominated by the burning of fuel wood, charcoal and agricultural residues. These rural areas have no main electricity supply, however many households consume a small amount of electricity derived from batteries. Rural villages are serviced by small independent power generators that operate battery recharging businesses. Households use 12 V batteries for running a house light or television, whilst smaller batteries are used for hunting and other purposes.

4.3.7. Transportation and Communications Road transport in the project area primarily occurs via National Route 7 (NR7) the main arterial route in the area, which runs from the Laos border to Stung Treng Province. The section of NR 7 from Stung Treng to the Laos Border is in good condition. Local telecommunications are limited in rural areas along the transmission line route. Stung Treng town is serviced by telephone landlines. Access road to sub-station The proposed new site in Kamphun has been pre-determined by KEPCO study (KEPCO July 2009). The choice has been chosen based-upon technical and administrative convenience including the distance from the airport, avoidance of telephone antennas, and better access road, and little impacts on re-settlements. The survey team conducted an approximate measurement of the substation area to delineate the potential impacted area and found the APs within these areas for interviews and consultations. This substation needs 200m x 200 and access road of 50m x 200m. The team identified five plots of land with 4 houses that may be affected. All land plots in the area are often fenced, though only one was fully cultivating. Most households are away to farmland during the survey period. Village chief and those who were interviewed reported that the owners would return after harvest in November. Figure 4.5: Typical access road and bridge from provincial town to sub-station at Kamphun commune


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However, due to small bridges with maximum capacity of 12 t (5 of them) along the road from Stung Treng to Kamphun, the transportation of heavy equipment for the substation needs to be determined. The earlier studied by SBK in 2006 was in Hang Ko Ban Village opposite provincial town across Sekong River while the proposed alternative substations will be in the area nearby the proposed substation across Sekong and Sesan river. The study team surveyed the indicated areas and found that there are large areas of rice and bamboo fields. There are no residential lands in the areas for the proposed alternative substations.

3.3.8. Historic and Religious Sites There are no historic areas along the transmission line route or within the region of influence of the proposed line.


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V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Environmental impacts that may result from construction or operation are summarized in Table 5.1. The duration of each impact is indicted as either "permanent" (P) or "temporary" (T), whilst the "adverse" (A) or "beneficial" (B) nature of the impact is also indicated. Impacts have been classed as "primary" based on the relative significance of that impact to others.

Table 5.1: Impact Matrix of Environmental Impact and Mitigation

Issue Impact Initiating Project Action

Impact Duration (tem./per)

Adverse Beneficial

Primary Significance

Permanent land use change

Tower construction; substation construction

P A X

Land use restrictions

Crop and land disturbance

The temporary access tracks; batching plant operation; tower construction; line stringing; line maintenance

T A

Land Acquisition and Land Use Change

Loss of tree resources

Easement establishment P A X

Work Force

Construction activities

T A

Construction hazards(UXO) Construction

activities

T A

Electrocution

Health & Safety

Radio and TV interference

Electricity train. & distribute.

P A

Noise Reduce noise emissions

Generation replacement P B

Air Quality Dust emission Construction activities P B X

Loss of habitat Easement establishment P A Fauna Death of flying birds Line structures P A

Erosion Erosion Vegetation removal and ground disturbance; forming of embankments

P A

Water quality & Soil contamination

Pollution of water and soil contamination

Hazardous materials storage and handling; substation

T&P A

Historic & Religious Sites

Visual and cultural impact

Line structure P A


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The potential bio-physical and socio-economic impacts associated with the transmission line vary greatly between the construction and operation phases of the project. The majority of environmental impacts will occur during, or result from, line construction. The type and extent of potential environmental impacts vary depending upon topography, land use, vegetation cover and settlement pattern. The primary bio-physical impacts associated with transmission line construction and operation are land use change and vegetation loss. Secondary potential impacts include land and crop disturbance, habitat loss and wildlife deaths, erosion and usual intrusion. 5.1 LAND ACQUISITION AND LAND USE CHANGE Land acquisition is required to establish the transmission line towers and substation. Land acquisition, which will depend on the final design, for the tower site around 129towers for the 230kV line will be 15x15 m (225 m2) Land to be acquired at the substation sites in Stung Treng Province (2 ha x 2 ha) will totally be 4 ha with an additional access road to substation 1 ha. Therefore, the total land acquisition required is estimated to be 7.9025 ha, to be confirmed during the final design stage. Table5.2: Estimated Land Acquisition (incomplete one) Transmission Line Component Land area Total Area 230 kV tower 15 x 15 (225m2) 2.925 ha Substation 4 ha Access road to Substation 1 ha

5 ha

Total 7.925 ha

Very little land use change will occur on the 7.9025 ha of the proposed 230 kV tower sites as agricultural cultivation will be permitted beneath the lattice towers. Most of the 2.9025 ha required for the project towers is Government owned land and forest. All landowners who will have land acquired for towers will only have a single acquired site on their respective land. Land that is acquired in paddy fields for a 230 kV tower may be categorized as an average "small" landholding. Land that is acquired for a tower situated on a house block is likely to make up a more significant proportion of this household land type.

Mitigation Measures

• Fair compensation will be paid for acquired land based on current market rates, taking into account land capability.

• Owners of land acquired for 230 kV towers will be permitted to grow cereal crops under the towers.

5.2 LAND USE RESTRICTIONS


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z[ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Land use restrictions will be placed on all land within the ROW. Vegetation will be restricted to a 3 m height, whilst no structures will be permitted to be constructed within the easement. On rural land, this will reduce the agricultural capability of land by denying the growing of most trees in the ROW. On urban or industrial land, land use capability will be reduced by prohibiting structures. Immediately outside the ROW tree height restrictions will also be applied, as indicated in Figure 2.6. Cereal cropping within the ROW will be permitted as this vegetation is less than 1 m high, whilst garden crops will also be unaffected as they are generally less than 3 m high (e.g. cassava grows to around 3 m).

Mitigation Measures

o A one-off compensation payment may be paid by IRC to affected landowners

to offset the devaluation of land within the ROW due to reduced land capability. This payment is being considered in the Resettlement Plan, based on current or future land capability, depending upon the site. No compensation will be paid for vegetation height restrictions applied to land adjoining the ROW.

5.3 CROP AND LAND DISTURBANCE

Disruption of farming activities and the disturbance of crops, bunds, canals and drains will occur during construction and some line maintenance activities where machinery access has to be gained and no permanent roads exist. Crop disturbance during construction will result from the establishment of a temporary 3-4 m wide access way to each tower site, the construction of each tower site and conductor stringing. Short sections of paddy bunds and drain/canal embankments will be temporarily removed and drains/ canals may be temporarily tilled to establish access, to be reinstated by the contractor once construction has been completed. Major maintenance activities are likely to have a similar impact, but only at specific sites. Essential maintenance activities will mainly only disturb crops between July-December when wetland rice is grown on approximately 40 % of the ROW. Therefore, total likely crop disturbance during this period would be small.

Spoil will be created from the excavation of tower footings. Approximately 3x 4m2 of fill will be excavated to establish voids for poured concrete foundations. In addition, approximately 2925m2 of fill is required to construct the Stung Treng, assuming a 1 m depth of fill. Land disturbance may also occur at each temporary concrete batching plant site, with approximately 40,000 m2 of land required for substation at Kamphun village, Stung Treng.

Mitigation Measures

� Contractor will select the suitable Machinery for construction activities in according to site situation and minimization of ground disturbance.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z\ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Construction activities on cropping land will be timed to avoid disturbance of field crops within one month of harvest (November to December) wherever possible.

� Established roads and tracks will be used for construction and maintenance access to the line wherever possible.

� Where access is required off existing roads and tracks, access will be restricted to a single carriageway width within the ROW unless more direct and lower impact access can be gained.

� The temporary placement of fill in drains/canals will not be permitted where impeded drainage could cause flooding or damage.

� Fill temporarily placed in drains/canals will be removed, whilst excavated drain/canal embankments will be reinstated, immediately following the required access.

� Compensation for lost production will be paid for crops disturbed prior to harvest based on area of disturbed crop, market price and agreed yield

� Spoil excavated from tower footings will be disposed of by placement along roadsides, or at nearby house blocks if requested by landowners, to improve these features.

� Winning of fill for the substation foundations by creating or improving local ponds or drains, undertaken with the agreement of local communities.

� Temporary concrete batching plants will be located on disturbed sites or areas of low production potential (e.g. grassland) where possible.

5.4. SOIL EROSION

Soils along the ROW are generally susceptible to erosion due to a high dispensability, therefore ground disturbance has the potential to create an erosion hazard reduced vegetative cover from ROW clearing and general ground disturbance from machinery operation while construction will only create a low erosion hazard as ground slopes rarely exceed 2%. Exceptions to this will be on riverbanks and on the batters of canals and drains where vegetation removal and ground disturbance on these steeper slopes may create a moderate to high erosion hazard on these specific sites. A moderate erosion hazard will also be created on embankment batters at the substation sites during and following land filling. More than one tower to be built on the island in Sekong River in Sdau commune in Sesan district.

Mitigation Measure


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z] Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Construction activities involving significant ground disturbance (i.e. substation land forming) will not be undertaken during the monsoon season (mid May to October).

� Tree clearance to enable line construction and establish the ROW will seek to leave ground cover (i.e. grass and low shrubs) undisturbed as much as possible.

� Tree clearing will only invoke the cutting of trees to ground level or pruning as appropriate, with tree stumps and roots retained.

� Substation embankments will be top soiled and planted with a cover crop and perennial ground cover species immediately fol1owing final land forming to provide rapid and long-term ground stabilization.

� The fenced substation compounds will include the embankments to ensure that

ground cover is protected from over grazing or harvesting.

� Excess fill from tower foundation excavation will be disposed of by land forming next to roads or around houses, in agreement with the local community or landowner. All land-formed areas will be seeded with a cover crop and perennial grass mix.

� Where fill is obtained from specific sites for the construction of the substation foundations, these sites will be rehabilitated by seeding with a cover crop and perennial grass mix.

5.5 WATER QUALITY AND SOIL CONTAMINATION

Construction activities will require a small volume of water for concreting and to supply the construction workforce with drinking water and for sanitation purposes. Water will be drawn from nearby streams, springs and other sources, with the agreement of local people as necessary. Water sources are susceptible to pollution from accidental spills of construction materials, oils and chemicals, and from human contamination from defecation. Appropriate facilities will be provided and controls placed on construction and workforce activities. Soil and water contamination may occur at the substations from the accidental release of transformer oil. The substations will be bounded in accordance with standards to prevent the loss of oil off site. Turbidity created by minor erosion and sedimentation resulting from construction will have a negligible impact on water quality.

Mitigation Measures


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z^ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Fuel and other hazardous materials used during project construction will be stored in a secure manner above flood level and at least 20 m from any body of water, watercourse, and canal or storage pond.

� Substations will be constructed above at least the 1:10 year flood level by

creating a filled pad.

� Substation transformers will be located within secure and impervious bounded areas with a storage capacity of at least 110% of the capacity of oil in transformers and associated reserve tanks. Drainage flame traps with oil/water separators will also be installed.

� Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) will be prohibited from use in any electrical equipment.

5.6 NOISE AND AIR QUALITY Tower foundation construction will be undertaken by boring machines and pile drivers, depending upon site conditions. This equipment will generate noise levels in the range of 55-60 dBA at the source. Given the relatively short duration of excavation activities, and the predominantly rural location of these activities, the resulting noise impact is classified as relatively minor. Exhaust emission from machinery used for tower and substation construction will be minor, localized and of short duration. Dust may be generated on construction sites and at the temporary concrete batching plants from the handling of cement, sand and aggregate.

Mitigation Measure

� Construction activities will only be undertaken during the day and local communities will be informed of the construction schedule.

� Batching plants will be located away from residences where possible.

� Temporary concrete hatching plants will be located away from residences to

reduce the potential for dust in inhabited areas.

� Water spraying of construction site particularly in dry and windy condition.

5.7 LOSS OF TREE RESOURCES

Private and communal trees and plants above 3 m height within the 30 m wide ROW will be either removed or pruned to provide the necessary conductor clearance distance. illustrated in Figure 2.6. This will involve the removal of classes as having economic value, as recorded in


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z_ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

the asset survey. Trees up to 3 m in height will be permitted within the ROW, such as banana palms. In addition, large trees within 30 m of the base of towers and poles will be selectively removed or pruned to reduce the height of trees that have the potential of falling and striking these structures. Tree removal or pruning will also be undertaken immediately outside the ROW to prevent trees from falling and striking the lowest conductor (as low as 8 m above ground level). Tree removal and pruning will mainly occur in settlement areas, where the majority of trees occur. A large number of replacement trees will be grown by households outside the ROW to offset lost production, therefore the long-term loss of trees will be less than the number of tree removed.

Mitigation Measures

� Trees that can survive pruning to less than 3 m height will be pruned to provide the required line clearance distances, not cleared.

� Vegetation to be cleared will be marked prior to clearance to ensure that minimal clearance occurs. Trees that have mature heights in excess of the required clearances will be clearly marked, and only these trees will be felled or trimmed to meet the clearance requirements.

� Felled trees and other cleared or pruned vegetation (wood, branches and foliage) will be made available/retained by the owner of that vegetation for his/her use, or will be removed if requested by the owner.

� Compensation for removed or pruned trees will be paid at fair market value based on tree type and age.

5.8 HABITAT LOSS Wildlife (in particular in Sdau commune) will be affected by transmission line construction and operation through the loss of habitat from ROW vegetation clearing, and from the deaths of individuals caused by electrocution or flight impact. No areas of high habitat value were identified along the ROW, with ROW tree clearance generally restricted to managed production trees and the 30 m easement, therefore habitat loss is considered insignificant.

Mitigation Measures

� Trees up to a 3 m height will be retained within the ROW

� Trees that can survive pruning to less than 3 m height wi1l be pruned to provide the required line clearance distances, nor cleared.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy Z` Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Transmission line construction workers will be prohibited from harvesting or collecting fuel wood or other tree products in the project area during their employment, apart from the current activities of locally employed staff.

5.9 RESETTLEMENT

The transmission line ROW has been located to avoid settlements; only few small business shops will be little affected at Au Svay commune close to Lao border and will require moving 1m or 2m backward. Small compensation will be paid to the affected owners. Table: No impact will occur to "host" communities where land is acquired for relocating households as these households will be relocated within their own communities.

Mitigation Measures

� Replacement houses, other buildings and facilities will be constructed to a similar standard as the existing structures.

� Replaced structures will, in order of preference, be located on the existing landholding outside the ROW, on a replacement block of land in the vicinity of the original building or at a similar site agreed upon with the owner.

� Relocated households will retain title over their existing ROW land (except tower and substation sites) despite being compensated with a house block and an adjacent tree and garden area, thereby gaining additional land for garden production or similar.

� Relocation expenses and allowances will be paid to affected households to cover for the cost of moving possessions and the cost of inconvenience during relocation.

� Building materials from Structures removed from the ROW will be made available to the relocation household for its use. Materials that are not wanted by the household will be disposed of by the design and construct engineer.

5.10 HEALTH AND SAFETY

Health and Safety Factors are mainly described with providing the mitigation measures below.

A. LABOR FORCE

The work will require labor force from local resident. Experiences from Economic Land Concession Companies showed that most workers often drink water from streams without boiling and often resulted with diarrheas and typhoid.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [W Korea Electric Power Corporation G

In addition, numbers of cases of sexual transmitted disease may be created by the temporary influx of construction workers into the project area from construction activities and from the operation of the transmission and distribution lines. The survey conducted in 2010 shows majority of people is farmers, fishers and small petty shop sellers. This means majority farmers can be wage labor if the project proceeds with better prices. Table: 5.3: Labor Force and demography of Affected Villages

Population # of families Commune/ Sangkat

Village Name Total Male Female Total # of female

headed hhs

# houses

Kamphun 1638 795 843 495 44 330 Sdao Sdao 1 1508 857 651 240 20 113 Samaki, Krong Stung Treng

Koh Khorn Din

915 592 323 128 18 128

Au Svay, Thalaboriwat

Au Svay 957 405 465 156 10 157

Total 5018 2649 2282 1019 92 728 5018 Source: Commune and village data based, Stung Treng 2008. Table above shows current demographic and potential labor forces in the affected villages. It is expected the new proposed sub-station will need more labor at the place, which is in Sdau and Kamphun commune. The case from the two communes might not the same as Samaki commune since most villagers did not get used to working as wage labor. There are strong social capitals among villagers in the two communes.

Mitigation Measures

� The Design and Construct Contractor will prepare an Occupational Health and Safety Plan and provide related training and instructions to all staff before each person commences duties.

� The construction workforce facilities provided by the Design and Construct Contractor will include proper sanitation, water supply and waste disposal facilities.

� Public health information will be provided to the construction workforce prior to the commencement of on-site work, primarily covering the prevention of HIV/AIDS.

� Introduce clean water and sanitation to all workers.

B. CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS

Health hazards from construction activities will occur from heavy machinery operation, the handling of hazardous materials and general construction activities. Unexploded ordinance (UXO) can probably occur within the ROW and thus poses a significant hazard at these


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [X Korea Electric Power Corporation G

locations. Constructors need to realize that the areas along Sekong and Sesan used to be under heavy fighting during Vietnam War and there are might exist some UXO. However, during the study there was no report about this.

Mitigation Measures

� A boundary marker and access control will be prohibiting possible construction hazards from general construction activities.

� Unexploded ordinance (UXO) will be surveyed and a boundary marker and access control (sturdy fencing with locked gate) will be performed.

5.11 HISTORIC, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS SITES

The transmission line route avoids crossing or running within close proximity of historic, cultural and religious sites, and no graves are crossed by the ROW.

Mitigation Measures

� The transmission line route avoids crossing or running within close proximity of historic, cultural and religious sites, and no graves are crossed by the ROW.

5.12 NEGATIVE IMPACT IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE STAGE

5.12.1 ELECTROCUTION

Electrocution can occur from contact with the live conductors, flashover from the conductor to a tower and conductor breakage. Contact with live conductors or flashover to a person or object near a live line is highly unlikely to occur given that a safe minimum vertical clearance from ground level of 7 m and 6 m will be provided to both 230kV lines respectively. The accidental failure of the transmission line involving a conductor breakage is also highly unlikely to result in people being electrocuted. Very sensitive and 100% redundant transmission line protection will be adopted for the line. This protection will detect any fault, including conductor snapping, and causes the line to be de-energized within three cycles (i.e. 60 milliseconds), thus largely avoiding the potential for electrocution from breakage. Three main methods will be used to limit the lightning voltage that may appear at a substation overhead ground wires (shield conductors from lightning strikes); reduced line insulation or gaps near the transformer station; and lightning (surge) arresters, as near as possible to the transformer (discharge incoming impulses to the ground).

Mitigation Measures


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [Y Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Wherever towers are located close to settlements, fences, signs and metal guard structures on the towers can be used to dissuade people and wildlife such as monkeys from climbing the towers.

� The use of marker balls on conductors will be considered in the detailed design

of 230 kV lines to make the conductors more visible. Specific sites considered will include where air traffic is more likely.

� Public disclosure to local community through television, radio, or brochure on

danger because of electrocution.

5.12.2 RADIO AND TV INTERFERENCE High voltage transmission lines can develop a "corona effect" caused by the ionization of air around the conductors, insulators and hardware due to a constant electric charge. This effect occurs when the stress on the air surrounding the conductor and associated hardware exceeds the breakdown strength of air. It results in power loss and electromagnetic interference to radio and television signals, producing low level noise, but does not pose a health hazard. The corona effect is generally low in dry weather and rises as moisture levels increase. Conductor size is a significant determinant of corona effect. The selection of a sufficiently large conductor prevents the onset of corona.

Mitigation Measures

� Transmission line design will comply with the limits of electromagnetic

interference from overhead AC power lines and high voltage Equipment Installation AS/NZS 2344: 1997 and equivalent international standards.

� Conductors (more than one conductor/phase) will be used for the 230 kV line to mitigate the corona effect.

� The design of all line conductor fittings, vibration dampers, tension clamps and

other line components will avoid sharp corners or projections that would produce high electrical stresses in normal working conditions. The design of adjacent metal parts and mating surfaces will prevent corrosion of the contact surfaces and maintain good electrical contact under service conditions.

� Care will be taken during manufacture of conductors and fittings and during subsequent handling to ensure smooth surfaces free from abrasion.

5.12.3 FLIGHT DEATHS AND ELECTROCUTION

Fauna deaths during transmission line operation may result from flight impact or electrocution. Studies in Europe have identified that significant numbers of avifauna may be killed, especially in areas rich in wetland bird habitats. Limited information is available on the effect of transmission lines on mammals such as bats and monkeys.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [Z Korea Electric Power Corporation G

A. BIRDS Larger predatory birds can be killed by electrocution, while nocturnally active avifauna is more frequently involved in wire strikes. Medium to large waterfowl are susceptible to wire strikes as they often lack maneuverability and have a high incidence of low-level flight activity. Bird deaths from strikes usually occur at night during rain when visibility is poor. Many losses occur when birds strikes the ground wire, which is not as visible as conductors. In flight, birds can collide into the cables of power lines because cables are often difficult to see. In most cases the impact of collision leads to immediate death or to fatal injuries and mutilations. In principle, birds of any flying species can become victims of collisions with some types of aerial wire or high-voltage power lines. Migrating birds flying at heights between 20 m and 50 m are at considerable risk of collision. Mitigation Measures Migration flight altitude is dependent on many factors, such as flight distance, weather, wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity, time of day and topography, as well as the species, size and structure of the bird. Many important investigations on bird collision have been performed on high- and highest-voltage power lines. There is a lack of information about migratory routes, especially nocturnal ones and about any concentrations at critical heights which would increase the risk of collision.

� To minimize bird deaths associated with transmission lines will be considered near the Ramsar Site during detailed line design (at Stung Treng).

� Silhouettes of birds of prey attached to conductors to frighten birds � Markers, such as colored balls (red) attached to conductors to enhance

visibility by birds. � Modifications to mitigate electrocution, such as perch guards and conductor

insulation (Helland-Hansen et al, 1995).

B. MAMMALS Mammals Bats may strike transmission line wires at night, while arboreal mammals such as monkeys may be electrocuted by climbing towers and reaching wires. Many of the mitigation measures applicable for birds will also minimise bat strike, as flight paths are similar. Mammals may be electrocuted by either simultaneously touching a conductor and earthing on a tower, or by touching two conductors. It is expected that arboreal mammals will only utilise towers to escape from predators, chase prey or out of curiosity. The required vegetation clearance distances from the base of towers and lines will ensure that monkeys do not move directly from trees onto towers or lines. However, considering the inquisitive behaviour of monkeys, they may climb towers and consequently risk electrocution. Mitigation Measures


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [[ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Installation of screens to prevent monkeys and other arboreal mammals climbing towers will be considered in the design of the towers.

� A monitoring program will be undertaken to determine the occurrence of fauna

deaths associated with the transmission line. Additional mitigation measures will be considered if implemented measures are unsuccessful.

5.13 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

5.13.1 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS The main social and economic benefits that are intended to flow from the transmission of electricity from Laos Border to Stung Treng are:

• increased electricity supply and improved supply reliability • decreased cost of electricity; • electrification of un-serviced rural areas • Increase regional cooperation in particular trade, economic and extractive industry

Increased electricity supply and improved supply reliability should eventually lead to a decrease in the cost of electricity. These benefits will indirectly promote development by making production more reliable and cost effective. The supply of electricity to villages near the transmission line would make electricity more affordable and reduce the need for battery recharging by households that currently use electricity. Domestic laborers will be employed in the project construction, with the minority coming from Phnom Penh. Local employment will generate income in the project area, albeit for a short duration. Landowners who own houses to be relocated away from the ROW to a site off their existing landholding will gain a small area of additional land due to the need to purchase a house block and the retention of the ROW land. Laborers for construction of the transmission line will be sourced from local areas where appropriate therefore the economic benefit of their income will be largely retained in the region. It is emphasized that land acquisition for construction tower and substation sites should be at fair market value. Replacement housing will be the same quality as existing structures and compensation for cleared trees will be paid at fair market value as specified in the RP. Accordingly, no economic loss to private landholders will result from transmission line construction.

Mitigation Measures


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [\ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

� Labor intensive construction methods will be considered by the Design and Construct Contractor where a time or cost penalty is not likely to be incurred in order to create employment.

� At least 50% of the unskilled construction workforce will be sourced from the project area (Excluding Phnom Penh), as a condition of the Tender.

� Contracts for the regular pruning of vegetation within and next to the ROW will be given to local village-based contractors if there is no cost penalty incurred.

5.13.2 REDUCE AIR POLLUTION

Air quality in Provincial Town will be improved as a direct consequence of electricity importation. Whilst existing HFO and LDO plants will not cease operation when the transmission line becomes operational, and electricity consumption in Provincial Towns is likely to increase as a consequence of the greater and more reliable electricity supply delivered by the project, the existing polluting generation will be reduced as soon as the transmission line is operational, leading to a reduced need to generate up to 629 GWh/a from HFO and LDO. This offsetting of generation will reduce the release of polluting gases and particulate matter in Provincial Towns, particularly SO2, NOx and CO2.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [] Korea Electric Power Corporation G

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Comprehensive environmental management requires planning, implementation, supervision and monitoring activities to be undertaken by a range of parties prior to and during project construction and during project operation. This includes implementation of the EMP.

6.1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Monitoring the implementation of environmental and social management measures is required to ensure that measures are undertaken in accordance with the EMP. Auditing the outcomes of implemented measures is also required to identify ineffective measures or implementation procedures, allowing the design of improved measures and implementation of corrective actions. On-going monitoring of the implementation of EMP measures will be primarily the responsibility of the DCC, PIC and IMO. Environmental and social awareness training shall be provided to all personnel whose activities and decisions can affect the environmental and social outcomes of the project.

6.2. EMP MONITORING Monitoring the implementation of environmental and social management measures is required to ensure that measures are undertaken in accordance with the EMP and to enable measures to be adapted and refined as issues arise. Auditing the outcomes of implemented measures is also required to identify ineffective measures or implementation procedures, allowing the design of improved measures and implementation of corrective actions.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [^ Korea Electric Power Corporation

Table 6.1: Environmental Mitigation Plan

Phase Issue Impact Mitigating Measure When MPis conducted-frequency of

measurement orcontinuous?

InstitutionResponsibility*

Construction

LandAcquisitionand Land UseChange

Crop and landdisturbance

� Contractor will select thesuitableMachineryfor construction activities in according to sitesituation and minimization of grounddisturbance.

� Construction activitieson cropping land willbe timed to avoid disturbanceof field cropswithin onemonth of harvest (November toDecember) wherever possible.

� Established roadsand trackswill beused forconstruction and maintenanceaccess to thelinewherever possible.

� Whereaccess is required off existing roadsand tracks, accesswill be restricted to asinglecarriageway width within theROW unlessmoredirect and lower impact access can begained.

� The temporary placement of fill indrains/canalswill not bepermitted whereimpeded drainagecould cause flooding ordamage.

� Fill temporarily placed in drains/canalswill beremoved, whilst excavated drain/canalembankmentswill be reinstated, immediately

Constructionand Operation

Contractor


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [_ Korea Electric Power Corporation

following the required access.� Compensation for lost production will bepaid

for cropsdisturbed prior to harvest based onareaof disturbed crop, market priceandagreed yield

� Spoil excavated from tower footingswill bedisposed of by placement along roadsides, orat nearby houseblocks if requested bylandowners, to improve these features.

� Winning of fill for thesubstation foundationsby creating or improving local pondsordrains, undertaken with theagreement of localcommunities.

� Temporary concretebatching plantswill belocated on disturbed sitesor areasof lowproduction potential (e.g. grassland) wherepossible.

Lossof TreeResource

� Trees that can survivepruning to less than 3 mheight will bepruned to provide therequiredlineclearancedistances, not cleared.

� Vegetation to becleared will bemarked priorto clearance to ensure that minimal clearanceoccurs. Trees that havematureheights inexcessof the required clearanceswill beclearly marked, and only these treeswill befelled or trimmed to meet theclearancerequirements.

� Felled trees and other cleared or prunedvegetation (wood, branchesand foliage) willbemade available/retained by theowner of

BeforeClearance

Clearance

After Clearance


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy [` Korea Electric Power Corporation

that vegetation for his/her use, or will beremoved if requested by the owner.

� Compensation for removed or pruned treeswill bepaid at fair market valuebased on treetypeand age.

Health andSafety

Labor Force

� TheDesign and Construct Contractor willpreparean Occupational Health and SafetyPlan and provide related training andinstructions to all staff beforeeach personcommencesduties.

� Theconstruction workforce facilitiesprovidedby theDesign and Construct Contractor willincludeproper sanitation, water supply andwastedisposal facilities.

� Public health information will beprovided totheconstruction workforceprior to thecommencement of on-sitework, primarilycovering theprevention of HIV/AIDS.

Construction Contractor

ConstructionHazards

� A boundary marker and accesscontrol will beprohibiting possibleconstruction hazards from generalconstruction activities.

� Unexploded ordinance(UXO) will besurveyed and aboundary marker and accesscontrol (sturdy fencing with locked gate) willbeperformed.

BeforeConstruction

ConstructionContractor


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \W Korea Electric Power Corporation

Electrocution

� Wherever towersare located close tosettlements, fences, signsand metal guardstructureson the towerscan beused todissuadepeopleand wildlifesuch asmonkeysfrom climbing the towers.

� Theuseof marker ballson conductorswill beconsidered in thedetailed design of 230 kVlines to make theconductorsmorevisible.Specific sites considered will includewhereair traffic ismore likely.

� Public disclosure to local community throughtelevision, radio, or brochureon dangerbecauseof electrocution.

BeforeConstruction

Construction

Operation

Contractor

Radio and TVInterference

� Transmission linedesign will comply with thelimitsof electromagnetic interference fromoverhead AC power linesand high voltageEquipment Installation AS/NZS 2344: 1997and equivalent international standards.

� Conductors (more than oneconductor/phase)will beused for the230 kV line to mitigate thecoronaeffect.

� Thedesign of all lineconductor fittings,vibration dampers, tension clampsand otherlinecomponentswill avoid sharp cornersorprojections that would producehigh electricalstresses in normal working conditions. Thedesign of adjacent metal partsand mating

BeforeConstruction

Contractor


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \X Korea Electric Power Corporation

surfaceswill prevent corrosion of thecontactsurfacesand maintain good electrical contactunder service conditions.

� Carewill be taken during manufactureofconductorsand fittingsand during subsequenthandling to ensuresmooth surfaces free fromabrasion.

Noise and AirQuality

BrainsEffect

� Construction activitieswill only beundertakenduring theday and local communitieswill beinformed of theconstruction schedule.

� Batching plantswill be located away fromresidenceswherepossible.

� Temporary concretehatching plantswill belocated away from residences to reduce thepotential for dust in inhabited areas.

� Water spraying of construction siteparticularly in dry and windy condition.

BeforeConstruction

Construction

Operation

Contractor

Fauna Habitat Loss

� Treesup to a3 m height will be retainedwithin theROW

� Trees that can survivepruning to less than 3 mheight wi1l bepruned to provide therequiredlineclearancedistances, nor cleared.

� Transmission lineconstruction workerswillbeprohibited from harvesting or collecting

BeforeConstruction

Contractor


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \Y Korea Electric Power Corporation

fuel wood or other treeproducts in theprojectareaduring their employment, apart from thecurrent activitiesof locally employed staff.

Bird andMammalDeaths

� To minimisebird deathsassociated withtransmission lineswill beconsidered near theRamsar Siteduring detailed linedesign (atStung Treng).

� Silhouettesof birdsof prey attached toconductors to frighten birds

� Markers, such ascolored balls (red) attachedto conductors to enhancevisibility by birds.

� Modifications to mitigateelectrocution, suchasperch guards and conductor insulation(Helland-Hansen et al, 1995).

� Installation of screens to prevent monkeysandother arboreal mammals climbing towerswillbeconsidered in thedesign of the towers.

� A monitoring program will beundertaken todetermine theoccurrenceof faunadeathsassociated with the transmission line.Additional mitigation measureswill beconsidered if implemented measures areunsuccessful.

BeforeConstruction

Construction

Operation

Contractor

� Construction activities involving significant


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \Z Korea Electric Power Corporation

Erosion Soil Erosion

ground disturbance(i.e. substation landforming) will not beundertaken during themonsoon season (mid May to October).

� Treeclearance to enable lineconstruction andestablish theROW will seek to leavegroundcover (i.e. grassand low shrubs) undisturbedasmuch aspossible.

� Treeclearing will only invoke thecutting oftrees to ground level or pruning as appropriate,with treestumps and roots retained.

BeforeConstruction

Construction

Operation

Contractor

� Substation embankmentswill be top soiledand planted with acover crop and perennialground cover species immediately fol1owingfinal land forming to provide rapid and long-term ground stabilization.

� The fenced substation compoundswill includetheembankments to ensure that ground coverisprotected from over grazing or harvesting.

� Excess fill from tower foundation excavationwill bedisposed of by land forming next toroadsor around houses, in agreement with thelocal community or landowner. All land-formed areaswill beseeded with acover cropand perennial grassmix.

� Where fill isobtained from specific sites fortheconstruction of thesubstation foundations,thesesiteswill be rehabilitated by seedingwith acover crop and perennial grassmix.

� Fuel and other hazardousmaterialsused


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \[ Korea Electric Power Corporation

Water Qualityand SoilContamination

WaterPollution andSoilContamination

during project construction will bestored in asecuremanner above flood level and at least20 m from any body of water, watercourse,and canal or storagepond.

� Substationswill beconstructed aboveatleast the1:10 year flood level by creatinga filled pad.

� Substation transformerswill be located withinsecureand imperviousbounded areas with astoragecapacity of at least 110% of thecapacity of oil in transformers and associatedreserve tanks. Drainage flametrapswithoil/water separatorswill also be installed.

� Polychlorinated biphenylswill beprohibitedfrom use in any electrical equipment.

BeforeConstruction

Construction

Operation

Contractor

Historic,Cultural andReligious Sites

Visual� The transmission line routeavoidscrossing or

running within closeproximity of historic,cultural and religioussites, and no graves arecrossed by theROW.

BeforeConstruction

Contractor


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \\ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

6.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES EDC and the PMO (Phnom Penh) will be responsible for ensuring the project complies with the environmental policies, procedures, and best practices of the GoC and World Bank. EDC will check the specifications and special provisions that are set out in the construction contract. The Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) will be responsible for ensuring, on a day-to-day basis, that the mitigation measures and monitoring activities identified in the EMP are properly implemented. EDC will be required to assign two environmental specialists in Phnom Penh during the construction phase and one permanent environmental specialist during project implementation to efficiently implement the required environmental monitoring and evaluation works at the sites. Additionally, an External Monitoring Agency (EMA) will be required to include a bird specialist or engage the services of an internationally recognized NGO specializing in bird issues associated with development projects: in particular transmission line projects. The EMA will coordinate its’ efforts with the PIC. Environmental procedures to be followed are described below: Data Collection

Construction Most data collection would be performed by the PMO (Phnom Penh). Some monitoring activities (see Monitoring Plan) are the responsibility of government authorities (e.g. Forest Authority and Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts for cultural properties), again these are specified in the Monitoring Plan. Operation The EDC Office of Social, Environment and Public Relations will have full responsibility for most data collection. Issues related to bird flights and any associated impacts from the transmission line would be the responsibility of the EMA. Data Analysis

Construction Data will be analyzed by the PMO with PIC assistance. Operation Data will be analyzed by EDC. EDC will include one environmental specialist assigned to analyze all the environmental data collected. Information regarding bird flight and associated impacts would be analyzed by the EMA. Reporting (Including Recommended Actions)

Construction The PMO assisted by the Design and Construction Contractor, the PIC and the EMA will prepare environmental reports and any recommendations for further actions based upon on their data analysis and issue reports as follows:


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \] Korea Electric Power Corporation G

• Weekly reports to EDC Management (Corporate Planning and Project Department) • Quarterly reports to EDC Management (Corporate Planning and Project Department), MIME, and the Ministry of Environment • Semiannual reports EDC Management (Corporate Planning and Project Department), MIME, the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank • Annual reports to EDC Management (Corporate Planning and Project Department), MIME, the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank Reporting to the World Bank will be done as part of EdC regular reporting requirements. Each report to the World Bank will be required to include a separate section on environment, which will include a summary of the findings, any environmental issues that occurred during the reporting period and how they were managed, or how they will be managed, and a schedule for completion. Operation EdC, MIME, the Ministry of Environment and the World Bank will receive reports at least annually. Management

Construction The PIC and EDC Management (Corporate Planning and Project Department), possibly with recommendations from the Ministry of Environment will be responsible for implementing any recommendations presented in the environmental reports. Operation EDC Transmission and Distribution Department will be responsible for implementing any recommendations presented in the environmental reports.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \^ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Figure 6.1: Organizational chart of project implementation


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \_ Korea Electric Power Corporation G

VII. CONCLUSIONS

7.1. PUBLIC CONSULATION Public consultations were made available in early stage in February 05-11, 2006. Meanwhile information dissemination is made to consultation with and participation of PAPs to reduce the potential for conflicts, minimize the risk of Project delays, and enable the Project to design smoothly as a comprehensive development program to suit the needs and priorities of the PAPs, thereby maximizing the economic and social benefits of the investment. Specific objectives of the public information campaign and public consultation are as follows:

• To establish a clear, easily accessible and effective complaint and inform about environmental impacts & mitigation measures.

• To share fully the information about the proposed Projects, its components and its activities, with the PAPs.

• To obtain information about the needs and priorities of the PAPs, as well as information about their reactions to proposed policies and activities.

• To obtain the cooperation and participation of the PAPs and communities in activities required to be undertaken for environmental management.

• To ensure transparency in all activities related to environmental impact & mitigation measure.

7.2. METHODOLOGY

Public consultation and field survey were conducted two stages. The first stage was carried out February and March 2006 where the study teams conducted interviews and consultations with villagers, head of villages, and head of communes for Vietnam Border-Kampong Cham and Laos Border to Stung Treng transmission line Project. The study teams directly visited houses of head of village, head of commune, and invited affected villagers to attend the consultation meeting. According to data sheets, general information of the villages, specific information of affected land, villagers’ attitudes and comments towards the project’s impact were collected by interviews. The consultants visited the villages where the transmission lines are passing and met the affected people there. And consultants presented the official document issued by MIME to the head of the village and the related people and had a discussion about the environmental impacts and mitigation measures which can happen during the project. The second consultation was carried out from 26-29 September 2010. The main purpose was to present the upgraded TL from 119 kV to 230 kV and the proposed new roads and sub-stations. Similar process has been made. The team visit the proposed new line along NR7, consulted with affected people, observing the affected structure, and consulted with economic land concession supervisor. The team also consulted with representative from department of land, department of environment, forestry Cantoment officers, consulted with local authorizes


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy \` Korea Electric Power Corporation G

and affected persons in Sdau and Kamphun, Samaki and field observation at the sub-station and other proposed tower stations. Below is the list of photo activities of the consultation activities from 26-29 September 2010 in Stung Treng. Figure 7.1: List of photo activities consulted from 26-29 Sept 2010


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ]W Korea Electric Power Corporation G


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ]X Korea Electric Power Corporation G

7.3 PARTICIPATION Public participation includes both the information exchange (dissemination and consultation), and collaborative forms of decision-making (participation). Dissemination refers to transfer of information from Project authority (EdC Counter partner) to the affected population. Consultation, on the other hand, generally refers to joint discussion between 49 Project authorities and the affected population serving as a conduit for transfer of information and sharing of ideas.

7.4 Public Consultation Meeting

On 15 November 2006 at Stung Treng District, Stung Treng Province. Purpose of the this meeting to inform and disclose of the project activity to stakeholders on Project Impact on households, shops, tree, vegetable and land use of the people that live along the 115 kV ROW from Laos Border to Stung Treng. The public consultation have presented of subject like scope of the project, project activities, potential of the environmental and social impact, especially impact on local communities that live along the 115 kV transmission line (along national road No 7). The attendants had more questions and recommendation as summary as follow: This public consultation meeting attended by the Stung Treng’s local authority and concerned institution of the projects such as Electricité du Cambodge, Ministry of Economy and Finance, and representative of H.E Governor of Province, representative of relevant departments in the province, district authority, commune, village and reporter. The consultation session was introduced by Mr. MAO Visal, Head Office of Social, Environment and Public Relation of Eléctricité du Cambodge and followed by Mr. MAO Visal and Mr. CHEN Sophanna made presentation on Social and Environmental Impact and Resettlement ( see annex for detail consultation outcome in 2006).

7.5. Main discussion and conclusion

Summary of the project description was explained to the representative villages and villagers concerned. Alignments of the transmission line and affected land are discussed. Since the impacts and affected lands by the Project is minimized and mitigated, participants basically agreed the implementation of the Project. They expressed their willingness to participate in the construction work of the Project as a labor to get income from the Project. Being a transmission line project of which the villagers were well aware and quite common in all part of the country. Also, all villagers were well aware of the project by comparing to the benefits resulting from the project. Therefore, the villagers did not raise the environmental issues and expressed no concern with respect to adverse environmental impacts to them.


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ]Y Korea Electric Power Corporation G

VIII. EMP BUDGET AND FINANCING

8.1. BASIS OF COMPENSATION COST ESTIMATE

The compensation rates for the forest tree which were indicated in section 3 will follow the following policies from Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery:

1. Royalty payment of $54/m3 for the second quality of the logs, in this case after paying the above amount contractor can use and sell the logs.

2. Compensate the land needed to reforestation for fast-growing trees (Acacia) change from proposed $680/ha (6 year maintaining) to around $2,000. This cost will compensate to only forest clearance with $1,000 and $200 for maintenance/year for five year period. This amount did not include lease land or rented land, it cover existing economic land concession4 only. Similar price also apply to existing rubber plantation which need land clearance and maintenance cost. Rubber in Stung Treng also fast growing tree which take five to six year to harvest. However, the worse price to compensate is that land belongs to private individual who often demand more compensation.

3. Compensate the land needed for reforestation for slow-growing trees (tnung, Cheu Teal, tneak, sokram) at the rate of $1,000/ha (10 years monitoring). In case of luxurious forest the price would be different. The new proposed transmission line will go across existing economic Land Concession belong to Keo Vuthy Company and it is expected luxerous tree range from 1-10 tree/ha. It was suggested contractors need to consult with FA official to conduct inventory and determine how much tree will be lost and how much should be compensate.

4. Potential Affected Peoples along transmutation line from Lao PDR border to sub-station in Kamphun commune. The route of the proposed Transmission Line ROW has extended from 30 m to 100 - 200 meters from the center of NR 7 in order to avoid settlements. Along this route there are around 30 small wooden houses and huts with an average size of (4m x 4m) that will be affected by the line. The total land that will be needed for acquisition from these houses will need to be assessed. Since the 24 structures in Ou Svay and Samaki are located on the roadside which is state property, only compensation for land use, loss of income, and loss of structures will be compensated. Those house structures and land in Sdau and Kamphun should be fully compensated.

4 Economic land concession: land to economic land concession belongs to state and this can be negotiated with state. Transmission lines will serve public and belong tot state which will be easier to solve the problems and compromise one the forest is inventoried (inter. Mr. Cheang Daly, forestry official, mb: 012867477).


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ]Z Korea Electric Power Corporation G

Table 8.1: Compensation cost estimated for PAP Market Rate

Estimates No. of

Cost Estimates

2006 Rates Units 2010 Category Item

(US$) (US$) I Structure

Houses (lump sum: land use, loss of income, rebuilding)

3,000.00

15 45,000.00

Sub-Total I 45,000.00II Land

A. Transmission Tower 230kV line - Area of land for Towers

- Agricultural Land 1m2/ $ 0.50 29,025 14,512.50- Residential Land 1m2/ $1.00 6,000 6,000.00

B. Land for substation - Agriculture Land 1m2/ $ 0.50 40,000 20,000.00- Residential Land 1m2/ $1.00 5,000 5,000.00- Area of land for access road to Substation

- Agriculture Land 1m2/ $0.50 5000 2,500.00- Residential Land 1m2/ $1.00 5000 5,000.00

Sub-Total II 48,012.50III Fruit Trees

Laos Border-Stung Treng Sdao $5.00 3 15.00Bamboo $6.00 10 60.00Mango $25.00 100 2,500.00Coconut $15.00 10 150.00Putrea $5.00 5 25.00Banana $5.00 50 250.00Tamarine Tree $5.00 5 25.00Jack Tree $10.00 10 100.00Forest Tree TBD** TBD**

Sub-Total III 3,125.00IV Allowance

Disruption Allowance $40.00 15 600.00Allowance for Vulnerable groups (10% of total APs) $150.00 3 450.00Transportation Allowance $40.00 15 600.00Loss of business income $40.00 15 600.00Severely affected APs (10%) $40.00 3 120.00

V Sub-Total for Allowances 2,370.00Sub-Total (I+II+III+IV+V) 98,507.50

VI Incremental Administrative Cost (20%) 19,701.50Sub-Total (I+II+III+IV+V+VI) 118,209.00

Contingency (30%) 35,462.70Total as per 2010 Rate 153,671.70


Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy ][ Korea Electric Power Corporation

G

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