E626Volume 3

Pest Management Plan

for

Andhra Pradesh Rural PovertyReduction Program

Report Prepared

By

Centre for Environment ConcernsHyderabad

April 2002

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Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Aim of the Pest Management Plan 1

3.0 World Bank Operational Guidelines 2

4.0 Pesticide Management Plan 3

5.0 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 7

6.0 Farmers Field Schools 7

Annexure - I: Current Pesticide Use in Andhra Pradesh 10

Annexure -II: Major Pests, Diseases & Symptoms in Trees 16

Annexure - III: Safe Use of Pesticide 17

Annexure - IV: A Day in IPM - FFS 18

Annexure -V: List of organisations Working on Pesticide Related 19Matter in AP

Annexure - VI: Pesticide Classification List - WHO 20

1.0 Introduction

The government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) has initiated AP Rural Poverty ReductionProject (APRPRP) with the support from 'The World Bank' to enable the 'poorest of poor' toarticulate their needs; access and influence the quality of services; and create their ownopportunities to improve their livelihoods in a sustainable manner.

The strategies to achieve the objective include

(a) Focus on the 'poorest of the poor' across the state in 500 selected mandals of 16 districts.

(b) Address the livelihood issues of the 'poorest of the poor' with a focus on land and watermanagement on degraded areas.

(c) Support greater convergence of health, education, nutrition, natural resource managementand anti poverty programs to be responsive to the needs of the poor.

(d) Evolve implementation arrangements to include other stakeholders such as localgovernment and civil society.

As part of the process of project formulation, Livelihood Assessment (LA) study has beencommissioned. This will be converted into an operational implementation plan- theSustainable Livelihoods Management Framework (SLMF) that will also include specific PestManagement Plan for the project as required by The World Bank. This report is prepared byCenter for Environment Concerns, Hyderabad.

The APRPRP project is categorized as Financial Intermediary (FI), which will financeseveral micro projects that would help to develop sustainable livelihoods through CommunityInvestment Funds (CIF) for the poorest of the poor. These micro projects at the village levelwill focus mostly on land and water management. Hence it likely pesticides will be used inland development projects through agricultural practices. In order to develop sustainableprojects a Pest Management Plan is required.

2.0 Aim of the Pest Management Plan

The purpose of this document is to describe a Plan by which the project can promote andsupport safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management in agriculturalinterventions undertaken under AP-RPRP. The Plan further presents components tostrengthen such capacity.

The Plan promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods and the reductionin reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The Plan addresses pest management issues inthe context of the project's environmental assessment.

Sample of Sub-projects Likely to come up under APRPRP

I.Agriculture landscape development and management2.Crop intensificatin and diversification

3. Seed multiplication4. Irrigation development5. Post-harvest storage6. Vegetable cultivation7. Horticulture8. Floriculture9. Agriculture extension personnel10. Bio-pesticides production11. Biological control agents production12. Crop protection inputs13. Pesticide dealership

3.0 World Bank Operational Guidelines

The World Bank & IFC Pesticide guidelines aims to ensure that the pesticide

* Must have negligible adverse human health effects* Should be effective against target pests and minimal effect on non target species* Development of pest resistance to be kept in view* Public health pesticides must be safe for inhabitants and animals

OP 4.09 further lays down that pesticide management specifically identifies the following asthe key in pest control.

* A categorical preference for bio control methods along with institutional and capacitybuilding for the same.

* Reducing reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and only if approved by IPMapproach.

* Does not permit under any circumstances the use IA, IB and II classified pesticides.Listing of these chemicals and provided by the World Health Organisation is given atthe end of the report.

* Recommends the use of Participatory IPM along with specific investment componentsfor the same.

* Permits category III type chemicals and these are listed at the end of the report. Buteven these must be used as part of the IPM strategy. No to all chemical pesticides if itis likely to be used without training and safety.

Four key aspects must be kept included in implementing the pest management plan.

First, it must comply with World Bank Operational Policy 4.09. The basic tenets governingthe Bank's OP has been presented earlier.

Second, pest control strategy must promote the use of biological or environmental controlmethods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. If there are strong factorsneeding the use of synthetic chemicals then they must belong to only WHO class HI category(list provided at the end of PMP). The control of pest populations should be through IPM

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approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use ofcrop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. In the project area, the cropping patternand fanning practices now largely follows a nonr-pesticidal approach. This should be builtthrough participatory technology development using farmer's experience and knowledge andfurthered through the farmer field school approach adopted by the Govt. of AP. Thecomponents constituting IPM is addressed in the note. IPM is also the strategy adopted by theGovt. of AP and its expertise is available both in the extension wing of the Agriculture Dept.and the various research, training and agriculture centres in AP, whose listing is appended atthe end of the note.

Thirdly, as pest management strategy could affect agriculture or public health, the screeningprocess must ensure full compliance with Bank safeguards. It must address not only thefarmer but also workers involved in various pesticide operations. The task of the screeningprocess must be to ensure that APRPRP interventions do not contravene the Bank's safeguardpolicies. Addressing this aspect and the effectiveness in safeguarding the Bank policies onpesticide management will depend on the capacities and knowledge of those undertaking andsupervising the screening process. Thus those involved in this must be selected based on clearcriteria and their skills upgraded through training and capacity building along with amonitoring framework. As the project would lead to intensification of cropping pattern, theaudit process must look at the cumulative impact on soil, water and air and ensure that thereare no negative impacts and the mitigation measures are in place and effective.

The fourth is a more pro-active role in promoting healthy plants and safe environment.Healthy plants can come from adopting Integrated Nutrient Management and a safeenvironment by encouraging projects that promote and advocate organic and non-pesticidefarming and the products and technologies that encourage and facilitate their adoption, so thatIPM can succeed in not only reducing the application of pesticides but eliminate the samewithout reduction in yields.

4.0 Pesticide Management Plan

Implementing the Operational Directives calls for a Pest Management Plan to beimplemented by the project. The PMP must be seen as part of the EMF. In the screeningprocess no chemicals listed under WHO classification Class Ia, lb and II is permitted. Thechemicals and their classification is provided in the annex of this report. As part of thetraining being taken up of those involved in the screening aspect of the EMF, capacitybuilding and information on pesticide classification must be provided. The other aspects to beconsidered in the screening process are:

* Selective against target pests* Safe for beneficials* Active for about 4 weeks* Weather and u/v proof* No toxic residues* Safe for humans and livestock

Category III type pesticides is permitted in the OD but it seeks an approach in itsimplementation and attendant mitigation measures. This is done by facilitated by adopting theIPM approach and making it operational through Farmer Field Schools. The agricultureextension strategy of the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh is also centered on IPM and FFS. Being

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Govt. policy the knowledge base for implementing IPM and FFS is available with the JointDirector of Agriculture, who are present all over the state. Crop wise IPM package ofrecommended practices is available with the Agriculture Universities and the department.The AP Agriculture University has a plant wise pictorial booklet on pests, predators, andplant diseases, which provide the information needed by farmers for successfullyimplementing IPM.

The project is spread over almost the entire state. The focus is on the development of thepoorest of the poor in the backward areas. The project being entirely rural based, agriculturewould be a major area of intervention. Development of agriculture would need the use ofmodem farming techniques. Intensification and diversification would be the twin strategies inthis effort. APRPRP has expertise in social development, community building and incomegenerating business opportunities. But IPM needs sound knowledge of agriculture. Ideally theproject must get this from the department of agriculture. But AP has lowest per capita farmerextension personnel in the Department of Agriculture. Therefore the IPM needs of the projectcannot be serviced by the Department and this needs to be built within the project. In order tohandle the pest management plan, the project would need a person at the Mandal, with aneducational background in agriculture for handling IPM and FFS. The department canprovide help resource persons and training personnel for ToT activities for IPM and FFS. Itcould also provide crop wise IPM materials and advise on the conduct of the FFS.

IPM focuses on participatory technology development and not the conventional agricultureextension and advice to farmers. Therefore the project IPM personnel need to have capacitiesin participatory methods and enabling the Farmer Field Schools (FFS). Training in FFS andIPM is offered at the FAO-IPM training programme in Nandyal in AP. Several agencies,govt. and non-govt. have expertise in developing the IPM professional and their list isappended. FAO trained IPM professionals are available in the Govt. and the NGO sector.Many big corporations provide manuals for safe use of pesticides especially in mixing,dosage, application and spraying. These resources can be used for undertaking ToT in IPM.As IPM is not optimal in its effectiveness we need the ToT must include Integrated NutrientManagement (INM) in the syllabus.

Certain crops dominate a particular track or district. The project would be further intensifyingthis as farmers are cautious and hence take up crops that have proven themselves for itssuitability to the area. In such places there are no predators due to intensive pesticide use andmono crop cultivation. Ways to reduce the application of pesticides in a given high intensivearea can help IPM to have maximum impact. IPM reduces the extent of pesticide use butbeing a relative count of the number of sprays, methods that are specifically targeted against aparticular pest of high incidence alone can reduce the spraying of pesticides. The district levelproject authority could identify specific crops and ways to reduce pest incidence and increasethe effectiveness of the control measures. Holding crop specific workshops to tackle highincidence and high resistant pests involving the department of agriculture, scientists andNGOs will help come up with specific measures that would be taken to reduce the overall useof pesticides and enhance its effectiveness.

Promoting Non-Pesticidal Management (NPM) for controlling pests is the only long termway to reduce farmer dependence on pesticides. The project works with the PoP who cannotafford these costly inputs. By reducing the share of pesticides in the input costs, which arehigh, can serve the basic objective of the project - improving the livelihood and incomes ofthe poorest of the poor. Also most class III pesticides are new molecules and expensive.

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Further once the landscape is used to pesticides, reversing it is difficult and takes a very longtime. Therefore a more rational and sustainable approach would be to encourage NPM incrops, especially those grown in dry land conditions. Hence training in NPM must be also bebuilt into IPM capacity building. A proactive approach recommending crop wise NPMapproach must be promoted in the FFS. Exposure visits of farmers to NPM practices is auseful way of strengthening the FFS.

Awareness building on safe use among farmers and agriculture workers is another instrumentthat must be used for implementing the PMP in the project. This is an essential component inthe FFS. FS caters to the farmers and does not reach the workers who have the highestexposure to pesticides and are compelled by poverty to work in unsafe conditions. Allsupports to pesticide sprayers and equipment must include making available a protectivegear. Pamphlets and posters on safe use of pesticides which deal from purchase, transport,storage, application to disposal must be provided to village organisations. In high pesticideuse areas, cultural expressions like folk songs must be included in the communication plan.Training and awareness of the extension personnel such as the CCs and SOs of the projectwould help them share this information with the groups and assist in case of emergenciessuch as inhalation of pesticides etc. All these would supplement the campaign material onsafe pesticide use made available by the project.

Dealers of pesticides are observed to be the key informants on pesticides to the farmers. Theproject must educate them through a seminar/workshop at the district level before the start ofthe agriculture season. Companies that produce these chemicals would be willing toparticipate as resource persons or even sponsor such workshops. Trading in agriculturechemicals is one activity that could come under project support. A training programme tosuch people and focusing on safety must be undertaken before approving the support and thistraining would be provided by the IPM trained people.

A major impact of pesticide usage is on water. Breast milk contamination due to potablewater being polluted by pesticides has been reported in Guntur district. Reducing pesticideusage by adopting IPM/NPM and permitting only class III pesticides, while substantiallyreducing pesticide usage, the threat of water contamination is possible. The only way is toselectively monitor the ground water in areas using very high levels of pesticides, in theproject area or review the data collected by the health department on ground and surfacewater and address the needed mitigation measures. This aspect must be included as apart inthe environment audit done by the district project authorities. Educating the community not tospray pesticides during or just before a rain must be included in the awareness material.Monitoring the health on the people, especially workers, on a sample basis in high pesticideuse area would be another task taken up by the project.

4.1 Pesticide Management in water

Pesticides could disturb and contaminate the inter-relationship of fish and fish foodorganisms and plants. Pesticides may enter aquatic eco-systems indirectly by drift fromspraying, from fall out from air dust particles in the atmosphere, in run from habitats andagriculture lands, by direct application and by improper disposal of excess pesticides andcontainers. Drift of pesticides must be avoided when spraying. They should not be appliedwhen rain is imminent and the users should follow the direction given in the container for

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pesticide handling safety precautions, application rates and proper disposal. To reducecontamination of surface water and ground water from pesticides:

Evaluate the pest problems, previous pest control measures, and cropping history;

Evaluate the soil and physical characteristics of the site including mixing, loading, andstorage areas for potential leaching or runoff of pesticides. If leaching or runoff is foundto occur, steps should be taken to prevent further contamination;

Use integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that:

a. Apply pesticides only when an economic benefit to the producer will be achieved(i.e., applications based on economic thresholds based on counting pest incidence).

b. Apply pesticides efficiently and at times when runoff losses are unlikely

c. When pesticide applications are necessary and a choice of registered materials exists,consider the persistence, toxicity, runoff potential, and leaching potential of productsin making a selection

d. No use of pesticide belonging to category 1 and 2 as classified in the pesticide code

The goal of this management measure is to reduce contamination of surface water and groundwater from pesticides. The basic concept of the pesticide management measure is to fostereffective and safe use of pesticides without causing degradation to the environment. PesticideManagement Plans (PMPs) identify:

* Identify areas vulnerable to pesticides;

• Monitor ground water for pesticide contamination;

* Prevent pesticides from reaching ground water; and

* Respond to pesticide detection.

4.2 Budget

The Training of Trainers (TOT) for PMP shall be integrated with the training being providedunder Environmental Management Plan mentioned in the Environmental Assessment reportof APRPRP.

The budget estimated for various activities are as follows:

A. TOT for IPM/FFS Rs. 4,50,000/training

B. TOT for Awareness building Rs. 30,000/training

C. Crop/Pest based work shops Rs. 50,000/year/district.

D. Awareness Material (Posters etc) Rs. 25,000/district for two years

E. FFS/museums, materials etc Rs. 1000/FFS

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G. Environmental Monitoring for Pesticides Rs. 3,00,000/district/year

H. Sample based monitoring of Farm worker health Rs. 1,00,000/district/year

Expenses towards mitigation measures following the monitoring are not included. Salaries forIPM professionals will be from DPMIU.

5.0 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

IPM involves a range of methods to control pests -- physical and mechanical methods,biological and chemical control. A sudden withdrawal of pesticides will invariably bringdown the yields drastically which the farmer can ill afford. 1PM recommends a gradualwithdrawal of pesticides allowing time for both the plants (and the farmers) to adjust andbuild up internal strength, reserves and resilience. However the long term goal should be togrow perfectly good crops without the help of chemical pesticides.

* Physical and mechanical methods are the oldest form of pest control involving devises totrap and kill pests-traps, insect screens, nets, baits, and plant guards.

* Biological control methods involve the use of parasites, predators, pathogens to controlpests.

* Natural methods include use of bio-sprays.* Chemical control includes the synthetic pesticides widely in use today. Most of them

work by absorption (contact poisons) or ingestion (stomach Poisons). Longer lastingpesticides are described as residual.

* IPM is a holistic system that reduces damage caused by pests to tolerable levels through amixture of all the above techniques. IPM does not recommend the use of chemical controlexcept as a last resort and even then only the least toxic chemical is used.

5.1 Operational aspects of Integrated Pest Management

* Grow a healthy crop--involves the right varietal selection, appropriate seed bedmanagement, plant nutrition, and plant physiology, water and weed mgt.

* Optimize natural enemies--recognise beneficial insects in the field, learning insectpopulation dynamics, life cycles, and food webs; understanding the effects of pesticideson beneficial populations, promoting survivorship of predators through habitatmanagement and making local reference collections.

* Observe fields weekly for damage symptoms, changes in insect populations, to evaluateplant growth and physiology, relationship between plant stages and insect populations,effects of weather conditions, and water and nutrient management.

* Farmers as experts: agro-system analysis and decision making based on informationdirectly observed and collected leads to farmers to make sound conclusions cropmanagement decisions.

6.0 Farmers Field Schools

Farmer Field School's have been promoted in the recent years to equip farmers to practiceIPM. The Department of Agriculture provides technical and financial assistance for FFS.

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Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has developed a cadre of trained persons for runningFFS. Such people are available both in the Govt. and the NGO sector.

The project is aimed at assisting the poorest of the poor. Most such people own no land if atall they have any land it would be largely dependent on rains for its crops. Such farmingsystems are low input based and rely on non-pesticidal management techniques forcontrolling pest incidence. But the project holds opportunities for intensification ofagriculture through changes in cropping pattern. It could also lead to commercial cropcultivation such as cotton needing the use pesticides for control. This could also come aboutin areas where the project provides limited access to irrigation.

It is now well established that FFS achieves solid learning and & IPM plots are equal orbetter yield without pesticides. Farmers change their behaviour in relation to pesticide usedefinitely and make informed field management decisions. They are less likely to engage inprofalactic or calendar pesticide applications. Not only IPM farmers but also their neighbourfarmers and village leaders observe the IPM farmer groups and appreciate the results andcome forward to place their lands at disposal of IPM programme. FFS farmers continue tomeet and conduct variety of activities even after the programme. Farmers don't just learnabout IPM but also practice & strengthen their analytical, decision making, planning andorganisational skills resulting in enhanced confidence and stronger groups.

The aim of the Farmer Field Schools is to;

1) The IPM approach encompasses the application of pesticides to manage serious outbreaksof insect pests only on a need basis or to limit the predicted outcome of fungal pathogeninfestations.

2) The conservation of natural enemies is considered to be a better option, even in the face ofa perceived outbreak.

3) A technology basket covering different crops and based on various IPM packages must bewithin reach of the farmers. These must include

* strategic inter-cropping and border cropping,

* together with the introduction of amenity trees in and around production areas(enhancement of functional agro bio-diversity).

* should be an essential component of agriculture in dry land areas,

* based on pest incidence level rather than calendar application,

* options against old generic technology..

In FFS extension workers are required to work closely with the farmers in their fields,observing, recording analyzing and managing the crop. FFS differs substantially fromconventional extension activities in that it has:

z A season long crop linked schedule and curriculum stressing experimentation, analysis,and decision making by farmers themselves.

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> Farmer generated materials and learning tools including field trials, insect zoos, insectcollections, agro-ecosystem analysis charts.

> A field lab consisting of a plot of suitable size run by farmer participants comprisingcomparison trials and field experiments.

> Entrance and exit tests to gauge participant progress and certificates for successfulcandidates

> Full time thoroughly trained IPM facilitators who work with the FFS from preparationthrough graduation

> Follow up activities including field days for the community training of farmer trainers,farmer to farmer learning and a variety of organization building activities.

Participants are selected through farmer group meetings, after formation they meet once aweek for 4-5 hours in the field for the whole cropping season. The IPM FFS provides anintensive opportunity for the farmers to master the basic skills that will enable them to makeinformed, confident field management decisions. After IPM farmers master the basicprinciples of field ecology in one crop they can extend it to other crops.

Storage

> Pesticides should be stored in a separate room under lock and key and not in the livingroom or cattle shed where household animals, women and children are likely to comeinto contact with them.

> They should not be stored near the naked flame; nor where the electrical wiring isbad.

> Do not eat, drink, or chew or smoke tobacco in the room where pesticides are stored.I The used container must be broken, destroyed and buried.

Transportation

* Pesticides should not be transported along with food or animal feed, passengers orlivestock.

* They should not be transported with fertilizers, and seeds.

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Annexure-I: Current Pesticide Use in Andhra Pradesh

Farners in AP depend heavily on pesticides and fungicides for plant protection, rankingsecond in the use of pesticides in India. In terms of quantity a downward trend in pesticideuse is observed in India and AP. But there is no cause for complacence as the primary causefor reduction in tonnage is because the new molecules have higher concentrates and smallerdoses are recommended. District wise use of pesticides in AP shows that Guntur, Krishnaand E. Godavari are three major districts of pesticide use in AP. The most commonly usedpesticides in AP are insecticides (75%) followed by fungicides (10%). Organo-chlorines andOrgano-phosphates which are known carcinogenic substances form 70% of the insecticidesused. Although the pesticide use is low in India (0.57 kg/ha) compared to USA and Europe,the potential health hazards are enormous due to their widespread use, persistent use andmultiple exposure.

The most immediate concern regarding man and domestic life stock is occurrence of residuesof these chemicals in the food. The amount of residues varies significantly depending uponthe persistence of the chemicals the amounts of chemical applied, the method of applicationand the characteristics of the crops. Although legal tolerance levels for toxicity have beenestablished for individual pesticides, establishment of common standards is difficult becauseof differing usage patterns and the differences in composition.

With pesticides finding their way into the food chain and water sources they may be causinggrave health problems to humans and other life forms. High and indiscriminate use ofpesticides has created several problems in the state and the project must strive to addressthese effectively by building awareness and taking up pro-actively certain projects that canenhance the use of non-synthetic and biological control measures. The effect of pesticidesextends well beyond the crop. For instance in Prakasam district, jasmine cultivation isundertaken in certain parts and largely employs young girls for picking the flowers. Theyhave been complaining of several disorders. Such occupational serious implications on healthare observed in cotton and vegetable crop cultivating areas. We also see the emergence ofaflotoxins in groundnut crops, primarily coming from storage practices. Ground and surfacewater contamination is well known. The only silver lining (!) is that pesticide use in areasunder lesser intensive and dry land agriculture are using much less pesticides, the areas offocus for the project as it is based on the criteria of agricultural backwardness and poverty.

Poisoning due to pesticides can be occupational (workers involved in the manufacturingprocess, sprayers or farmers) and cases of accidental deaths have been reported in AP. Manycases of poisoning go unreported but complaints on health are widely heard from villagers.Following reports, in 2001 the Govt. of AP provided ten thousand protective gears for thoseinvolved in handling pesticides at the farm level. Although this is inadequate it is veryimportant that educational work in pesticide handling receives major attention in the project.

A study by the Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow has shown that AP hasincidence of poisoning from organochlorines, organophosphates and carbonates. The statehas witnessed a trend of replacing one class of pesticides with the other, like organochlorinesbeing replaced by organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids. In Andhra Pradesh the residuelevels of organochlorine pesticides in food products are meat (0.5 ppm), cereals & pulses(0.5-1.00 ppm), fruits and vegetables (10.0- 25.0 ppm) and eggs, milk and butter having (25-50 ppm). Monitoring the incidence of these pesticide effects merits research and monitoring

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in the project to as to certain that the levels of pesticides. This can be undertaken as part ofthe environment audit dealing with cumulative impact of the project. The Indian Council ofAgricultural Research Laboratories (ACRIP) has a pesticide research station in Hyderabadand it can assist in monitoring the status and corrective measures to be promoted at the farmand extension levels.

A survey carried out in the early 90s by the Indian Council of Medical Research indicatedthat 51% of our food commodities were contaminated with pesticide residues and 20% ofthese had pesticides above the maximum residue limit. In the next multicentric survey by theAll India Coordinated Research Project on Pesticide Residues, it was seen that pesticideresidues were seen in almost all commodities but there was a drastic decline in the percentageof food commodities with pesticide levels above the maximum tolerance limits. This hascome about due to improvement in agriculture practices but with consumers seeking pesticidefree products, the project must focus on integrated pest management using bio-pesticides,biotechnology and organic aspects in the agriculture promoted under the project.

The real problem is that it takes a very long time for health impacts from exposure topesticides to manifest in the body and therefore it becomes difficult to establish a directconnection between diseases and pesticides, except in cases of large lethal dosage. Thereforethe health impacts of pesticides often go unnoticed and untreated. The doctors are also nottrained to diagnose pesticide poisoning, much less treat them. Many formulations such asBHC, Carbofuran, Dimethoate, Endosulphan, Lindane, Monocrotophos, which are banned inmany countries are being used in India sizeable proportion. Moreover, large quanitites ofspurious pesticides are sold in the market. In view of the grave risks involved the Govt. ofIndia has adopted Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the official policy for plantprotection.

Pesticide use in Andhra Pradesh

Farmers in AP grow a wide range of crops -

* Cereals and millets ---- rice, sorghum, bajra, maize, ragi,* Pulses -- green, red, black and bengal gram, cow pea.* Oil seeds -- groundnut, sesame, sunflower, safflower* Cash crops--chillies, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, castor, coconut, cashew* A wide variety of fruits, vegetables and spices.

Pests and diseases cause enormous loss to agricultural production in AP. Farmers use plantprotection chemicals to control the pests to protect the crops. However AP farmers use thesechemicals indiscriminately due to lack of knowledge. They also use poor substitutes whichare cheaper and which the pesticide shopkeepers urge them to buy. All this has resulted inresistance in the crop pests. A sound pest management plan which is both farmer andconsumer friendly and does not cause harm to our ecosystem is central to sustainableagriculture. It is in this way that the health of soils, water and air can be protected andnourished.

A major part of the losses due to insects and diseases can be avoided if the problem isidentified properly and the right measures are taken up in the right time. Since many asymptom appear alike, but may be caused by different organism, it may not always bepossible for the trained personnel to identify them. Whenever such difficulties are faced, it is

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advised that farmers seek the guidance of the scientists and extension workers, in order toavoid crisis situations. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh through the AP Agriculture University(ANGRAU) comes up every year with detailed control methods using IPM for most cropsgrown in AP. It deals in full detail with both insect pests and diseases.

Based on the crops being grown in the area, the project must train farmers on IPM measuresto control at least in those which occur regularly and cause serious damage to the crop.Farmers must know and be able to identify the pests and their predators. Posters, charts andmuseums which form an integral part of FFS can easily get the farmers to identify and takemeasures for controlling the pests and retaining the beneficials. To retain the predators theyneed to have some feed and hence determining the threshold level must be the basis for anytreatment. A detail crop wise IPM advisory for various crops can be got from the Dept. ofAgriculture and the AP Agriculture University is given every year.

Several of the problems faced by the farmers can be addressed through training and providinginformation. AP has faced the problems of adulterated pesticides. Also the use of mixtures ofvarious compounds in order to have higher effect must be combated through education. Theproject authorities must work closely with regulatory agencies and ensure that they maintainvigilance. The educational work must not be restricted to IPM but take on to Non PesticidalManagement and Organic Farming. The use of biological controls calls for providing supportto farmers collectives to take up its production. These include NP virus, traps, neem productsand other control measures including those that have emerged from farmer's own experience.

LIST OF COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES INANDHRA PRADESHS.No Name of the Product

1 Acephate2 Monocrotophos3 Endosulfon4 Quinolphos5 Choloropyriphos6 Malathion7 Carbaryl8 Phosalone9 Diazinon

10 BPMC11 Fepronyl (Spray)12 Ethofenprox13 Thiodicarb14 DDVP15 Phosphomidon 40%16 Methyl Parathion17 Dimethoate18 Methomyl 40%SP19 Methomyl 12.5%20 Trizophos 40% EC21 Cartap Hydrochloride 50%SP22 Mrthyl-O-Demeton23 Carbosulfon EC24 Carbosulfon DS25 BT26 Profenophos

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27 Imidacloprid28 Acetamorpid29 Actra30 Indoxcarb31 Cypermethrin 10% EC32 Cypermethrin 25% EC33 Fenvelrate 20% EC34 Deltamethrin35 Alphamethrin36 Lamdacyhalothrin 5% EC37 Lamdacyhalothrin 2.5% EC38 Fenpopethrin39 CPP 50% + Cyper40 Trizophos + Deltamethrin41 Profenophos + Cyper42 Cypermethrin +Quinolphos43 Acephate + Fenvelrate44 Alphamethrin + Chloropyriphos45 Dicofol46 Elthion 50% EC47 Ethion + Cyper48 Sulphur Dust49 Wetable Sulphur50 Brown Sulphur Granule51 M.Parathion @% Dust52 Phenthoate53 Fenvelrate Dust 0.04%54 Lindane 0.3% Dust55 Quinolphos Dust56 Fepronil Granules57 Carbofuron 3 G58 Phorate 10 G59 Cartap 4 G60 Choloropyriphos Grannules61 Spinosad62 Diflubenzuron63 Neem 1500 PPM64 Neem 300 PPm65 Trichoderma Viride66 Carbendazim 50% WP67 Carbendazim 5%G68 Copper Oxy chloride69 Thiaophanate Methyl70 Callaxin71 Captan 50% Wp72 Benomyl73 Mancozeb74 Validamycin Mar 3 L75 Zineb76 Ziram77 Cowach78 Captafol79 Fenarimol80 Metalaxyl

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81 Metalaxyl + Mancozeb82 Hexaconazole83 Penconazole84 Edifenphos85 Tradimefon86 Aliette87 Dinocap (Karathane)88 Kitazin89 Tricyclozole90 Propiconazole91 Liquid Sulphur92 Mancozeb + Carbendizim93 Copper hydroxide94 Basalin95 Quintal96 Dithianon 75 WP97 Kasugamycin98 Butachlor EC99 Butachlor Grannules

100 Anilophos101 Atrazine102 Paraquot dichloride103 2,4-D granules104 Pretilachlor105 Glyphosate106 Oxy-florfen107 Bhenthiocarb108 Top Star109 Alachlor110 Imazathapyr (Pursuit)112 Almix113 Lihocin114 Whipsuper115 Oxadiargyl116 Planofix117 Etherel118 Amino Acid119 Gibberilic Acid120 Rapigro121 N-Tricontinol122 Biozyme EC123 Biozyme Grannules124 Humicil Grannulles125 Celiphos126 Lindane 1.3% D DP127 Lindane 0.65 %

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LIST OF PESTICIDES BANNED IN AP1 Aldrin2 Benzene Hexa Chloride (BHC)3 Calcium Cyanide4 Chlordane5 Copper acetoarbenite6 Dibromocworopropane (DBCP)7 Endrin8 Ethyl Mercury Chloride9 Ethyl Parathion

10 Heptachlor11 Manzona12 Methomyl 24% Formulation13 Nicotine Sulphate14 Nitrofen15 Paraquate dimethyl sulphate16 Penta chloro nitrobenzene (PCNB)17 Penta chlorophenol (PCP)18 Phenyl Mercury Acetate (PMA)19 Sodium Methane Arsonate(MSMA)20 Tetradifon21 Toxaphene22 Phosohamidon 85% SL23 Methomyl 12.5% L24 Aldicarb25 Chlorbenzilate26 Dieldrin27 Ethyl Dibromide (EDB)28 Maleic Hydrazide29 Trichloro Acetic Acid (TCA)30 Aluminium Phosphamide31 Carbofuran 505 WP32 Captafal 80%33 Malathian 25 DP & 50% EC34 Methoxy ethyl mertcury chloride (MECE)

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Annexure - II: Major Pests, Diseases & Symptoms in Trees

Type of Insects Damage/Symptoms1. Caterpillars (Larvae Chew the leaf tissueof moths or butterflies)2. Aphids Sap - sucking insects which attack young plant tissues,

clustering along the stems and leaves3. Scale insects Sap - sucking insects which cover themselves with a mantle of

wax like material which may be white or brown . The pest isvulnerable to chemical control only, when the larvae have justemerged from beneath the adult females and are free moving

4. Mealy bugs Scale like sap sucking insects. The females form a mass of whitefluffy material into which the eggs are laid.

5. Termites Cause damage to the young seedlings in nursery but are usuallya more serious problem when the seedlings are planted out.

6. Cut worms Inhabit the soil by day, and attack young seedlings aboOveground level by night often biting through the stems just abovethe soil surface

7. Rodents Inhabit the soil by day and attack underground parts of even_grown up plants . Mostly storage pest

Types of Diseases

1. Damping off disease Decaying of seeds ,collar, root, wire stem root rot, leaf rots. Rotscaused by Pythium are always softPhytopthora etc.2. Grey Mould caused by Develops rapidly when dead or dying tissues are left in contactBotrytis with stems and leaves , if plants are closely spaced and lack

aeration . It results in soft rot covered with grey colored mould.3. Downy Mildews Yellowing of the leaves associated with a bluish hairs due to the

sporing fungus. Most prevalent under cool moist conditions4. Powdery Mildews Dense white powdery layer of spores on leaf surface. They are

encouraged by shaded warm conditions5. Rust Eruption on the leaves or stem. The spore color ranges from

yellow, orange, red, brown to black. The surface of eruption ispowdery

6. Alternaria leaf spots Leaf spots7. Stem or Collar rot The vascular wilt results in yellowing from the base of the plant

up and can be detected by cutting the stem or root length-wisewhen reddish brown discoloration of the vascular will be seen

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Annexure - III: Safe Use of Pesticides

Farmers are not the only ones to be exposed to pesticides. The labourer, whether it is theperson spraying or the person engaged in agriculture work in the field also faces threats ofpesticide poisoning. The target group of the project is focussed toward a large number of theland less agriculture labour, especially women who are most often used in hazardousfieldwork. Hence protective measures such as gears and education becomes crucial to ensurethat no negative health impacts. A listing of the factors to be bome in mind are listed under:

Field Application

> Avoid making cocktails of insecticides. If necessary, then each should be used inrecommended dose.

> Use a two piece protective clothing, hand gloves, a cap, a full pant, a full sleeved shirtand boots, and preferably a face shield.

> Spray during cooler hours of the day- morning and afternoon. Spray along the wind,not against it.

> Wash the spray equipment at the end of the day.

> Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew tobacco during spraying.

> No not allow children, especially young girls to work in such fields.

> After handling or spraying pesticides wash hands, face, legs, with soap and waterbefore eating, drinking, smoking or chewing tobacco.

> Seal cuts and wounds with medicated waterproof tape before spraying.Provide first aid in case of poisoning according to the instructions given in the label.

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Annexure - IV: A day in IPM- FFS

7.30 - Into the field. Five member teams observe general field conditions, sample plants,collect insects, make notes and gather live specimens from the experimental plots.

8.30 - Agro eco system analysis. This is the core of the weekly process. Each team uses theirfield samples and notes to create a visual analytical tool combining key factors such aspests/predator/densities, plant health, field conditions, weather and current managementtreatment.

9.30 - Decision Making. The output of analysis is a field management decision thoroughlydiscussed and defended before the full group of participants.

10.00 - Special topics. Topics such as community rat control, crop physiology, economicanalysis, water/fertilizer management are discussed. Supporting studies such as insect zoosare also initiated in this section.

11.30 - Group dynamics. Activities in problem solving, leadership and team building areconducted weekly to strengthen group cohesion, motivation, etc.

12.00 - Review and planning. Weekly summaries of field developments are conducted byreviewing the results of the above analysis. At the end of the season, final yield and economicanalysis is done by the group. Other activities may include insect zoo's maintenance, dryinsect collection, plant nutrient experiments etc. Planning of future of FFS may also takeplace at this time.

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Annexure - V: List of organisations working on pesticide related matters in AP

* Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Pesticide Research Laboratory, Dept. ofEntomology, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

* Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research,Tarnaka, Uppal, Hyderabad

* Sri Venkateshwara University, Dept. of Zoology, SV University, Tirupati, ChitoorDistrict

* Lam Farm, Regional Agriculture Research Centre, Guntur

* Central Cotton Research Institute, Nandyal & Adilabad, AP

* Agriculture Man Ecology, J.P. Nagar, Bangalore

* APCOT, Centre for Environment Concerns, Hyderabad

* Environment Protection Training Research Institute, Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad

* Centre for World Solidarity, Tarnaka, Hyderabad

* Centre for Environment Education, Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad

* Dr MS Swaminathan Foundation, Taramani, Chennai

* Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad

* National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Somajiguda, Hyderabad

* National Plant Protection Training Institute, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

* International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad

* Krishi Vigyan Kendras in all the respective districts

* Research Station focusing on specific crops are found in various districts and managed bythe Indian Council for Agriculture Research

* SAMETI, Dept of Agriculture, Old Malakpet, Hyderabad

* Pest Control of India, Erragada, Hyderabad

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Annexure - VII: Pesticide Classification List - WHO

Table 1. Extremely hazardous (Class Ia) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides(common name) - not permissible in the project

Aldicarb Difethialone Parathion-methylBrodifacoum Diphacinone Phenylmercury acetateBromadiolone Disulfoton PhorateBromethalin Ethoprophos PhosphamidonCalcium cyanide Flocoumafen Sodium fluoroacetateCaptafol Fonofos SulfotepChlorethoxyfos Hexachlorobenzene TebupirimfosChlormephos Mercuric chloride TerbufosChlorophacinone MevinphosDifenacoum Parathion

Table 2. Highly hazardous (Class Ib) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides(Common name) - not permissible in the project

Acrolein Ethiofencarb OmethoateAllyl alcohol Famphur OxamylAzinphos-ethyl Fenamiphos Oxydemeton-methylAzinphos-methyl Flucythrinate Paris green [C]Blasticidin-S Fluoroacetamide PentachlorophenolButocarboxim Formetanate PindoneButoxycarboxim Furathiocarb Pirimiphos-ethylCadusafos Heptenophos PropaphosCalcium arsenate Isazofos PropetamphosCarbofuran Isofenphos Sodium arseniteChlorfenvinphos Isoxathion Sodium cyanide3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Lead arsenate StrychnineCoumaphos Mecarbam TefluthrinCoumatetralyl Mercuric oxide Thallium sulfateZeta-cypermethrin Methamidophos ThiofanoxDemeton-S-methyl Methidathion ThiometonDichlorvos Methiocarb T riazophosDicrotophos Methomyl VamidothionDinoterb Monocrotophos WarfarinEdifenphos Nicotine Zinc phosphide

Table 3. Moderately hazardous (Class II) technical grade active ingredients of pesticides(Common name) - not permissible in the project

Alanycarb Bioallethrin ChloraloseAnilofos Bromoxynil ChlordaneAzaconazole Bromuconazole ChlorfenapyrAzocyclotin Bronopol Chlorphonium chlorideBendiocarb Butamifos ChlorpyrifosBenfuracarb Butylamine ClomazoneBensulide Carbaryl Copper sulfateBifenthrin Carbosulfan Cuprous oxideBilanafos Cartap Cyanazine

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Cyanophos Gamma-HCH PrallethrinCyfluthrin Guazatine ProfenofosBeta-cyfluthrin Haloxyfop PropiconazoleCyhalothrin Heptachlor PropoxurCypermethrin Imazalil ProsulfocarbAlpha-cypermethrin Imidacloprid ProthiofosCyphenothrin Iminoctadine PyraclofosDeltamethrin loxynil PyrazophosDiazinon loxynil octanoate PyrethrinsDifenzoquat Isoprocarb PyroquilonDimethoate Lambda-cyhalothrin QuinalphosDinobuton Mercurous chloride Quizalofop-p-tefurylDiquat Metaldehyde RotenoneEndosulfan Metam-sodium Sodium fluorideEndothal-sodium Methacrifos Sodium hexafluorosilicateEsfenvalerate Methasulfocarb SpiroxarnineEthion Methyl isothiocyanate SulprofosEtrimfos Metolcarb TerbumetonFenazaquin Metribuzin TetraconazoleFenitrothion Molinate ThiaclopridFenobucarb Nabam ThiobencarbFenpropidin Naled ThiocyclamFenpropathrin Paraquat ThiodicarbFenthion Pebulate TriazamateFentin acetate Permethrin 1TrichlorfonFentin hydroxide Phenthoate TricyclazoleFenvalerate Phosalone lTridemorphFipronil Phosmet VemolateFluxofenim Phoxim XylylcarbFormothion PiperophosFuberidazole Pirimicarb

Table 4. Slightly hazardous (Class 111) technical grade ingredients of pesticides (Commonname) -permissible under IPM

Acephate Copper oxychloride DimethachlorAcetochlor Cycloate DimethametrynAcifluorfen Cyhexatin DimethipinAlachlor Cymoxanil Dimethylarsinic acidAllethrin Cyproconazole DiniconazoleAmetryn Dazomet DinocapAnmitraz Desmetryn DiphenamidAzamethiphos Dicamba DithianonBensultap Dichlormid DodineBentazone Dichlorobenzene EmpenthrinBromofenoxim Dichlorophen EsprocarbButroxydim Dichlorprop EtridiazoleChinomethionat Diclofop FenothiocarbChlormequat (chloride) Dienochlor FerimzoneChloroacetic acid Diethyltoluamide Fluazifop-p-butylChlorthiamid Difenoconazole FluchloralinCopper hydroxide Dimepiperate Flufenacet

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Fluoroglycofen Methylarsonic acid PyrifenoxFlurprimidol Metolachlor QuinoclamineFlusilazole Myclobutanil QuizalofopFlutriafol 2-Napthyloxyacetic acid ResmethrinFomesafen Nitrapyrin SethoxydimFuralaxyl Nuarimol SimetrynGlufosinate Octhilinone Sodium chlorateHexazinone N-octylbicycloheptene SulfluramidHydramethylnon dicarboximide TebuconazoleIprobenfos Oxadixyl TebufenpyradIsoprothiolane Paclobutrazol TebuthiuronIsoproturon Pendimethalin ThiramIsouron Pimaricin TralkoxydimMalathion Pirimiphos-methyl TriadimefonMCPA-thioethyl Prochloraz TriadimenolMecoprop Propachlor Tri-allateMecoprop-P Propanil TriclopyrMefluidide Propargite TriflumizoleMepiquat Pyrazoxyfen Undecan-2-oneMetalaxyl Pyridaben UniconazoleMetamitron Pyridaphenthion ZiramMetconazole Pyridate

Table 5. Technical grade active ingredients of pesticides unlikely to present acute hazard innormal use (Common name) - permissible

Aclonifen Bromopropylate CinosulfuronAcrinathrin Bupirimate ClofentezineAlloxydim Buprofezin ClomepropAmitrole Butachlor ClopyralidAmmonium sulfamate Butralin CloxyfonacAncymnidol Butylate Cryolite [C]Anthraquinone Captan CycloprothrinAsulam Carbendazim CyclosulfamuronAtrazine Carbetamide CycloxydimAzimsulfuron Carboxin CyhalofopAzoxystrobine Carpropamid CyromazineBenalaxyl Chlomethoxyfen DaimuronBenazolin Chloramben DalaponBenfluralin Chloransulam methyl DaminozideBenfuresate Chlorbromuron DesmediphamBenomyl Chlorfluazuron DiafenthiuronBenoxacor Chloridazon DichlobenilBensulfuron-methyl Chlorimuron DichlofluanidBifenox Chlorothalonil DiclomezineBioresmethrin Chlorotoluron DicloranBiphenyl Chlorpropham DiclosulamBispyribac Chlorpyrifos methyl DiethofencarbBitertanol Chlorsulfuron DiflubenzuronBorax Chlorthal-dimethyl DiflufenicanBromacil Chlozolinate DikegulacBromobutide Cinmethylin Dimefuron

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Dimethirimol Imazamethabenzmethyl PhthalideDimethomorph Imazapyr PicloramDimethyl phthalate Imazaquin Piperonyl butoxideDinitramine Imazethapyr PretilachlorDipropyl isocinchomerate Imibenconazole PrimisulfuronDithiopyr Inabenfide ProbenazoleDiuron Iprodione ProcymidoneDodemorph Iprovalicarb ProdiamineEthalfluralin Isoxaben PrometonEthephon Kasugamycin PrometrynEthirimol Lenacil PropamocarbEthofumesate Linuron PropaquizafopEtofenprox Maleic hydrazide PropazineFamoxadone Mancozeb ProphamFenarimol Maneb PropinebFenbutatin oxide Mefenacet PropyzamideFenchlorazole Mepanipyrim PyrazolynateFenclorim Mepronil PyrazosulfuronFenfuram Metazachlor PyrimethanilFenhexamid Methabenzthiazuron PyriminobacFenoxycarb Methoprene PyriproxyfenFenpiclonil Methoxychlor Pyrithiobac sodiumFenpropimorph Methyldymron QuincloracFenuron Metiram QuinmeracFenuron-TCA Metobromuron QuinoxyfenFerbam Metosulam QuintozeneFlamprop Metoxuron RimsulfuronFlucarbazone-sodium Metsulfuron methyl SiduronFlucycloxuron Monolinuron SimazineFlufenoxuron 2-(I-Naphthyl) acetamide SpinosadFlumetralin 1-Naphthylacetic acid SulfometuronFlumetsulam Napropamide SulphurFluometuron Naptalam TebutamFlupropanate Neburon TecnazeneFlupyrsulfuron Niclosamide TeflubenzuronFlurenol Nicosulfuron TemephosFluridone Nitrothal-isopropyl TerbacilFlurochloridone Norflurazon TerbuthylazineFluroxypyr Ofurace TerbutrynFluthiacet Oryzalin TetrachlorvinphosFlutolanil Oxabetrinil Tetradifontau-Fluvalinate Oxadiazon TetramethrinFolpet Oxine-copper ThiabendazoleFosamine Oxycarboxin ThidiazuronFosetyl Oxyfluorfen Thifensulfuron-methylGibberellic acid Penconazole Thiophanate-methylGlyphosate Pencycuron TiocarbazilHexaconazole Pentanochlor Tolclofos-methylHexaflumuron Phenmedipham TolylfluanidHexythiazox Phenothrin TransfluthrinHydroprene Phenylphenol TriasulfuronHymexazol Phosphorus acid Tribenuron

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Trietazine Triflusulfuron-methyl ValidamycinTriflumuron Triforine VinclozolinTrifluralin Triticonazole Zine

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