world bank document · zimba - zimbabwe border (t1) environmental impact statement september 2003...

E845Volume 4

I~~~~~~~

The Republic of ZambiaMinistry of Works and Supply

ROADS DEPARTMENT

Techno-Economic Studies & Detailed Engineering Designsof Design Package 1 for

Zimba - Zimbabwe Border (T1)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

September 2003

WSP International Management Consulting p WSPin association withKiran & Musonda Associates Ltd

3-R r :% n nfl

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Environmental Impact Statement for the Zimba -Livingstone Road

TABLE OF CONTENTS

-AWRBEVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ................................... VII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................... VIII

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 11.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND .................................................................................. I1.2. THE PROCESS OF ROAD REHABILITATION . ........................................................................ I

1.2.1. Preparatory Works.11.2.2. Tendering Process .................................................................................. I1.2.3. Organizing Implementation of a Project ...................................................................... 21.2.4. Approval and Awarding of Contracts .......................................................................... 21.2.5. Supervision of Physical Work .................................................................................. 2

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA .................................................................................. 21.4. SCOPE OF THE EIA .................................................................................. 21.5. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 31.6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT TEAM ................................................................. 4

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .................................. 52.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 5

2.1.1. National Conservation Strategy. 52.2. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK. 52.2.1. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Chapter 204. 52.2.2. EIA Legislative Requirements. 5

2.3. ROAD SECTOR POLICY AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK. 62.4. OTHER ACTS REVIEWED RELEVANT TO THE ROAD REHABILITATION PROJECT ......... ....... 7

2.4.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201 ............................................................ 72.4.2. Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283 ............................................................ 72.4.3. Forest Act, Chapter 199 ........................................................................... 82.4.4. Water Act, Chapter 198 .............................................................. 82.4.5. National Heritage Conservation Commission Act ....................................................... 82.4.6. The Land Act of 1995 ........................................................................... 92.4.7. The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970 .............................................................. 92.4.8. Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32 .............................................................. 102.4.9. Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464 ............................................................. 102.4.10. Local Government Act, Chapter 281 .............................................................. 102.4.11. Public Health Act, Chapter 295 .............................................................. 102.4.12. Factories Act, Chapter 441 .............................................................. 112.4.13. Petroleum Act, Chapter 439 .............................................................. 112.4.14. Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436 .............................................................. 112.5. INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONVENTIONS ............................................................. 11

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .............................................................. 133.1. PROJECT LOCATION ........................................................................... 133.2. PROJECT ACTIVITIES . ........................................................................... 3

3.2.1. Phases in Road Rehabilitation ........................................................................... 133.2.2. Sources of Road Rehabilitation Materials ................................................ ................. 153.3. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES ..................................................................... 153.3.1. No-Action Alternative ............................ ............................................... 163.3.2. Reconstruction Alternative .............................................................. 163.3.3. Rehabilitation Alternative ........................................................................... 17

4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ROAD SITE & ITS SURROUNDINGS ........ 184 .1. TO PO G R A PH Y .................................................................................................................. 184.2. SOILS AND GEOLOGY ................. 184.3. CLIMATE .................

184.4. HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGE .184.5. AIR QUALITY .......... 1...........9........ ... I9I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Environmental Impact Statement for the Zimba - Livingstone Road

4.6. WETLAND AND DAMBOS .................... .................................................. 19

5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 20

5.1. FLORA AND FAUNA ...................................................................... 205.1.1. Classification of Vegetation ...................................................................... 205.1.2. Flora and Fauna along Zimba-Livingstone Road ............................. ......................... 22

6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 23

6.1. DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS .................... .................................................. 236.1.1. Livingstone ...................................................................... 236.1.2. Zimba ...................................................................... 23

6.2. ECONOMIC PROFILE ALONG ZIMBA-LIVINGSTONE ROAD ................................................ 236.3. LAND USE ...................................................................... 236.4. SETTLEMENTS ...................................................................... 23

7. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................... 25

7.1. CULTURAL RESOURCES ...................................................................... 257.1.1. Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Sites: Zimba-Livingstone Road .................. 25

8. PUBLIC MEETINGS/ CONSULTATIONS ....................................................... 26

8.1. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ....................................... ............................... 268.2. KEY PRESENTATIONS, QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS FROM THE COMMUNITY

CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS ............................................... 268.3. COMMUNITY CONCERNS ............................................... 26

9. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ..................................... 299.1. IMPACTS ON SOIL ............................................... 29

9.1.1. Construction Phase ............................................... 299.1.2. Operational Phase ............................................... 29

9.2. IMPACTS ON VEGETATION ............................................... 299.2.1. Construction Phase ............................................... 299.2.2. Operational Phase ............................................... 30

9.3. IMPACTS ON WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITATS ............................................... 309.3.1. Construction Phase ............................................... 309.3.2. Operational Phase ............................................... 30

9.4. IMPACTS ON WATER QUALITY ............................................... 319.4.1. Construction Phase ............................................... 319.4.2. Operational Phase ..................................... 31

9.5. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY ......................................................................................... 319.5.1. Construction Phase .. 319.5.2. Operational Phase .. 32

9.6. IMPACTS OF NOISE .. 329.6.1. Construction Phase .. 329.6.2. Operational Phase .. 32

9.7. IMPACTS ON LANDSCAPE AND AESTHETICS .329.7.1. ConstructionPhase..............................................329.7.2. Operational Phase.............................................33

9.8. IMPACTS ON LAND-USE AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT .339.8.1. ConstructionPhase..............................................339.8.2. Operational Phase.............................................33

9.9. IMPACTS ON SoCo-ECONOMIC.3............................................ 339.9.1. ConstructionPhase..............................................339.9.2. Operational Phase.............................................33

9.10. IMPACTS ON CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES .349.10.1. Construction Phase.............................................349.10.2. Operational Phase.............................................34

9.11. IMPACTS ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS .349.11.1. Construction Phase.............................................349.11.2. Operational Phase.............................................34

9.12. IMPACTS OF QUARRIES AND BORROW PITS .34

U ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii


9.12.1. Construction Phase ......................... .................................................... 349.12.2. Operational Phase ....................... ...................................................... 35

9.13. IMPACTS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ...................................... ....................................... 359.13.1. Construction Phase ......................... .................................................... 359.13.2. Operational Phase ....................... ...................................................... 35

9.14. IMPACTS OF WORK ACCIDENTS ............................................................................. 369.14.1. Construction Phase ......................... .................................................... 369.14.2. Operational Phase ....................... ...................................................... 36

9.15. IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION CAMPS ............................................................................. 369.15.1. Construction Phase ............................................................................. 369.15.2. O perational Phase ............................................................................. 36

10. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ............................................. 37

10.1. NATUREOFIMPACT ............................................................................. 3710.2. D IRECT IM PACT ............................................................................. 3710.3. INDIRECT IMPACT ............................................................................. 3710.4. SPATIAL EXTENT ............................................................................. 3710.5. DURATION ............................................................................. 3710.6. INTENSITY ............................................................................. 3810.7. PROBABILITY ............................................................................. 3910.8. DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................. 39

11. MITIGATION MEASURES ............................................................... 47

11.1. PROPOSED MEASURES TO ADDRESS CONCERNS OF THE COMMUNITIES ALONG THEZIMBA-LIVINGSTONE ROAD .55

11.1.1. Road Site & its Surroundings .55

11.1.2. Quarries & Borrow Pits .55

11.1.3. Siting of Construction Camps .5511.1.4. Abstraction of Water from Local Sources .55

11.1.5. Drainage Design/Culverts .55

11.1.6. Road Accidents & Black-Spots .5511.1.7. Project Benefits to the Local Community .55

11.1.8. Detour, By-pass, Lay-bys and Access Roads .55

11.1.9. District/Community Role in the Project .56

12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (EMP) .57

12.1. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 5712.1.1. Surface Water Management 58

12.1.2. Erosion Control and Sediment Retention 58

12.1.3. Vegetation and Flora 5812.1.4. Fauna .58

12.1.5. Construction Waste 59

12.1.6. Noise .59

12.1.7. Management of Air Quality .59

12.1.8. Rehabilitation .59

12.1.9. Community Consultation and Interaction .5912.1.10. Workforce Awareness .59

12.2. IMPACT MITIGATION PLAN .6112.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN .90

12.4. MONITORING ACTIVITIES AND INDICATORS .92

12.5. REPORTING PROCEDURE .104

13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .105

13.1. CONCLUSIONS 10513.2. RECOMMENDATIONS 105


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 5.1: Broad Classiflcation of the Vegetation Types ........................................... 20

iI

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i


LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Hydrology along zimba-Livingstone Road Corridor ................................................... 19Table 5.1: Vegetation Types along Zimba-Livingstone Road ................................................... 22Table 6.1: Settlements along Zimba-Livingstone Road Corridor ................................................... 24Table 8.1: Community Concerns ................................................... 27Table 10.1: Evaluation of Impacts ................................................... 41Table 11.1: Mitigation Measures ................................................... 47


LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Annotated List of Endangered Species ........................................ 106Appendix 2: List of People Met/ Consulted ........................................ 109Appendix 3: Zimba Community - List of Participants who attended the Public Consultation

Meeting .... 110Appendix 4: Livingstone- Community - List of Participants who attended the Public

Consultation Meeting ................ 112

Ii

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V


ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

EMU Environmental Management Unit Roads Department

EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act

m2 Square Meter

m3 Cubic Meter

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NGO Non-governmental Governmental Organisation

NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission

ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority

.ii

U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Government of the Republic of Zambia has awarded the contract for the techno-economic studies for detailed engineering design of the Zimba-Livingstone roadrehabilitation project to WSP International Management Consulting International inassociation with Kiran and Musonda Associates who has also subcontracted KaizenConsulting International to undertake Environmental Impact Assessment. Under theZambia's environmental laws road rehabilitation projects of this nature must besubject to a full Environmental Impact Assessment. This document therefore presentsthe findings of a study to identify both negative and positive environmental impactstogether with recommendations to mitigate the identified negative impacts.

Expected Road Rehabilitation Works

The rehabilitation works will involve complete rehabilitation and or pothole repairsplus a slurry seal, or single surface dressing of the road. In some sections the projectmay involve upgrading/rehabilitation or widening of the road and adding newdrainage structures. Generally, the existing alignments are followed but could includeimprovements to the vertical and horizontal alignments of isolated sections, whichwill enhance the safety of road users. Earthworks will thus essentially be limited tothe shoulders and drainage repairs. Since there will be no new alignment the potentialimpacts are therefore reduced, but can still rise during both the rehabilitation andoperational phases of the road.

Project Background

The Zimba-Livingstone Road is approximately 100.7 kilometres and was constructedin 1963. Due to limited maintenance some sections of the road are now in anadvanced degree of deterioration thus the need by the Government of the Republic ofZambia (GRZ) to initiate this project for the rehabilitation of the Road.

The Roads Department is the executing agency for the implementation of this project.The main objective of the rehabilitation of the Zimba - Livingstone road is to secureaccess to the tourist town and Zimbabwe and within Southern African DevelopmentCo-operation (SADC) countries, thereby making a significant contribution to realisingand developing Zambia's economic potential. This objective fits within Zambia'soverall poverty alleviation objective, as efficient, sustainable road infrastructure is anessential element for economic development.

Methodology and Baseline Information

Baseline data was collected through field appraisal, discussion with relevant agenciesand institutions in the concerned districts and consultation with local communities andindividuals of the project area. The proposed design of the various components of theProject was studied and discussed with the members of the Project team. The resultswere compiled and analysed to enable the preparation of the report.

3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~viii


Potential Impacts and Mitigating Measures

The road rehabilitation project is expected to lead to some direct and indirectenviromental problems and significant social-economic changers which may haveimplication for the local environment. The major negative environmental impactshave been indentified as:

3 Disfigurement to the landscape from construction wastes and burrow pits* River siltation from eroded soil and silt from runoffs in disturbed soil areas* Oil and gasoline spills from construction equipment and activities* Disruption to wildlife corridors and habitats* Littering domestic refuse and sewarage waste from construction camps* Increased surface runoff due to disturbance of the sub-soil structure* Increased particulate matter (diesel) and dust.* Increased air opuinrom vehicle emissions (Hydrocarborns, carborn dioxide,

carbon monoxide ue to increased trafic.Increased noise<5otn oth during construction and operation phases

* Irrevesible environmental destruction from construction activities such asdeforestation, borrow pit digging and camping site for construction workers

* Changed human settlement patterns due to increased population who may beattracted to the area

The following positive impacts are anticipated:

* Creation of employement opportunities during the construction phase* Increased trade opportunities in the community with increased population* Increased access to cheaper goods from other countries* Faster movements along the road* General improvement in local livelihoods due to synergistic impacts of positive

effects of the project* Increase in revenue to local authorities and institutions from tourism,

communications, land rates, licences and personal levy* Faster movements of people and goods on the road

The following major social negative impacts are anticipated of this project

* Increase in sexually trasmited diseases* Distruction to farmlands and gardens located within the road reserve area.* Pressure on limited social facilities such as health care centres* Loss ofjobs for those employed in the project after the road rehabilition project.

ix


Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

The study has proposed an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMP)to addres the management of the identified environmental issues associated with theproject. The plan consists of implementing the following:

* Implementing the Impact Mitigation Plan3 Monitoring the implementation of the EMP

Environmental monitoring and enforcement are stated along with the output fromsuch monitoring activities. Monitoring responsibilities are specified for theauthorities, the EMU and the Contractor.

Conclusion and Recommendations

A summary of the consultations and the discussions indicates that the socio-economicbenefits of the improved road to the communities in the project area of influenceoutweigh the "no-development" scenario. The project is therefore beingrecommended for implementation assuming the incorporation of the recommendedmitigating measures and implementation of the Impact Mitigation Plan andEnvironmental Monitoring Plan.

x


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

The Government of the Republic of Zambia has initiated the techno-economicstudies for detailed engineering designs of design package 1 for therehabilitation and Maintenance of the Zimba-Livingstone Road under theRoad Sector Investment Program (ROADSIP) II. The main objective of theprogram is to improve the national infrastructure through improvedmaintenance and management in order to speed up socio-economicdevelopment at all levels in the country. The Zimba-Livingstone Road isapproximately 100.7 kilometres and was constructed in 1963. Due to limitedmaintenance some sections of the road are now in an advanced degree ofdeterioration thus the need by the Government of the Republic of Zambia(GRZ) to initiate this project for the rehabilitation of the Road.

The Roads Department is the executing agency for the implementation of thisproject. The main objective of the rehabilitation of the Zimba - Livingstoneroad is to secure efficient access to the tourist Capital Livingstone as well asaccess to the neighbouring countries within Southern African DevelopmentCo-operation (SADC), thereby making a significant contribution to realisingand developing Zambia's economic potential. This objective fits withinZambia's overall poverty alleviation objective, as efficient, sustainable roadinfrastructure is an essential element for economic development.

1.2. The Process of Road RehabilitationThe process leading to road rehabilitation is organised under five main areas,namely; preparatory works, tendering process, organizing projectimplementation, approval and awarding of contracts and supervision ofphysical works.

1.2.1. Preparatory Works

These include selection of roads, field assessment (road interventions, surveys,collection of data, etc), preparing improvements plans (preparing of technicalspecification, local maps and standard cross sections for works to be carriedout and calculations of quantities) and preparation of tender documents.

1.2.2. Tendering Process

This process involves invitation to tender, making tender documents availableto pre-qualified or registered contractors, organizing pre-tender site visits,issuing tender notices, receipt and opening of tenders, tender evaluation,contract negotiations and awarding of tenders.


1.2.3. Organizing Implementation of a Project

This process involves giving notices to contractor to commence work, liaisingand reporting to the employer/ client and liaising with contractors workprogramme and mobilisation of staff, workers and equipment.

1.2.4. Approval and Awarding of Contracts

This process entails obtaining performance bond, insurance of work andworkers, giving notice to contractor to take possession of site, obtainingcontractors work programme and mobilisation of staff, workers andequipment.

1.2.5. Supervision of Physical Work

This involves day to day monitoring of physical progress of the workers,application of conditions of contract, enforcement of specifications, measuringof works with contractors' representatives, quality control in form of materialstesting at laboratory and on site, certification of work done, preparation ofinterim payment certificates, control of material and equipment on site, issuingof site instructions and variation orders and settlement of disputes (arbitration,conciliation, etc).

1.3. Objectives of the EIAThe main objective of the project is to examine impacts on ecological unitsand ecological processes of the area including impacts on physical, biological,socio-economic and cultural environment and to provide mitigation measuresfor identified impacts.

1.4. Scope of the EIATo determine the environmental implications of the road rehabilitation, an EIAmust be undertaken according to the Environmental Protection and Pollution(Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations of 1997.

The Ministry of Works and Supply through Roads Department has identifiedZimba-Livingstone Road for Techno-economic studies and detailedengineering designs of design Package 1, which also encompasses anenvironmental impact assessment. The EIA will assess the impacts from roadrehabilitation and evaluate the alternative. The existing road has been includedas a "zero-alternative", in case rehabilitation on the existing road does not takeplace.

The EIA will determine whether Zimba-Livingstone road will have significantadverse or beneficial impacts on the environment during the rehabilitation andoperational life phases, and it will also recommend measures for mitigation ofnegative environmental effects through the preparation of an environmentalmanagement and monitoring plan.

The scope of the study is outlined in the Scoping Report and Terms ofreference (July 2003) as reviewed, commented and approved by the

-2 -


Environmental Council of Zambia. The output from the EIA is thisEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) comprising of an EnvironmentalManagement and Monitoring Plan (EMP).

1.5. Study Approach and Methodology

The EIA process took place from June 2003 to August 2003, and involved thefollowing steps:

* Review of the existing environmental information and legislation;

This included review of the Environmental Protection and Pollution ControlAct and its subsidiary legislation and other relevant Acts and internationalconventions.

3 Initial environmental survey along the proposed road corridor

This task involved collecting data along the project areas and identifying areasrequiring detailed investigations, which include sensitive areas.

* Scoping;

Including consultative meetings and discussions with relevant governmentinstitutions at national, provincial and district level, local communities,Headmen, representatives from NGO's and community based organisationsand residents from communities along the road. Letters stating the objectivesof the project and requesting local participation and consultation in the processwere also distributed. Responses from the consultations and discussionsprovided the relevant background information and helped identify majorenvironmental concerns of the communities along the road for the EIAprocess.

* Identification of the magnitude and significance of the principalimpacts;

Impacts will be evaluated in terms of magnitude and significance. There arethree groupings of impacts on the environment which will be evaluated for theduration of the project namely;

* Physical environment* Biological environment* Socio-economic environment* Cultural environment

These impacts may be positive (beneficial) or negative (adverse) and will beclassified as low, moderate or high to the extent their effects will be describedquantitatively in terms of environmental costs and benefits. Effects may bedirect or indirect, short term, intermediate or long term.The impacts will be assessed during the following stages of the project:

-3 -


* Pre-Construction (Design) Phase* Construction Phase* Operational Phase

It will be important that the likely impacts are defined and evaluated at anearly stage of the planning process. This was done through scoping thespecific impacts and their implications which are pertinent to the road projectso that alternatives can then be investigated and changes can be incorporatedat the design stage. Other measures will also be identified which can be takeninto account during design and construction phases that would enhance theenvironmental quality of the road.

* Identification of appropriate mitigation measures and/or designchanges to eliminate or reduce the identified impacts;

The mitigation measures will be considered to reduce the effect of thedevelopment on the surrounding environment. Wherever possiblerecommendations will be made to mitigate against impacts on the physical,biological and socio-economic environment.

* Formulation of an environmental management and monitoring plan

The report will include a plan for monitoring and implementation of mitigationmeasures during construction and operation. Mitigation plans should beincluded in the tender document to form part of the overall constructioncontract.

1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment Team

The Environmental Impact Assessment is co-ordinated by:

J. CHISHIBA - Environmental Management Specialist & EIA Co-ordinatorL. MATE - Socio-economistJ. MULOMBA - Natural Resources SpecialistA MUTALE - Hydrologist

The EIA team works in close collaboration with the Project Team consistingof:

K. PATEL Chartered Civil Engineer/ Alternate Project Director(Zambia)

D. JUDD Highway Engineer/ Team LeaderD. B. GREEN Traffic EngineerA. J. SWART Pavement/ Materials Engineer

-4 -


2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Environmental Policy Framework

2.1.1. National Conservation Strategy

The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) is the forerunner to environmentallegislation in Zambia. The NCS was adopted by the Government of Zambia in1985 and led to the enactment of the Environmental Protection and PollutionControl Act in 1990 and provided for the establishment EnvironmentalCouncil of Zambia (ECZ) which became operational in 1991. The NCSprovided guidance for the sustainable development of Zambia through the useand conservation of natural resources within a centrally planned and controlledeconomy. However in 1992, the National Environmental Action Plan processwas established to update the NCS, to meet the demands of an economyundergoing liberalisation and to update technical information.

2.2. Environmental Legislative Framework

2.2.1. Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act,

Chapter 204

The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA), Cap 204,Part IV to VII sets the role of ECZ in setting environmental quality standardsfor waste, water, air pesticides and toxic substances, noise, ionising radiationand natural resources conservation. In 1997 an amendment to the EPPCAestablished the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, StatutoryInstrument No. 28 of 1997 for conducting and review of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of certain projects such as this one on road rehabilitation.

The Environmental Council of Zambia is a Statutory body mandated toenforce the provisions of the EPPCA for the protection of the environmentthrough provisions on natural resource management and pollution control asprovided for under the Act.

2.2.2. EIA Legislative Requirements

This Environmental Impact Statement was prepared in accordance with thelegal framework on Environmental Management enshrined in theEnvironmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, Cap 204 of the Laws ofZambia and its subsidiary legislation, the Environmental Impact AssessmentRegulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997.

Specifically, Section 3(1) of the EIA Regulations states that, "a developer shallnot implement a project for which a project brief or environmental impactstatement is required under these Regulations, unless the project brief or theenvironmental impact statement has been concluded in accordance with these

5 -


regulations and the Environmental Council of Zambia has issued a decisionletter."

The contents of an Environmental Impact Statement shall be prepared toinclude the following elements:

* A description of the project;A description of the site;

* A description of the raw material inputs, technology, processes,products and by-products;

* A description of the site surrounding environment;* A description of the environmental effects;* A description of the socio-economic impacts;* Impact management Plan

EIA Le2islative Requirement for Road Rehabilitation

The proposed project is outlined under the Environmental Impact AssessmentRegulations S.I. No. 28 of 1997, Second Schedule (Regulations (7)(2)) Section2(a) under the heading Transportation: The Regulation states that All majorroads outside urban areas, the construction of new roads and majorimprovements over 10 km in length or over I km in length if the road passesthrough a National Park or Game Management Area shall require anEnvironmental Impact Assessment. The Zimba-Livingstone road is a majorroad outside the urban areas and require major improvements over 10 km inlength. In addition the road passes through the Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Parkto the Victoria Falls border with Zimbabwe. Therefore the EIA process wasconducted in line with the provisions of these EIA Regulations.

2.3. Road Sector Policy and Management FrameworkThe current policy on road management in Zambia is enshrined in interalia,the Roads and Road Traffic Act, Cap 766 of 1969, the Local Government ActNo.22 of 1991 and the National Parks and Wildlife Services Act of 1991.

The Ministry of Communications and Transport (MCT) is in charge of policyon road transport. The National Roads Board was established in 19064 by ,AMCT and is mandated to manage a Road Fund. The Department of Roads,Local Authorities, Zambia Wildlife Authority and Ministry of Agriculture,Food and Fisheries are designated Highway authorities. Institutions with directresponsibilities for road management are presented below:

* The Department of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply isresponsible for management of inter-territorial main roads (T-roads),territorial main roads (M-Roads) and District Roads with prefi;b(D-roads).

* The Local Authorities under the auspices of the Ministry of LocalGovernment and Housing are in charge of management of district roads

-6 -


with prefix RD (RD-roads), rural roads (R-roads) and Branch roads B-roads).

* Zambia Wildlife Authority under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism,Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for management ofroads situated within the boundaries of National Parks and Tourist areas asper section 41 and 42 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act of 1991, aswell as management of certain Branch roads (B-roads) and Estate roads(E-roads).

* The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries takes care of a limitednetwork of roads leading to mainly agricultural camps, Farmers TrainingInstitutes.

* The Ministry of Finance and National Planning is responsible for amongother things budgeting and planning.

2.4. Other Acts Reviewed Relevant to the Road RehabilitationProject

The Acts below have also been reviewed in order to ensure that the projectcomplies with other relevant existing laws that have a bearing onenvironmental management vis-a-vis waste management and waste disposalsite (landfill development).

2.4.1. National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201

The National Parks and Wildlife Act provides for the establishment, controland management of National Parks and Game Management Areas. Under thisAct is a schedule of Protected animal species.

The Zimba-Livingstone road passes through the national park. Rehabilitationworks in this area will be undertaken in close collaboration with ZambiaWildlife Authority (ZA WA) and in accordance with measures outlined in themanagement plan in this report.

2.4.2. Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283

The Town and Country Planning Act, came into force in 1962 and providesfor the control, use and change of land use zones and reservations for variouspurposes, eg. siting of work sites. It also provides for the compensation ofthose affected by planning decisions and regulated development subdivisions.

The road rehabilitation project will be undertaken in accordance with theapproved land use plans as provided for under the Town and CountryPlanning Act.

-7 -


2.4.3. Forest Act, Chapter 199

The Forest Act, passed in 1974, provides for the establishment andmanagement of National and Local forests, conservation and protection offorests and trees, and licensing and sale of forest products. The Act prohibitsthe felling, collecting or injuring of forest products in protected forest areas orforest reserves, unless a license has been obtained to do so. It also prohibitsexcavation, construction, and operation of machinery within the forest reservesor protected areas.

Forest reserves currently cover approximately 10% of the country and areintended for the conservation and development of forest resources, as well asproviding protection to watersheds.

The Act also provides for the protection of 6 tree species nationally whether ina protected area or outside it. These are as follows:

Entandrophragma caudatum Mountain MahoganyKhaya nyasica Red MahoganyPterocarpus angolensis African TeakAfzelia quanzensis Pod MahoganyFaurea saligna BeechwoodBaikiaea plurijuga Teak

During biological/ecological investigations rotected tree pecieh bfound along the road corridor. During roa rehabilitation, these species willbe addressed in accordance with the measures outlined in the managementplan in this report.

2.4.4. Water Act, Chapter 198

The Water Act provides for the control, ownership and use of public andprivate water excluding that of Zambezi, Luapula and Luangwa Rivers whichborder with other countries. Public water use is controlled by the Water Boardthrough the allocation of water rights which are granted followinginvestigation, advertisement and, where necessary, permission from the chief.

The Act also establishes the pollution of public water as an offence, althoughthe Water Pollution Control Regulations are established by the EPPCA.

The project will comply with the provisions of the Act by ensuring that stormwater disposal structures intended to control runoffs from the road into theaquatic environment (both surface and groundwater) are part of the overalldetailed designs for road rehabilitation.

2.4.5. National Heritage Conservation Commission Act

The National Heritage and Conservation Act established the National HeritageConservation Commission (NHCC), which is responsible for the conservationof ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and objects of aesthetic,historical, prehistoric, archaeological or scientific interest by preservation,

* -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8 -


restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction, adaptive use and good management.The Commission also provides regulations for archaeological excavation andexport of relics.

If a development is unable to proceed without affecting an item of heritage,permission must be sought from the NHCC as outlined in Sections 35 and 36of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act.

During the road surveys and detailed EIA investigations it is likely that thereare items of heritage in some areas and rehabilitation works will beundertaken in accordance with the mitigation measures provided in themanagement plan in this report.

2.4.6. The Land Act of 1995

The Land Act of 1995 was enacted to quarantee peoples' right to land whileenhancing development. The Act recognises the holding of land undercustomary tenure and the Chief's role has been legally recognised, such thatland cannot be converted or alienated without approval of the chief

The developer worked closely with the local community and has obtainedconsent from Chiefs, Headmen, Area Councilors and local authorities ofZimba and Livingstone Communities during the EIA process and will continueto do so during final road rehabilitation works.

2.4.7. The Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970

Land acquisition is governed by the Lands Acquisition Act No. 2 of 1970. TheAct sets out regulations for compulsory acquisition of land and property andcompensation for such acquisition. The president (his designated andauthorized person) may acquire any property in the interest of the Republic.Notice shall be given in person not less than two months in advance and shallbe gazetted. Compensation for acquired property, losses and damages shall bepaid as may be agreed or, finally determined by the National Assembly in caseagreement on compensation is not reached within six weeks after publicationin the Gazette. Any disputes except for disputes related to the amount ofcompensation may be instituted for court proceedings. The Act also opens forcompensation to be granted by allocation of new land to the property owner.

The Act instituted a Compensation Advisory Board to advise the Minister ofLands in assessment of compensation payable under the Act. The functions ofthe Board have been delegated to various committees. Various forms to beused in proceedings of property acquisition are prescribed in the statutoryInstrument No. 60 of 1970.

The developer will confine the rehabilitation works within the road reservearea i.e. 30m from the centre of the road to either side of the road to minimiseimpacts in the immediate environment.

I


2.4.8. Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 32

The Mines and Minerals Act Cap 32 of 1976 regulates activities relating tomines and minerals operations including quarrying and provides forregulations for environmental protection during prospecting and miningactivities and rehabilitation of the areas mined. Further, the Ministry ofTransport and Communications, Environmental guidelines Section 7.6 (2)states that:

"Contractors shall obtain licenses from the Ministry of Mines to operateborrow areas" and 7.10 (6) states that "Contractors shall obtain mininglicenses for quarrying".

In this project quarrying for gravel material will be carried out andrehabilitation of the quarries created in the process will be carried out basedon the mitigation measures and the rehabilitation plans outlined in thisdocument and in the subsequent Environmental Project Brief.

2.4.9. Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464

The Roads and Traffic Control Act, provides for the control of traffic, and forthe regulation of storm water disposal structures.

In this road rehabilitation project, requirements for storm water disposalstructures along the access road as providedfor under this Act are part of theoverall designs for road rehabilitation.

2.4.10.Local Government Act, Chapter 281

The Local Government Act allows the Council to implement environmentalprotection and natural resources management functions which includeprevention of pollution of water supplies and undertaking of miningoperations.

For instance, the Act would support the location and restorations of borrow pitsites, subject to approval by the relevant Government Departments and LocalCommunities in the areas in which they are located.

Location and siting of camps and borrow pits will be undertaken withconsultations and consent from the local community and approval fromrelevant Government Department. In the case of opening a new borrow pitthis will require approvalfrom the Environmental Council of Zambia by wayof undertaking an Environmental Project Brief.

2.4.11.Public Health Act, Chapter 295

The Public Health Act empowers a Council to prevent diseases and pollutiondangerous to human health and to any water supply for domestic use.

-10-


The project will ensure that measures to prevent diseases and pollutiondangerous to human health and to any water supply are taken into accountthrough the provision of a road drainage control system.

2.4.12.Factories Act, Chapter 441

The Factories Act provides a framework for the setting of regulations toensure the safety, health and welfare of persons employed on constructionwork sites and in factories. The Act is applicable during road rehabilitation.

The project will ensure that the safety, health and welfare measures andfacilities of workers during road rehabilitation will be in accordance with theprovisions of the Factories Act.

2.4.13.Petroleum Act, Chapter 439

The areas of the Petroleum Act of relevance to this project are regulations forthe conveyance and storage of petroleum, inflammable oil and liquids e. g.paraffin.

Where petroleum products shall be transported to or stored on site this shallbe done in compliance with the provisions of the Petroleum Act.

2.4.14.Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436

This Act allows for the establishment of procedures for the transportation,handling and storage of fuels to minimize negative environmental impacts.

Where fuels shall be transported to, handled or stored on site this shall bedone in compliance with the provisions of the Energy Regulation Act.

2.5. International and Regional Conventions

Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional conventions,the ones which are related to the environment are listed below:-

* Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as aWaterfowl Habitat

* Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

* Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Floraand Fauna

* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

* Convention on Biological Diversity United Nations Convention to CombatDesertification


The project will take into the requirements of these conventions wereapplicable and will be addressed by the project as proposed in this EIS.

-12 -


3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1. Project LocationThe extent of the road section is from the international border post withZimbabwe near Livingstone and the southern boundary of Zimba whichcoincides with the end of the Monze to Zimba road. The Zimba - Livingstoneroad passes through an area of commercial and subsistence agriculturalactivities. The road passes across the two major towns of Zimba andLivingstone, terminating at the Victoria Falls Railway and Road Bridge,covering a distance of approximately 100.7km. The road is an inter-territorialroad and is classified as type T-road and falls under the responsibility of theDepartment of Roads in the Ministry of Works and Supply.

3.2. Project Activities

The proposed project will involve complete rehabilitation and or potholerepairs plus a slurry seal, or single surface dressing of the road. In somesections the project may involve upgrading/rehabilitation or widening of theroad and adding new drainage structures. Generally, the existing alignmentsare followed but could include improvements to the vertical and horizontalalignments of isolated sections, which will enhance the safety of road users.Since there will be no new alignment the potential impacts are thereforereduced, but will still arise during both the rehabilitation and operationalphases of the road.

3.2.1. Phases in Road Rehabilitation

The road rehabilitation works are divided into phases namely; pre-construction(design) phase, construction phase and operational phase. Differentenvironmental impacts may be generated during the different phases. Theactivities involved in each phase are elaborated in the sections below.

Pre-Construction (Desi2n) PhaseThis phase involves carrying out a survey of the proposed road. Survey in thiscase refers to land investigations, drilling, measurements and pre-worksexamination of the site. To facilitate the conceptual design an environmentalimpact assessment was undertaken and the key concerns from the study werealso taken into account in the design phase. The output from this phase is anenvironmentally friendly engineering design for road rehabilitation, which hasto be implemented in the construction phase.

Construction PhaseThe actual rehabilitation of the road will take place in the construction phase.The estimated roadwork will cover the following activities:* Road Rehabilitation

As the conditions of the road vary, the road would have to undergo differentdegree of work, which will have different levels of impact on the environment.

-13 -


The Project Team has carried out a number of surveys and analysis(l) todetermine the condition of the road to assess what it would require to improvethe existing road to an acceptable safety and environmental standard.According to these surveys the estimated work required to bring the road to anacceptable standard would include some interventions.

* Reconstruction of the shoulders

The general condition of the shoulders for the road is very poor. Most of theshoulders have completely disappeared or are covered with vegetation. Oftenthe vegetation consists of tall grasses, obstructing drivers' sight and thusincreasing the risk of accident.

The shoulders willH b completely reconstructed and rehabilitated to theiroriginal width of 1.8. In certain areas, an increase in width may be envisagedto cater for the large number of non-motorised users of the road, such aspedestrians and cyclists.

* Cleaning and clearing of ditches, culverts and drains

Ditches have been constructed all along the side of the road. Most of theseditches are silted up and overgrown by vegetation, and they will need to becleared and reshaped during the rehabilitation process. This will also includethe mitre drains.

The Project Team has observed several culverts for the road (to be elaboratedin the hydrological and drainage survey).

* Installation of new road furniture and the rehabilitation of existing

Presently the road has very little road furniture in the forms of road signs,demarcations and lining, safety barriers, kilometre posts, culvert beacons.traffic lights. The Project will introduce all the above mentioned furniture.

1 Reconstruction of existing lay-by

The Project Team has observed some lay-bys along the road. The lay-bys varyfrom simple dirt areas of 2-3 m next to the road to wide circle shaped lay-bysseparated from the road by the ditch.

Given the type and frequency of traffic more lay-by will be considerednecessary. The lay-bys will be paved and separated from the road.

3 These surveys include: topographical survey, hydrological and drainage survey, structural condition survey, road conditionsurvey, soils and material analysis and a traffic survey

-14-


* Road Safety Measures

At present there are no traffic safety measures or speed reducing devices alongthe road. The Project will install these at black spots and at strategic areasaround settlements, villages and towns.

Operational PhaseThis is the post-construction phase when all the road rehabilitation works havebeen completed and the road has been commissioned for use.

3.2.2. Sources of Road Rehabilitation Materials

Quarries and Borrow PitsA number of quarries and borrow pits, which could be used for stone andgravel extraction, are found along road. The exact borrow pits to be used havenot yet been identified though the projects approach is to establish borrowareas at an average frequency of 5kms along the road. However preferencewill be made concerning areas that have been partially exploited and ifpossible, pits on state land or in less densely populated areas will be exploited.No places for disposal of spoil and construction waste have yet beenidentified.

Rock AggregateDuring site reconnaissance a commercial quarry was encountered namely:

* Senkobo Quarry located approximately 49km south of Zimba.

The Senkobo quarry appear to be in strategic location and is equipped toprovide the necessary rock aggregate for surfacing, asphalt and concreteworks. The quarry is centrally located between Zimba and Livingstone. In thecourse of further materials investigation's to supply the section of the roadtowards Livingstone, preference should be given to potential quarries that havebeen exploited in the past.

3.3. Analysis of Alternative ApproachesThe Zimba-Livingstone road connects the capital city, Lusaka to the touristcapital Livingstone and to the neighbouring countries in Southern Africa. Themain reasons for selecting the Zimba-Livingstone road for rehabilitationinclude:

* The corridor links the tourist capital Livingstone to the capital city,Lusaka;

* The southern part of Zambia has agricultural and tourism developmentpotential, which would lead to an improved living standard; and

* Upgrading of the main road accompanied by parallel development offeeder roads in the surrounding areas will add strongly to the possibility ofrealising this potential.

-15 -


Taking the effect of road projects on the environment other alternatives weretaken into consideration. The purpose was to assess the effects of thesealternatives on the environment against expected benefits. The alternativesconsidered are:

* No-action alternatives* Reconstruction alternative* Rehabilitation alternatives

3.3.1. No-Action Alternative

This alternative assumes that there will be no improvement or changes in thepresent state of the road. This would imply that the road, which is presentlypaved but in a state of deterioration in the form of cracking, potholes andbleeding and edge breaking, would be left unimproved.

With this alternative the main reason for improving the Zimba-Livingstoneroad, which is to link the Southern Province to Lusaka and to develop theagricultural and tourism potential of the southern part of Zambia, would not beachieved. This would mean that the economic and social development of theSouthern Province would not take place, as all development opportunities,such as easy movement of agricultural produce, creation of new jobs, easymovement of passenger, reduced vehicle-operating costs, etc. would not berealised.

The poor conditions of the road in form of potholes, cracks and a rough roadprofile make the road very uncomfortable to ride on and very accident proneas drivers easily lose control in trying to avoid potholes. With the presentadvanced state of deterioration due to inadequate maintenance, the conditionsof the road are likely to deteriorate further if the road remains unrehabilitated.

A No-action alternative is not recommended as the choice to be adopted.

3.3.2. Reconstruction Alternative

This alternative implies the complete reconstruction of the entire road. Itwould not include any realignment as no other preferred stretch has beenidentified as a better way to the Southern Province and the Southern Africancountries.

This alternative would require extensive roadwork both to rip up existing roadand put in place the new road. According to technical surveys carried out bythe project Team, some sections of the road would require rework on the base,while parts of the road are in such good conditions that they require onlylimited work to bring the road to an acceptable state.

This solution would not only be time consuming and very costly, but wouldalso have an important negative impacts on the environment. The benefitswould never overweigh the cost, both economic and environmental.

-16-


A reconstruction alternative is not recommended as the choice to be adopted.

3.3.3. Rehabilitation Alternative

This alternative implies improving the existing road to an acceptable safety,speed and environmental standard.

As the existing road alignment is already a paved road and a strategic road, thepresent alignment is the logical choice for rehabilitation and no other preferredroads (paved or gravel) were identified as a better way to Southern Provinceand the rest of Southern African countries.

The conditions of the road vary over the entire length, and certain stretchesneed considerable much work than others. According to the field surveys andtechnical analysis carried out by the Project Team the road will requireresurfacing, either as a complete pavement reconstruction or merely apavement overlay, to meet an acceptable riding standard. On some sections ofthe road, the base and sub base have been so severely damaged, that it willrequire a complete rework.

This solution would be costly, but far less than the reconstruction alternativeand the environmental implications far lesser. There will be certain negativeimpacts in the environment during the rehabilitation phase, however the socio-economic benefits to especially the Southern Province and the country aswhole would be considerable, as access will be improved.

The advantages associated with the rehabilitation alternative far outweigh thedisadvantages social, economic and environmental. Even though initial costswould be high, the accrued economic and cultural benefits far outweigh theother alternatives.

-17 -


4. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF ROAD SITE & ITS

SURROUNDINGS

4.1. TopographyThe general topography along this section of the road can best be described asflat to undulating.

4.2. Soils and GeologyThe soils developed over the basalt rocks are shallow lithosols. Where thelandscape assumes a more or less flat to undulating terrain the basalt iscovered by striations of arenaceous brownish soils that finger into the areafrom the extensive Kalahari sands of Angola, Botswana, Namibia and theWestern Province of Zambia. These Kalahari sands are a common feature ofmost parts of Kazungula and Livingstone districts.

4.3. ClimateThe climate in the project area is typically subtropical with mean monthlytemperature range between 15.8 to 15.90C in June and July and 26.30C inOctober. The average minimum is 6.4°C in July and the average maximum is34.10C in October. The absolute maximum is above 38.30C in August toDecember, reaching 40.20C in October and the average relative humidityranges from 32% in September to 74% in February.

The mean annual evaporation is 2170mm. The rates range between 196-217mm in August to November and 132-150mm in June - July. The meanevaporation exceeds mean rainfall during the wettest period November toMarch by a toatl of 25.6mm.

4.4. Hydrology and DrainageThe Zimba - Livingstone road passes across the Zambezi Basin and ends onthe Zambezi River at the Victoria Falls. This part of the Zambezi Basin can beclassified as a small catchment comprising approximately fifteen (15) streamsand creeks. The catchment is characterized by steep slopes, where runoff waterquickly drains through the streams and eventually discharge into the Zambeziriver both upstream and downstream of the Victoria Falls. Of the streamsdischarging into the Zambezi River, only the Maramba can be consideredperennial, while the rest are dry during the dry season, as observed during thesurvey.

The major crossing point on the Zambezi river is located at the Victoria FallsBridge located 92 km from Zimba. There are three bridges and approximatelytwenty culverts along the road.

Villages and farms along the route use both surface and groundwater for theirwater supply. Surface water is drawn from dams built across several streamsthat flow through the farms, and is mainly used for stock watering and


irrigation. Settlements draw domestic water from boreholes provided bygovernment and other development organizations, these range in depth from30 to 40 meters to water level. The major streams and dambos along the roadare as follows:

Table 4.1: Hydrology along zimba-Livingstone Road Corridor

Distance from Description NameZimba10 km Culvert Dry stream bed11 km Culvert Dry stream bed

11.2 km Culvert Dry stream bed58.2 km Embankment Bridge Dambo85.8 km Bridge Maramba River86.6 km Bridge Dry stream bed92 km Bridge Zambezi River (Victoria falls)

Source: Consultants surveys

4.5. Air qualityThe air quality is generally of good quality starting from Zimba going toLivingstone. There are no major industries from Zimba to Livingstone that arelikely to emit air pollutants. However, the advent of a new road may result inincreased gaseous emissions. Dust during rehabilitation works may pose airquality problems.

4.6. Wetland and DambosThe road passes through approximately 7 dambos or riverbed whereembankments/ culverts have been constructed. Most of these areas are dry inthe dry season and flooded during rainy season. These areas are importantfrom socio-economic point of view (as fertile agricultural lands) and from anatural point of view it is important to maintain these areas to ensure thenatural flow of water. The major river on this road project is the ZambeziRiver, which provide water to the tourist attraction, the Victoria Falls. TheZESCO Power generation station also draw water from the Zambezi River.

-19 -


5. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

5.1. Flora and Fauna

5.1.1. Classification of Vegetation

The classification of vegetation along the transect is in accordance with that ofEdmund's classification of Vegetation types for Zambia, 1976. This is in linewith the Chakanga De Barker classification of their Woodland ResourcesManagement of 1984.

Figure 5.1: Broad Classification of the Vegetation Types

Forests Woodlands Grasslands Bush Groups Trees OutsideForests

Baikiaea Miombo For the purpose ofParinari Mopane this study an

additionalMontane Munga vegetation class

Itigi Kalahari adopted was Tress

Riparian Outside Forests

Dry Deciduous WoodlandThis is a Dalbergia-Combretum shrub-scrambler thicket dominated by

Dalbergia spp and Combretum spp. The common associated scrambler taxa

include Acacia ataxacantha (Mugowa konoto T), Capparis tomentosa(Chimwese T) and Grewaflavescens.

There are also spots of emergents of this woodland that include Adansonia

digitata (Mubuyu, T), Berchemia discolor (Mwii T), Boscia angustifolia(Muyusa T).

Riparian WoodlandThis consists of a narrow band of forest along the rivers and streams. The taxa

Bridelia micrantha (Musangu sangu T), Ficus capensis (Mukuyu, T),

Mimusops zeyheri(Mukulanjoni T) Syzygium guineense (Katope, T).

The commoner shrubs and smaller trees include Acalypha ornata, Azazna

garkeana(Munego, T), Bauhinia tomentosa (Mupondopondo T) andMarkhamia obtusifolia (Mupetakwale, T).

Miombo WoodlandThis woodland is dominated by Braschystegia-Julbernardia species. It covers

most of the hills along the transect. There is frequently a catenal sequence

found; miombo at the crests of the ridges and down the slopes. This is

gradually replaced by the mopane and at the bottom of the slope is found a

narrow belt of thicket fringing seasonal watercourses.

-20 -


Braschystegialongifolia and Julbernardia globiflora are the usual dominants.The commoner canopy associates are Braschystegia spiciformis, Burkeaafricana, Parinari curatelifolia and Monotes africana.

The commoner shrubs and small trees include Bauhiniapetersiana,Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Psuedolachynostilismaprouneifolia. On the lowest scarp slopes and on many of the ridges andkojes in the valley miombo occurs in admixture with munga woodland.Braschystegia boehmii and Combretum spp are dominant associated withMarkhamia acuminata in the upper and characteristic hilly species such as thepaper barked Bridelia mollis, Commiphora spp, Sterculia quinqueloba.

Muni!a WoodlandThis woodland characterised by Acacias, Combretums and Terminalias occurson some of the deepest and most fertile soils along the transect. The associatedspecies include Acacia tortilis, A. sieberana, Adansonia digitata, Sclerocaryacaffra (Marula) and Tamarindus indica.

Mopane WoodlandThe canopy of this woodland is almost exclusively dominated by the principaltaxa of Colophosermum mopane. However, occasionally, Adansonia digitata,Afzelia quanzensis were seen in the canopy cover. The woodland commonlycarry a considerable undergrowth of such shrubs and small trees asCombretum spp and Dalbergia melanoxylon.

TerminariaThese occur on the more level to gently sloping sandstone slopes withunderstorey species typical of miombo woodland but dominated by suchspecies as Diospros mesipiliformis and Sclelocarya caffra. Low termnitemounds occur here and there in scrub mopane and munga woodlands. Thedominants are from the surrounding woodland.

Grassland* Dambo grasslandThe vegetation is a moderately dense mat of grasses, sedges and herbs. Thecushion-like perennial grasses occur in bunches with Loudetia simplex as thecharacteristic taxon associated with Aristida, Leersia hexandra (Rice relative)and Eragrotis spp.

* Riverine grasslandThis occur as a narrow belt of Hyparrhenia grasses, principally, H. cymbaria,H. filipendula and H. rufa associated with Bracharia and Setaria grasses.Panicum spp and Acrocerns macrum are common in wetter parts.

Tress Outside ForestsThese may be referred to as trees and tree environments on land not defined asforest or other wooded land. They include trees planted along road sides andbackyards.

- 21 -


The road is flanked by a relatively good spectacle of planted exotic tree andshrub species notably Eucalyptus ssp, Bouganivillea, Tricalia emetica, Vitextrifoliate, Gmelina aborea, Toona cilliata, Senna siamea, Callistermoniviminallis, Mangifera indica, Vitex trifoliata. The Munga woodland thenflanks the road up to Kafue.

5.1.2. Flora and Fauna along Zimba-Livingstone Road

VegetationLarge areas of the Zimba-Livingstone road are covered by stunted woodlandsand secondary thicket formations where basalt-derived soils occur. Thisvegetation structure is quite evident as one descends into the Senkobo areafrom Tonga plateau.

The prominent vegetation types are the Riparian forests and woodlands, thestunted Miombo, the Mopane and Kalahari woodland. Other vegetation typessuch as Munga, Savanna do occur in patches. Therefore, plant taxa most likelyto be affected during road rehabilitation are those constituting these vegetationtypes.

Table 5.1: Vegetation Types along Zimba-Livingstone Road

Distance from Zimba to Vegetation TypeLivingstone

0.0km - 12.7km Munga woodland1.2km - 20.7 km Mopane woodland on Clays Soils20.7km - 27.7km Siyamaya Settlement- Miombo woodland on

plateau and valley soils27.7km - 50.0km Kalahari woodland on Sands50.0km - 55.3km Rail embankment55.3km - 58.2km Kananga-Munga woodland on heavy Soils58.2km - 76.7km Weigh bridge (Dambwa Forest)- Kalahari

woodland76.7km - 80.2km Livingstone Town85.5km Filling Station85.5km National Park-Mopane woodland on Clay

Victoria Falls Bridge

FaunaThe area is home to a number of rare and endangered animals. There is still asizeable population of most antelope species, as well as elephant (Loxodantaafricana), Baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Although these animals are mostlyfound in the Victoria Falls game park, they have also been observed in theDambwa Forest reserve.

-22 -


6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

6.1. Demographic Aspects

6.1.1. Livingstone

According to the 2000 census of population and housing, the population forlivington has icreased from 83,780 in 1990 of which 42,230 were male and41,550 were--faniaie)o 158,149 in 2000 of which 78,716 are male and 79,433 Iare famal~The__ _ray annual population growth rate for the intercensalperiod 1990-2000 was 6.6 percent of which 6.4 percent are male, 6.7 arefarale Among the disricts in Southern Province has a highest populationgrowth rate v

6.1.2. Zimba

According to the 2000 census of population and housing, Zimba has a totalpopulation of 1,965 of which 950 are male which reperesents 48.36 percentand 1,015 are famale which represents 51.64 percent of the total population.

6.2. Economic Proflle along Zimba-Livingstone RoadGenerally, people on the Zimba - Livingstone have settled within a radius of 2kilometres on either side of the road. Zimba is an agricultural town. Along theroad there are some farms with animals especially cattle as well as crops suchas maize and cotton. As one travels down the town of Livingstone, it iscommon to find other people engaged in trading of all sorts of merchandizeincluding wild fruits, charcoal and wood curving or curious. Within SouthernProvince, Livingstone town is the beehive of economic activities. Due to itstourism industry, some people have put up guesthouses, lodges and hotels.Others work as money changers, tour guides and providers of services such ascar hire and bicycle hire. Other activities are fast food outlets, trading in goodsboth local goods and those obtained from Zimbabwe, across the boader.

6.3. Land useThe land-use along the road is characterised by agricultural activity and forestareas. Though woodland is still the predominant type of vegetation on theroad, however the stunted woodlands and secondary thicket formations alsocover large areas of the Zimba-Livingstone road. Some of these forests arenow degraded, particularly in the vicinity of the road. Farming and animalhusbandry have significantly altered the visual impression of the originalvegetation and the land-use along the road is now mainly crop farming.

6.4. Settlements IA number of settlements line both sides of the road, these include thefollowing:

-23 -


Table 6.1: Settlements along Zimba-Livingstone Road Corridor

Distance fromZimba Side of the Road Name Comments

0 km West Zimba Secondary School District CapitalSecondary School

1 km East Burundi Farm Settlement1 km West SDA Church Church

1.9 km West Rail Line Transport Line2 km Both Namadula Village Settlement

2.5 km East Siachoba Village Settlement2.5 km West Simwami Settlement2.8 km East Mukendwa Village Settlement3.7 km East Sikanchele Village Settlement

Distance fromZimba Side of the Road Name Comments

4.4 km East Siloka Village Settlement4.9 km East Singambwa Village Settlement5.2 km West Simwami Station Market/Station5.6 km West Simwami ZR Compound Siding/Settlement6.9 km East Chisula Village Settlement12.2 km West Sikaya Market14.4 km East Mubalu Farm Farm/Charcoal

Market16.9 km East Munachongwe Farm17.5 km West Malongalonga Settlement20.7 km West Makoli Primary School School27.7 km West Siyamaya Settlement29.4 km East Ngulube Settlement31.2 km East Kabuyu Farm31.7 km West Kabuyu ZR Station/Settlement33.2 km West Kazungula Stn Station34 km West Muzyamba Farm

38.3 km West Siakasipa Village Settlement42 km East Evergreen Farm

44.8 km East Zamtel ZNBC Transmitters CommunicationInfrastructures

50 km West Senkobo Village Settlement58.2 km East Kananga Settlement76.7 km West Livingstone Weighbridge Chock Point

77 - 82km Both Livingstone City District Capital89.7 km South Sun Hotel Tourism/Lodging90 km North Mukuni Turnoff Infrastructure91 km South Zambezi Sun Tourism/Lodging

91.6 km East Border Post CheckPoint/Immigration/

CustomsSource: Consultants surveys

Settlements and locations along the road are outside the stipulated thirty (30)meters road reserve, apart from makeshift structures used as selling points.

-24 -


7. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

7.1. Cultural Resources

7.1.1. Archaeological, Cultural and Historical Sites: Zimba-

Livingstone Road

Within the Zimba-Livingstone road, there are a number of archaeological sitesaround the Victoria Falls. In order to ensure maximum protection of theseitems of heritage there will be need to involve National Heritage ConservationCommission (NHCC) in some section of the road during rehabilitation worksso that areas of archaeological, cultural and historic sites are identified andconserved as provided under the National Heritage Conservation CommissionAct, Cap 173 of the Laws of Zambia.

Disturbance in these areas should be reduced to the absolute minimum. Thismeans construction of diversion roads, location of campsites, crusher andasphalt plants and extraction of materials should as far as possible be avoided.

-25 -


8. PUBLIC MEETINGS/ CONSULTATIONS

8.1. Approach and MethodologyThe method adopted for community consultations was open discussions withthe relevant local institutions at provincial and district level, Headmen,representatives from NGO's and com'munity based organisations and residentsfronro-tiiau-nites living along the road. -

Letters stating the objectives of the project and requesting local participationand consultation in the process were also distributed.

Responses from the consultations and interviews provided the relevantbackground information and helped identify major environmental concerns ofthe communities along the road for preparation of this environmental impactstatement.

8.2. Key Presentations, Questions and Concerns from theCommunity Consultative Meetings

During public consultative meetings with the local communities, theenvironmental team gave presentations on the project and also received thequestions/concerns from the community on issues that should be consideredand investigated in the detailed EIA.

These discussions were centred on:

a The road and its surroundings (land-use, natural resources, water, etc.)* The most important features (market places, gathering sites, schools,

clinics, quarries, borrow pits, access and feeder roads, etc.)* Sensitive areas (protected areas, graveyards, historical sites, etc.)* Where should construction materials be taken from/or not taken from?

Employment opportunitiesRoad accidents and where are the black spots?Benefits (increased trade and transport) and inconveniences (illegal timbertrade, poaching, increased traffic)

* Positive or negative experiences with other contractors

8.3. Community ConcernsThe key community concerns from the public consultative meetings aresummarised below and proposed mitigation measures are elaborated in thechapters on mitigation measures and environmental management plan.

-26 -

MEnvir tal Immateme!he Ziw Livin oad M m m m m

Table 8.1: Community Concerns

MAJOR COMMUNITIES ALONG THE ZIMBA-LIVINGSTONE ROAD

Community Concerns Zimba Communit) Livingstone Community

Concern as to what will happen if the road being constructed Concern as to what will happen to settlements that are close to

passes through somebody's farm. the road.Lack of consultation between the contractor and local

Road site & its surroundings conuriutystakeholders.,eoncern that areas with vegetation affected by road works

may not be re-forested after project completion.

Concern that borrow pits are left unfilled after the project this

Quarries & borrow pits poses hazards to the nearby communities.

Siting of construction camps, Lack of consultation between the contractor and local

_______________________ _ ' - ( community/stakeholders about camp siting.

Abstraction of water from local Conc rof-what will happen if the dams being used by the Concern that the dam used for animals at Kasiya Relsettlement

sources. 7 community are dried up or silted due to road rehabilitation sgot silted due to previous road rehabthtatin works by a

works. contractorvw-1iawill hlappen again if the dams being used bythe community are dried up or silted.

ar that if the contractor employs workers from elsewhere Concem about the relevance of gender to the project.

other th-inthe> lo themseLves there may be strange diseases

Employment opportunities in the local community.Fear of strange diseases if contractor employs elsewhere other Concern that HIV/AIDS awareness campaign should be

HIV/AIDS, other diseases' and than the local community. implemented by all concerned including the contractor.

pregnancies. _ __,,_,_,.\ -CoDcern hat- iL-theWNationaL Heritage Conservoti,n

_ -- X Commission is no lvlvddmg it)ad rWabi1itation items

Sensitive Areas of heritage may get destroyed._Coe _ that quarrying may be done in Mosia-lTunyaNational Park if-n-otinvalve---- Concern that littering in the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park

t_ may b entrolf not involved. )

- 27 -

Enviltal In-tatem the ZzL1ivinoRoad

Table of Community ConcernsMAJOR COMMUNITIES ALONG THE ZIMBA-LIVINGSTONE ROAD

Community ConcernsZimba Community Livingstone Community

Sensitive Areas Concem that road signposts to warn motorists about animalcrossing may not be erected if not involved.

Drainage design/Culverts

Concern that cyclists and pedestrians are not considered asroad users at the design stage of road rehabilitation.

Road accidents & black-spots Concern that footpaths, robots, speed-humps and fly-overbridges are lacking at black spots places.Concern that the contractor may not put up proper road safetysigns during rehabilitation works, which may enhance roadsafety.

Project benefits to the local What benefits are there for the local community What benefits are there for the local communitycommunity.

Concern that town centre becomes congested by big trucksDetour, by-pass, Lay-bys and due to lack of by-pass roads.access roads Concem that lay-bys and trash bins may not be considered in

the road designs.Concern that the Roads Department at the local District level

District/Community role in the may not be involved in supervision works and as suchproject community concerns may not be addressed or implemented.

- 28 -


9. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rehabilitation of the Zimba-Livingstone road will adversely affect theenvironment and the communities in the immediate surroundings of theconstruction site. Many of these impacts will arise not only at the constructionsite but also at quarries, borrow pits and materials storage areas serving theproject. In addition, adverse environmental and socio-cultural impacts willoccur during construction as a result of air and soil pollution from asphaltplants, dust, noise from construction equipment and blasting; fuel and oilspills, trash and garbage; and the presence of non-resident labour forces.

9.1. Impacts on Soil

9.1.1. Construction Phase

In this phase dust raised from gravel access roads by haulage trucks whiletransporting laterite, stone aggregate, cement, lime, petroleum products andother chemicals may change the soil structure. This impact is consideredinsignificant.

Soil contamination will be caused by leakages from the asphalt plantoperations, poor handling of petroleum products such as oil and fuel spillageduring dispensing as well as improper disposal of used oils, hydraulic fluids,toxic and empty oil containers.

Within the construction phase some activities involving site installation, stockpiles preparation, quarrying, construction of detours, access roads, plant parksites and drainage excavation will cause soil destabilisation. Soil compactionby plant machinery and vehicles movement will lead to reduced groundwateryields.

9.1.2. Operational Phase

Abandoned excess laterite and stone aggregate littered around stock pile areasafter construction is completed change the soil structure in the surroundingareas. Similarly devegetated areas resulting from post excavation and gradingworks including drainage channels enhance soil erosion on discharge areas.

9.2. Impacts on Vegetation


The vegetation to be affected most is that which is confined to the road reserveand where gravel pits will be established. Plant taxa most likely to be affectedare those found in the five vegetation types outlined Section 5.1 above.

The ecological value of the inundated forests and woodlands to the riverineecosystem cannot be ignored in that such vegetation stands contain severalniches for diversity of animal species. Should the design of the roadrehabilitation confine the extent of land clearing to the limits of the road

-29 -


reserve, then this will not affect vegetation in the outlying areas. However,trees within the road reserve should be preserved for ecological and aestheticreasons

Dust raised from gravel access roads by haulage trucks during thetransportation of laterite, stone aggregate, cement, lime, petroleum productsand other chemicals including emissions from plant machinery and vehicleshamper normal growth of roadside vegetation. Similarly Poor disposal of toxicwaste and petroleum products hampers normal growth of vegetation.

Loss of vegetation in this phase is caused by activities related to clearing ofsites for installation of works, clearing of the quarry site, preparation of stockpile area, construction of detours, access roads and park sites and the demandfor fuelwood by labour force.


Laterite dust and littered stone aggregate from the excess construction materialleft after road works will hinder normal vegetation growth around thestockpile areas.

The Livingstone town is famous for trading in curios and timber products suchas wood curving meant for tourists visiting Livingstone. Therefore over thelife of the road, an indirect impact could be an increase in illegal felling andsale of trees for making wood curving items, fuel wood and charcoal causedby improved accessibility.

9.3. Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats


The generation of dust from gravel access roads and noxious emissions byhaulage trucks during transportation of laterite, stone aggregate, cement, lime,petroleum products and other chemicals is likely to have a negative impact onthe wildlife and may lead to reduction in foliage and water quality for wildlife.In addition construction of detour, access road, quarrying and stockpile areaclearing in wildlife habitats will also lead to habitat loss. Further noisegenerated from haulage trucks passing through wildlife habitats and noisefrom quarrying including quarrying on wildlife routes will disturb the wildlifeand wildlife movements. Also inappropriate drainage trenches in wildlife areaspose dangers to wildlife and disrupts wildlife movements. Part of the Zimba-Livingstone road section passes through the National Park and the impact istherefore considered significant.


As for the road section passing through the National Park increased traffic onimproved road will disrupt wildlife movements. Further speeding traffic maycause wildlife loss due to increased accidental killings. Impacts on wildlifefrom noise are likely to disturb wildlife activities. Similarly quarries andborrow pits left in wildlife areas may disrupt wildlife routes.

-30 -


9.4. Impacts on Water Quality


During construction phase, the bridges, side drains, mitre drains and culvertswill require cleaning, de-silting, reshaping and repair. Some of the drains andculverts might be prone to soil erosion, which will result in siltation of nearbywatercourses. Also impacts on water quality may be caused by contaminatedrun-off of petroleum product spillages, leakages from storage areas and heavyvehicles, improper disposal of used oils and from hydraulic fluids which entersthe nearby surface water sources. Similarly, easily eroded destabilised soilsmay be washed into surface water sources and cause siltation andsedimentation which will reduce the water quality. Activities that will give riseto this impact include construction of detours, access roads, drainage channels,excavation and grading works.

During construction phase water will be needed for various purposes such asfor watering down the dust. Abstraction of water in large quantities from localsources may lead to water shortage to the local community. This impact isconsidered significant.

In some section of the road, labour force will put up temporary camps and willrequire sanitation facility such as pit latrines. Construction of sub-standard pitlatrines for campsite labour force will contaminate groundwater throughseepage to groundwater.


Excess construction material left after construction works may be washed intothe water sources and lead to sedimentation of water sources and lowering ofthe water quality. Erosion of bare areas resulting from excavation and gradingworks and construction of drainage channels may increase runoff which willlead to sedimentation and increased turbidity in surface water as well asreduced groundwater infiltration.

Further hazardous materials spilled from haulage vehicles and washed intowater sources will result in water pollution.

9.5. Impacts on Air Quality


During construction phase large amounts of soil will be excavated andtransported. The machinery used for excavation will generate dust which canbe dispersed by the wind affecting a zone of up to 1 00m around theexcavation.

Emissions to the air in form of exhaust fumes and dust from vehicles andmachines including operations from the asphalt plant may cause nuisance tothe closest surroundings. Dust raised from gravel access roads by haulage

-31 -


trucks during transportation of materials will also pollute the air of theimmediate local environment.


Impact on air quality in the operational phase is likely to come from increasedvehicular traffic flows which proportionately discharge emissions to the air.Also loose soils on cleared areas may be blown off during strong winds andraise dust particulate matter, which may affect the quality of the air.

9.6. Impacts of Noise


During construction phase heavy machinery will be used for the excavation ofsoil. The machines are noisy and will cause a certain degree of nuisance to thesurrounding environment.

The noise levels of machines and vehicles vary widely and depend on the typeof noise generated and level of activity. A front end loader has for instance apower level of 1 OOdB(A) while a truck will have a power level of 85 dB(A). Inthe worst case a combined power level of 115 dB(A) will be in place duringconstruction which will result in the 50 dB(A) contour being located at amaximum 250m from the construction site. However since the equipment willnever work at exactly the same location the 50 dB(A) contour will be confinedto the construction site and within the road reserve area.

Some common impacts of noise nuisance include annoyance, sleepdisturbance and interference with communication. Acceptable levels of noiseare regarded to be 40 dB(A) during the night and 50 dB(A) during the day.Since construction will take place during the day only the 50 dB(A) level is ofimportance.


During operational phase the source of noise is expected to come fromincreased traffic and heavy vehicles using the rehabilitated road.

9.7. Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics


Generation of dust during quarrying, equipment movement including landclearing for stockpiles as well as reshaping during detour, access roads andpark site construction distorts the natural landscape and may degrade areas ofscenic beauty. Further extensive excavations and dumping of stripped top soilsin scenic area spoils the beauty of the areas.

-32 -



Abandoned structures, which are left near areas of scenic after constructionworks, excess construction materials of laterite, stone aggregate and concreteslabs left in areas of scenic beauty reduces the quality scenery.

9.8. Impacts on Land-use and Surrounding Environment


The land-use along the road is characterised by residential and agriculturalactivity and forests areas. Since there are no plans to widen or upgrade theroad, major impacts are not anticipated to the surrounding environment. Theonly source of impact expected is generation of dust by vehicles using detoursand access roads. However, this activity will be confined to the road reserveareas and therefore the impact can be minimised through a programme, whichensures dust control such as regular watering down the dust roads.


Increased traffic will entail a proportionate increase in exhaust fumes and willhave an impact to the immediate surrounding environment.

9.9. Impacts on Socio-economic


During this phase skilled and unskilled labour will be required. The projectarea is characterised by high level of unemployment and low level of skillsand employment opportunities will therefore increase the positive benefits forthe local people who are in dire need of income for sustenance. Furthermore,indirect opportunities for employment will arise from the provision of servicesto the construction teams, such as sale of food and beverages. In this sense theconstruction of road may have a positive impact on the employment situationin the nearby communities. This impact is considered to be positive.


Socio-economic benefits provided by road rehabilitation project will includeall-weather road reliability, reduced transportation costs, increased access tomarkets for local produce and products, better access to health care and othersocial services.

The NationaV Regional EconomyRoad transport is the dominant form of transport in land locked Zambia. Itaccounts for the majority of passenger and freight transport (excludingpedestrian transport) and provides the only access to many communities.

From a national standpoint maintaining and improving the road is important interms of communication between Zambia and its neighbours in SouthernAfrica.

-33 -


From a regional perspective the road is the most important route-connectingthe tourist town Livingstone and the capital city Lusaka. In addition, thesouthern part of Zambia has a high tourism potential, which has not yet beenfully realised.

Thus, an improved road will have a significant positive impact on theeconomic activities in the region.

9.10. Impacts on Cultural and Historic Sites

9.10.1.Construction Phase

Within the Livingstone town there are some cultural and historic sitesespecially around the Victoria Falls. These items will be protected during therehabilitation process. The sites are protected under the National HeritageConservation Commission Act. The impacts likely to affect the sites are due todust generation from haulage trucks and vehicles using detour and accessroads. The dust may settle on the site and disfigure its outlook. Other activitiesthat may also lead to this impact include location of stockpile. In additionconstruction of detours, access roads and campsites can destroy the site andmay lead to loss of item of cultural heritage. However the impacts areminimised since road rehabilitation works will be confined to the road reserveand there will be no new alignments from the exiting one.

9.10.2.Operational Phase

No additional negative impacts on cultural values are foreseen duringoperational phase.

9.11. Impacts on Human Settlements


Since there are no plans to widen or upgrade the road, there will be nodemolition, relocation or resettlement. Moreover construction work will beconfined to the road reserve area. The potential impact is consideredinsignificant.


No direct correlation was determined between migration and improved road.No additional negative impacts on human settlements are foreseen duringoperational phase.

9.12. Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits


During construction phase, a number of quarries and borrow pits along theroute will be opened up. Potential impacts include vegetation clearance andlandscape scars resulting from the absence of re-vegetation programmes and

-34 -


poor excavation techniques. Extraction of construction materials from quarriesand borrow pits could generate excessive noise caused by blasting, movementof machinery and labourers and thus impact on the nearby communities. Alsoincreased air pollution due to diesel fumes and dust generation resulting fromthe presence of construction machinery and site clearing activities.

Quarries and borrow pits impact on the visual and aesthetic view. Theexcavated areas become prone to soil erosion during rain season and cancontaminate nearby surface water.


Quarries and borrow pits left abandoned after construction works could be apotential hazard to ecology and nearby communities. Transmission ofdiseases, such as malaria and their vector can occur in stagnant water collectedin abandoned borrow pits. Malaria that is transmitted by the anophelesmosquito and diarrhoea are both water-related diseases. Thus the potentialimpact from poor extraction techniques and lack of re-vegetation programmesis considered significant. Further if the quarries and borrow pits are sitednearby communities the pits could become habitats for dangerous creaturessuch as snakes, which could easily attack unsuspecting children playing inthese borrow pits and quarries.

9.13. Impacts of Road Traffic


Construction traffic could negatively impact on undisturbed areas adjacent tothe proposed route. The construction process could impede momentum of theexisting traffic flow and may lead to the use of use improvised detours byother motorists, which may compromise with safety of pedestrians if notproperly planned.


The traffic intensity on the road is likely to increase once the rehabilitation iscomplete and the road become operational. This additional flow could be as aresult of people trying to visit the tourist town in Livingstone or people goingconnecting to countfies in the Southern Africa. This increase in traffic maycause an increase in the number of accidents. The types of accidents includethose involving vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and wildlife.

However, improved sight lines and replacement of road furniture will reducesome accidents. Overall, the potential impact of an increase in accidents isconsidered significant and negative.

35 -


9.14. Impacts of Work Accidents


During the construction phase heavy machinery will be employed. Heavymachines make a lot of noise, cause carbon dioxide emissions and generatedust and may cause accidents among operators if not handled properly. This islikely to have negative impact on health of the workers. To limit the risk ofaccidents, safety procedures will be put in place and enforced by the foremanto ensure that vehicles and machinery only drive in designated places byauthorised personnel.


As the road rehabilitation project would have completed there will be noworkers on site and there will be no more impact from this phase.

9.15. Impacts of Construction Camps


Construction of camps will require clearance of vegetation and this will resultin loss of vegetation along the route. In addition waste will be produced at thecamps including sewage and petroleum product waste. The potential impactsare significant and negative.

During construction phase, the construction teams will interact with the nearbycommunities and can cause social upheaval and transmit diseases (STDs,HIV/AIDS) to the communities living along the route. However since the roadhas been in existence for a number of years, it is likely that the community hasbeen exposed to most social change. The impact is therefore consideredmoderate and negative.


At the end of the rehabilitation project, construction camps will either bedemolished or handed over to the nearby communities and therefore thepotential impact in this phase is considered insignificant.

36 -


10. EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Any road project affects the environment and community through which itpasses. The objective of this section is to predict and to assess these potentialimpacts of road rehabilitation to modem standard highway and to recommendmitigating measures to be incorporated into the project design.

The assessment of the issues has been conducted according to a synthesis ofcriteria required by the integrated environmental management proceduredefined as follows:

10.1. Nature of ImpactThis is an appraisal of the type of effect the proposed activity would have onthe affected environmental component. Its description should include what isbeing affected and in what way.

10.2. Direct ImpactAn impact that appears immediately as a result of an activity of the project.For example, the loss of forest habitat is a direct impact of logging.

10.3. Indirect ImpactAn impact that is related to the project but that arises from an activity of theproject at a secondary level. For example, building a new road may causeindirect impacts on the local economy of a village by increasing accessibilityto other markets.

10.4. Spatial ExtentThe physical and spatial size of the impact. It is a description of whether theimpact would occur on a scale described as follows:

* Site, the impact could affect the whole or measurable portion of the site.Whether it is limited to the immediate area of the proposed project;

* Local, the impact could affect the extended area adjacent to the siteperhaps a neighbourhood or small town. Whether it would affect environsup to 15km outside the immediate environment;

* Regional, that impact could affect the area including the outlying areas ofthe city, the transport routes and the adjoining towns.

* National, the impact could be as far reaching international boundaries.

10.5. DurationThe lifetime of the impact; this is measured in the context of the life-time ofthe proposed development.

-37 -


* Short term, the impact will either disappear with mitigation or will bemitigated through natural process in a span shorter than the constructionphase.

* Medium term, the impact will last for the period of the constructionphase, thereafter it will be entirely negated.

* Long term, the impact will continue or last for the entire operational ofthe development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or bynatural processes thereafter.

* Permanent, the only class of impact which will be non-transitory.Mitigation either by man or natural process will not occur in such a way orin such a time span that the impact can be considered transient.

10.6. IntensityA description of whether or not the intensity (magnitude) of the impact wouldbe high, medium, low or negligible (no impact). An attempt will be made toquantify the impacts on components of the affected environment will bedescribed as follows: Is the impact destructive, or benign? Does it destroy theimpacted environment, alter its functioning, or slightly alter it? These are ratedas follows:

* Low, where the impact will not have significant influence on theenvironment, and this will not be required to be significantlyaccommodated in the project design or implementation; the impact altersthe affected environment in such a way that natural processes of functionsare not affected in any significant way.

* Moderate, where it could have an adverse influence on the environmentwhich would require modification of the project design or alternativeimplementation schedules; The affected environment is altered, however,function and process continue, albeit in a modified way.

* High, where it could have significant influence on the environment butcannot be mitigated or be accommodated by the project environment byintroducing alternative mitigation measures such as realignment at aparticular stretch or adoption of different design measures. Function orprocess of the environment is disturbed to the extent where it temporarilyor permanently ceases.

This will be a relative evaluation within the context of all the activities andthe other impacts within the framework of the project. Note that someimpacts have a high intensity and a short duration with no permanent audioeffects.

-38 -


10.7. ProbabilityThis describes the likelihood of the impacts actually occurring. The impact

may occur for any length of time during the life cycle of the activity, and not

at any given time. The classes are rated as follows:

* Unlikely, the probability of the impact occurring is very low, due to either

the circumstances, design or experience.

* Possible, the impact could possibly happen, and mitigation planning

should be undertaken.

* Probable, it is most likely that the impact will occur at some or other stage

of the development. Plans must be drawn up before the undertaking of the

activity.* Definite, the impact will take place regardless of any prevention plans, and

only mitigatory actions or contingency plans can be relied on to contain

the effect.

10.8. Determination of SignificanceSignificance is determined through a synthesis of impact characteristics or

combination of effects. Significance is an indication of the importance of the

impact in terms of physical extent, intensity and time scale, and thereforeindicates the level of mitigation required.

The classes are rated as follows:

* Negligible, the impact is not substantial and does not require any

mitigatory action.

* Low, the impact is of little importance, but may require limited mitigation.

* Moderate, the impact is of importance and therefore considered to have

mitigation. Mitigation is required to reduce the negative impacts to

acceptable levels or positive impacts maximised.

* High, the impact is of great importance. Failure to mitigate, with the

objective of reducing the impact to acceptable levels, could render the

entire development option or entire project proposal unacceptable.Mitigation is therefore essential. Positive impacts should be enhanced as a

priority.

From the baseline information assembled in the previous chapter coupled with

the information gained during the consultation stage, the expectedenvironmental impacts can be categorised into positive and negative impacts.

In addition, it is important to consider the duration of the impact and at what

phase of the project it occurs, i.e. impacts during the rehabilitation phase or

impacts over the life of the road (operational phase) and whether the impacts

-39 -


are direct (i.e. removal of vegetation) or indirect (increased deforestation as aresult of the improved road).

The direct impacts would be experienced mainly during the rehabilitationprocess, and include effects on the physical environment, health and safety ofthe residents along the road and the construction workers during therehabilitation phase.

The indirect impacts are primarily socio-economic and extend beyond theproject implementation. The indirect impacts include changes in economicactivities and long-term changes, such as increased land degradation due toincreased settlement and development along the road.

Unlike the direct impacts, which occur in the immediate environment, theindirect impacts would be felt in the adjacent regions.

-40 -

Environmental ImpRtatem the Zm ivingstoneoad

Table 10.1: Evaluation of Impacts

Phase | Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability DeterminationPhase |T Impact Extent | of Significance

Impacts on Soil

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aChange in soil texture due to accumulation of Direct Site Medium Low Unlikely Negligibleforeign dust particles falling from haulage trucks. termSoil contamination due to improper storage of Mediummaterials, fuels and poor waste oil disposal Direct Site term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction methods.Exposed soil is prone to erosion by water or wind. Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate

termnStripping and stockpiling of topsoil could lead to Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderateerosion and degradation of soil quality. termSoil compaction could result following Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderateconstruction activities. termSoil erosion near culverts and drainage channels Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

Operational where water velocity could increase.Soil contamination by waste and spillages of road Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderateusers and un-maintained vehicles.

Impacts on Vegetation

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aConstruction Retardation of vegetation growth due to Medium

contamination from dust particles and gas Direct Local term Low Unlikely Moderateemissions.Loss of vegetation due to site clearing which will Mediumlead to loss of habitat and displacement of fauna Direct Local term Moderate Probable Highspecies, especially avifauna.

- 41 -

mEnvirntal Im tateme othe Zi W iving!!!Road

Evaluation of Im acts (Cont'd)Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

Impact Extent of SignificanceImpacts on Vegetation (Cont'd)

Operational Increased access as a result of the road Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Moderate

improvement could lead to increased deforestationon the road. l

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

Design None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Disturbance to birds and animals and loss of Direct Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

habitat.

Operational Wildlife loss due to accidental killings caused by Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

speeding as a result of improved road.Disruption to wildlife routes due to quarries andborrow pits left in wildlife areas without Direct Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

rehabilitation.Noise disturbance to wildlife due to increased Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

traffic.

Impacts on Water Quality


Construction Siltation of water courses due to soil erosion of Indirect Local Long term Moderate Probable Moderate

nearby drains and culverts.Water shortage to the local community due to over Direct Local Medium High Possible High

exploitation by the project activities. term

Ground water contamination due to construction Indirect Site Long term Moderate Probable Moderate

of sub-standard campsite pit latrines for workers.Operational Sedimentation and increased turbidity in surface

water caused by erosion of bare areas and runoffs Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

resulting from excavation and grading works anddrainage channels left after construction works.

- 42 -

M EnviWta11n."atem theZW vin R oad

Evaluation of Impacts (Cont'd)Phase f Impact I Type of Spatial Duration Intensity ProbabilityT Determination

l______________ | Impact Extent of Significance

Impacts on Air Quality


Air pollution caused by diesel fumes and dustfrom excavators, bull dozers, graders and as well Direct Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction as site clearing will affect human, vegetation andalso disturb habitats for birds and insects.Unpleasant odours due to un-maintained toilets Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

and poor waste management.Operational Excessive diesel fumes due to un-maintained Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

equipment.Impacts on Noise


Construction Noise and vibration caused by construction Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

machinery, equipment and drilling.Operational Noise from increased traffic. Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Low

Impacts on Landscape and Aesthetics

Visual impact of the road rehabilitation could beDesign substantial if designs does not consider the slope n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

of the surrounding environment.Construction Disfigurement of the natural landscape and Direct Site Moderate Moderate Definite Moderate

aesthetic view due to construction works.Abandoned construction structures, excess

Operational construction materials of laterite, stone aggregate Direct Site Moderate Low Probable Moderate

and concrete slabs left in areas of scenic beautyreduces the quality of scenery.

- 43 -

_Enviral Ima atemeRhe Ziwiving (oad

Evaluation of Impacts (Cont'd)Phase Impact Type of Spatial Duration Intensity Probability Determination

Impact Extent of Significance

Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment

Design The proposed road might influence migration andsettlement patterns if labour requirements are not n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

planned in advance.Construction of temporary detours will disturb theenvironment within the immediate and Direct Local Short term Moderate Possible Moderate

Construction surrounding environment.If labour is not recruited from local areas peoplewho reside far may start to settle near the road Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

project..Operational Exhaust fumes to the surrounding environment Indirect Site Long term Low Possible Low

due to increased traffic.Impacts on Socio-economic Environment

Design n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Temporary marriages, casual sex relationships andConstruction more chances of transmission of sexually diseases Indirect Local Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

due to interaction of project workers with localcommunities.

Operational Increased road accidents due to increased traffic Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

and speeding on black spots areas.Impacts of Cultural and Historic Sites

Design Poorly developed road design could impact n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

negatively on heritage sites.Dust may disfigure the appearance of the site Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderate

Construction Construction of detour next to the heritage sitemay lead to loss of habitat. Direct Site Long term Moderate Probable Moderate

Operational None n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

- 44 -

_inviroal Immatemephe Zimiving oad


I Impact Extent of Significance

Impacts on Human Settlements


Construction No negative impacts on human settlements areforeseen since construction works will be confined n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

to the road reserve.


Impacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits

Design Quarries and borrow pit location may negatively Direct Site Medium Moderate Probable Moderate

impact on important ecological units. term

Construction Excessive noise from blasting, machinery may Direct Local Medium Moderate Definite Moderate

disturb nearby communities. term

Operational Un-rehabilitated borrow pits could pose potential Indirect Local Long term Moderate Possible Moderate

hazard to ecological units and residents.

Impacts of Road Traffic and Road Safety

Failure to use established routes might result inDesign surveyors' vehicles negatively impacting on the Direct Local Short term Low Possible Moderate

environment.Construction Construction traffic could impact on undisturbed Indirect Local Medium Moderate Probable Moderate

areas adjacent to the proposed route. term

Excessive dust from construction could disturb Direct Site Short term Low Probable Moderate

nearby communities.

Operational Increased accidents due to increased traffic flow. Indirect Site Long term Moderate Possible Low

Impacts of Work Accidents

Design Advanced planning of safety requirements n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Construction Lack of safety and health regulations could impact Direct Site Medium High Low Moderate

negatively on construction workers.


-45 -

iEnvimtal In atem( he ZiUwPiving oad


Impact Extent of SignificanceImpacts of Construction Camps

Design Advanced planning of construction camp siting. n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/aLoss of vegetation at construction site. Direct Site Short term Moderate Probable LowWaste generation. Indirect Site Short term Low Probable Moderate

Construction Interaction of construction workers with thenearby commnunities may lead to transmission of Indirect Site Short term Moderate Probable Moderatesexually transmitted diseases.


- 46 -


11. MITIGATION MEASURES

This section proposes mitigation measures for identified potential impacts asdiscussed in earlier chapters. Mitigation measures are actions that are intendedto avoid, alleviate or reduce environmental impacts on the environment.Mitigation measures form a basis on which an Environmental ManagementPlan has been formulated. The mitigation measures are set forth to maximisepositive impacts and minimise negative impacts as a result of the proposeddevelopment.

Table 11.1: Mitigation Measures

Phase I Impact Mitigation MeasureImpacts on Soil

* Petroleum products dispensingSoil contamination due to points shall have drip pans;improper storage of * Storage of potential pollutants suchmaterials, fuels and poor as fuel, oil and chemicals should bewaste oil disposal done on sealed surfaces to preventmethods. soil contamination;

* Collection and recycling of used oil& lubricants;

* Petroleum storage tanks shall havebund walls around and shall behigh enough to contain any

Construction spillage.Phase * Limitation of earth moving to dry

periods;I Protection of susceptible soilExposed soil is prone to surface with mulch;erosion by water or wind. * Protection of drainage channels by

stone pitching;. Installation of sedimentation basins

or planting of erodible surfaces assoo<lssible..

Stripping and stockpiling * Exposed soil should be avoided byof topsoil could lead to selective soil stripping;erosion and degradation of * Areas requiring less clearing shallsoil quality. be preferred for stock piles.

Clearing shall be limited to the siteapproved by the local authorities.

Soil compaction could . Only heavy equipment withresult following pneumatic tyres shall be used onconstruction activities. access roads.

* Prevention of soil erosion nearOperational Soil erosion near culverts culverts by construction of

Phase and drainage channels correctly designed culverts;where water velocity could . Regular maintenance of culverts &increase. drainage channels;

* ECZ Regulation of waste disposal;

-47 -


Mitigation Measures (Cont'd)Phase I Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Soil (Cont'd)

Soil contamination by waste * Law enforcement to ensure thatOperational Phase and spillages of road users and only road cars that are

un-maintained vehicles. maintained are on the road.

Impacts on VegetationRetardation of vegetation * Dust control by watering;growth due to contamination * Haulage trucks shall notfrom dust particles and gas exceed the speed limit of 60km

Construction Phase emissions. per hour.

Loss of vegetation due to site * Less vegetated areas shall beclearing which will lead to loss preferred;of habitat and displacement of . Careful site planning;fauna species, especially * Implementation of the EIA-avifauna. EMP mitigation measures.

Increased access as a result of * Provision of forestOperational Phase the road improvement could conservation awareness

lead to increased deforestation programme to communitieson the road. along the rehabilitated road;

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

Disturbance to birds and small * Rehabilitation should beConstruction Phase animals and loss of habitat. confined to the road reserve

area;* Noisy activities to be

scheduled to occur withinprescribed normal workinghours.

* Where possible roads shall notpass through Mosi-oa-TunyaPark;

* The road shall have adequateroad furniture signs for

Operational Phase Wildlife loss due to accidental warning road users of wildlifekillings caused by speeding presence;traffic as a result of improved * There shall be adherence to

road. speed limits in wildlife areas;* ZAWA shall be consulted for

rehabilitation works for theroad section passing throughthe Mosi-oa-Tunya NationalPark.

Disruption to wildlife routes . There shall be no quarrying indue to quarries and borrow pits Mosi-oa-Tunya Park;left in wildlife areas withoutrehabilitation.Noise disturbance to wildlife * Control of noisy activities ondue to increased vehicular site (by local bye-laws);traffic passing through the * ECZ Regulation of noise;Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. * Where possible the road shall

not pass through Mosi-oa-Tunya Park;

-48 -


Table of Mitigation MeasuresPhase I Impact Mitigation Measure

Impacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat (Cont'd)

Noise disturbance to wildlife * The road shall have adequateOperational Phase due to increased vehicular road furniture signs for

traffic passing through the warning road users of wildlifeMosi-oa-Tunya National Park. presence.

Impacts on Water Quality

* Sides of the drainage shall beplanted with grass or stone

Construction Phase Siltation of water courses due pitched;to soil erosion of nearby drains * Drainage systems shall haveand culverts. scour checks;

* Drainage systems shalldischarge into settlementbasins;

* Silt traps shall be put alongdrainage systems;

* Spoon drains shall have scourchecks.

Water shortage to the local . Exploitation of water sourcescommunity due to over for rehabilitation works shallexploitation for rehabilitation be done with consultation fromworks. the local authority and the local

community.Ground water contamination * Proper siting of pit latrinesdue to construction of sub- away froni water logged areas;standard campsite pit latrines * Good hygienic standards andfor workers. proper maintenance of pit

latrines.Sedimentation and increased . Excavated soils shall used forturbidity in surface water other road works such as

Operational Phase caused by erosion of bare areas shoulder building;and runoffs resulting from * Sides of drainage channelsexcavation and grading works shall be planted with grass orand drainage channels left after stone pitched;construction works. . Drainage systems shall have

I scour checks.Impacts on Air Quality

Air pollution caused by . Regular maintenance ofexhaust fumes and dust from construction vehicles and

Construction Phase excavators, bull dozers, graders equipment in order to reduceas well as site clearing will emission of exhaust fumes;I affect human, vegetation and . Periodically water down onalso disturb habitats for birds temporary roads;and insects.Unpleasant odours due to un- * Cleaning and regularmaintained toilets and poor maintenance of toilets to avoidwaste management. unpleasant odours.

* Waste should be carefullymanaged to prevent unpleasantodours.

-49 -



Impacts on Air Quality (Cont'd)

Excessive diesel fumes due to * Law enforcement to ensure thatOperational Phase un-maintained equipment. only road worth cars are

allowed to move on the road.

Impacts on Noise

Noise and vibration caused by * Working hours limited to dayConstruction Phase construction machinery, light only;

equipment and drilling. * Enforcement of the Factories

Act under Ministry of Labour.* ECZ Regulation on noise;

Operational Phase Noise from increased traffic. * Control of noise activities on

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ site (by local by-laws).


Visual impact of the road . Development of the road

Design Phase rehabilitation works could be designs must be compatiblesubstantial if designs are not with the slope angles of thecompatible with the slope surrounding environment.angles of the surroundingenvironment.Disfigurement of the natural * Development designs which

Construction Phase landscape and aesthetic view are compatible with the finaldue to construction works. slope angles of the surrounding

environment.Abandoned construction . Abandoned structure in areas

Operational Phase structures, excess construction of scenic beauty shall bematerials of laterite, stone converted into visitor facility.aggregate and concrete slabsleft in areas of scenic beautyreduces the quality of scenery.

Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment

* Local people with theThe proposed road might necessary skills shall be

Design Phase influence migration and employed for the road works;settlement patterns if labour . Resettlement of communitiesrequirements are not planned in in new areas shall be done inadvance. consultation with host or

existing community.Construction of temporary * Detours, access roads anddetours will disturb the equipment park site locationenvironment within the shall be done in consultation

Construction Phase immediate and surrounding with local people and take intoenvironment. account the existing land use in

settled areas.* Local people with the

If labour is not recruited from necessary skills shall belocal areas people who reside employed in the road project;far may start to settle near the . Resettlement of communitiesroad project.. in new areas shall be done in

consultation with host orexisting community.

-50-

-Environmental Impact Statement for the Zimba - Livingstone Road


Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment* ECZ Regulation on air

Operational Phase Exhaust fumes to the pollution;surrounding environment due * Adherence to engineto increased traffic. maintenance schedules and

standards to reduce airpollution.

Impacts on Socio-economic

Temporary marriages, casual * There shall be provision ofConstruction Phase sex relationships and more education both to the local

chances of transmission of community on STDs andsexually diseases due to HIV/AIDS using aids such asinteraction of project workers video shows, pamphlets, talks,with local communities. etc.Increased road accidents due to . Provision of adequate waming

Operational Phase increased vehicular traffic and road signs in black spot areasover speeding in black spots and speed retarders atareas. pedestrian crossing site.

Impacts of Cultural and Historic Sites

* Detours, access roads andequipment park sites shall not

Mitigation Measures Poorly developed road design be constructed through heritagefor impacts at the could impact negatively on sites. The provisions of the

Design Phase heritage sites. National HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

* Detours, access roads andequipment park sites shall not

Dust may disfigure the be constructed through heritageConstruction Phase appearance of the site sites. The provisions of the

National HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

* Detours, access roads andConstruction of detour next to equipment park sites shall notthe heritage site may lead to be constructed through heritageloss of habitat. sites. The provisions of the

National HeritageConservation Commissionshall apply.

- 51 -



Impacts on Human Settlements

Although no negative impacts . Rehabilitation shall beConstruction Phase on human settlements are confined to the road reserve

foreseen since construction area;works will be confined to the . Detour, access roads androad reserve however, equipment park site locationconstruction of detours, access outside road reserve areas shallroads and park sites in settled be done in consultation withareas leads to land use conflicts local people and take intowith communities. account existing land use in

settled areas.Improved road enhances * There shall be no conversion ofaccessibility, mobility and communal land into state landeconomic activities for the along the improved road.communities along the road.Improved road lead to * There shall be no conversion ofincreased human settlements, communal land into state landchanged settlement pattems, along the improved road.increased cultivation andcommercial activities along the

Operational Phase road;Improved road lead to * There shall be no conversion ofincreased land values and land communal land into state landresource tenure along the road, along the improved road.

Improved road increase risks of * Speed limits of 40km per hourroad traffic accidents to shall be observed in settledcommunities along the road; areas.

* Improved road in settled areasshall have appropriate andadequate pedestrian crossingfacilities.

Improved road with high traffic * Trees shall be planted alongvolume lead to increased health the road in settled areas torisks to communities along the minimize noise and hazardousroad from vehicle emissions. emissions.

Noise from high traffic * Trees shall be planted alongvolumes using the improved the road in settled areas toroad disturbs communities minimize noise and hazardousalong the road. emissions.

* Noise barriers shall be erectedin settled areas where trafficnoise may exceed 90 decibel.

-52 -




* Quarrying shall not be doneDesign Phase Quarries and borrow pit near surface water sources.

location may negatively impact * There shall be no quarryingon important ecological units. near heritage sites.

* There shall be no quarrying inNational Parks. The provisionsof the NHCC Act of 1989 shallbe observed.

Excessive noise from blasting, * Quarrying shall not be doneConstruction Phase machinery may disturb nearby nearby communities.

communities. * Quarrying shall be done in

conformnity to the Mine andMinerals Act, No. 31 of 1995.

Un-rehabilitated borrow pits * Quarrying shall not be doneOperational Phase could pose potential hazard to near water sources and human

ecological units and residents. settlements.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Failure to use established * Surveyors should not ventureroutes might result in too far away from the proposed

Design Phase surveyors' vehicles negatively route in order to avoid impactsimpacting on the environment. on the surrounding

environment.* Established routes should be

Construction traffic could used where possible in order toConstruction Phase impact on undisturbed areas reduce impacting on

adjacent to the proposed route. undisturbed areas.* Construction vehicles must

only use pre-determined accessroad that should be determinedin the design phase.

* Allowance should be made foralternative routes for existingroad users during construction.

Excessive dust from * Control of dust throughconstruction could disturb watering of dust roads.nearby communities.Increased accidents due to * Provision of adequate warning

Operational Phase increased traffic flow. road signs in black spot areasand speed retarders atpedestrian crossing site.


Advanced planning of safety * Development of safetyDesign Phase requirements procedures and operational

manual.Lack of enforcement of safety * Enforcement of Public health

Construction Phase and health regulations could and safety regulations.impact negatively onconstruction workers.

-53 -


Table of Mitigation MeasuresPhase Impact Mitigation Measure

I_p#acts of Construction Camps

Advanced planning of * Selection of camp siting mustDesign Phase construction camp siting. be done in consultation with

the local authority and localpeople.

Loss of vegetation at * Clearing for camp siting mustconstruction site. be limited to the actual site to

Construction Phase avoid vegetation loss on alarger scale.

Waste generation at campsite. . Waste disposal to be done atdesignated sites approved bythe local authority.

Interaction of construction * There shall be provision ofworkers with the nearby education both to the localcommunities may lead to community on STDs andtransmission of sexually HIV/AIDS using aids such astransmitted diseases. video shows, pamphlets, talks,

etc.. Local people with the

necessary skills shall beemployed in the road project;

-54 -


11.1. Proposed Measures to Address Concerns of the Communitiesalong the Zimba-Livingstone Road

11.1.1.Road Site & its Surroundings

Detours, access roads and equipment park site location shall be done inconsultation with local people and shall take into account the existing land usein the settled areas.

11.1.2.Quarries & Borrow Pits

Quarries and borrow pits shall not be done near the communities. However,road construction waste may be reused for rehabilitation of the borrow pits.

11.1.3.Siting of Construction Camps

Selection of camp siting shall be done in consultation with the local authorityand local community. This will help to deal with social upheavals such astemporary marriages, casual sex relationships and more chances oftransmission of sexually diseases due interaction. There shall be sensitizationto both construction workers and the local community on STDs andHIV/AIDS using aids such as video shows, pamphlets. Further waste disposalfrom camp site shall be done at sites designated by the Local Authority andECZ.

11.1.4.Abstraction of Water from Local Sources

Exploitation of water sources for rehabilitation works shall be done withapproval by the local authority and consent from the local community. Thiswill avoid conflicts and also to get support from the local community.

11.1.5.Drainage Design/Culverts

Drainage systems shall discharge into settlement basins where water maycollect which could then be available to the local community for livestock use.

11.1.6.Road Accidents & Black-Spots

Provision of adequate warning road signs in black spot areas and speedretarders at pedestrian crossing areas.

11.1.7.Project Benefits to the Local Community

The Contractor shall ensure that the local people with the necessary skills areemployed in the road project.

11.1.8.Detour, By-pass, Lay-bys and Access Roads

Detours, access roads and equipment park site location shall be done inconsultation with local people and shall take into account the existing land usein the settled areas.

-55 -


11.1.9.District/Community Role in the Project

The District/local community shall participate in the project through theirdistrict environmental steering committee during the project implementationphase. The EMU shall ensure that the district environmental committeebecomes part of the monitoring team during the implementation of themitigation measures by the Contractor in those areas under the jurisdiction ofthe local authority. A report on the contractor's performance prepared by theEMU shall also be made available to the district environmental steeringcommittee in their respective local authorities. The major communities alongthe road are Zimba and Livingstone which should be considered as part of themonitoring team. This will ensure that the community's concerns are notoverlooked.

-56 -


11.1.9.District/Community Role in the Project

The District/local community shall participate in the project through theirdistrict environmental steering committee during the project implementationphase. The EMU shall ensure that the district environmental committeebecomes part of the monitoring team during the implementation of themitigation measures by the Contractor in those areas under the jurisdiction ofthe local authority. A report on the contractor's performance prepared by theEMU shall also be made available to the district environmental steeringcommittee in their respective local authorities. The major communities alongthe road are Zimba and Livingstone which should be considered as part of theteam is the Zimba and Livingstone communities. This will ensure that thecommunity's concerns are not overlooked.

-56 -


12. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

PLAN (EMP)

12.1. Environmental ManagementThe EIA Regulations state that the developer must provide an EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP). An EMP is a document where all the measures thatare required for environmental protection, which will include the mitigationmeasures and the monitoring plan, will be found for easy reference. The aimof an environmental management plan is to avoid, minimise, or ameliorateeffects or impacts resulting from project implementation and where possible,enhance beneficial effects.

In reality, the environmental management plan seeks to limit the interaction ofdisturbed with undisturbed lands and through the various process of roadrehabilitation, restore the disturbed land to a pre-determined form of land-useor to a productivity level similar to that occurring prior to disturbance.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the management of theidentified environmental impacts associated with this project consists of twomain components:

1. Implementing the Impact Mitigation Plan

2. Monitoring the implementation of the EMP

The impact mitigation plan for road rehabilitation project is presented in thischapter under Table 12.2 and address the negative impacts generated by therehabilitation works. The key components of the proposed impact mitigationplan are:

* Land and Soil* Vegetation* Wildlife and Wildlife habitats* Water Quality* Air Quality* Noise* Landscape and Aesthetics* Land-use and Surrounding Environment* Socio-economic issues* Cultural and Historic Sites* Human Settlements* Quarries and Borrow Pits* Work Accidents* Construction Camps* Road Traffic

-57 -


12.1.1. Surface Water Management

Surface water is an important component of both ecological and human use ofthe land. The aim of the surface water management programme is to ensurethat where practical, flows into and through the project site and the nearbystreams are maintained and that water quality to these systems is maintained.

12.1.2.Erosion Control and Sediment Retention

The highly flocculated nature of the soils in the project areas indicates thatthey are prone to erosion in a disturbed state. According, and whereappropriate, all surface runoff from areas of disturbance and areas withelevated runoff coefficient will be directed by correctly designed drainagesystem, to sediment traps with sufficient volume and retention time tomaximise settlement of suspended sediment prior to release.

The drains will be designed according to the characteristics of peak flows forthe pre-determined design storm, and the requirement to discharge flowswithout causing erosion.

12.1.3.Vegetation and Flora

A number of management initiatives will be implemented to reduce potentialimpacts and disturbance to flora and vegetation. These include:

* Raising awareness in the workforce about conservation issues and legalobligations of construction workers by structuring the environmentalawareness programme to include issues relating specifically to project site.

* Designing the project layout to reduce the area of clearing required.* Clearly marking and restricting access to areas of high conservation value.* Providing adequate drainage control systems along the road and access

tracks constructed as part of the project.* Establishing an efficient dust suppression plan in all areas where the

generation of dust has been identified as an environmental managementissue.

* Retaining topsoil, and vegetation wherever possible during clearing for useduring restoration.

* Progressively rehabilitating disturbed areas as they become available andare no longer required for project operations.

12.1.4.Fauna

Experience indicates that fauna adapt readily to the general effects of projectoperations. However; it is most likely that the more mobile species will tend tomove away from the areas of greatest activity during rehabilitation but willreturn during the operation of the road. Potential impacts on fauna will bereduced by:-

* Restricting disturbance and clearing of habitats to the minimum requiredfor safe and efficient operations.

* Where appropriate installing fauna access zones along access corridors.-58 -


* Progressively rehabilitating disturbed areas to re-establish habitats;* Declaring a 50m 'no-go' buffer zone around the nearby Stream to prevent

disturbance.* Avoiding road shadow effects generally throughout the rehabilitation

project by providing appropriately designed roadside drainage systems.

12.1.5.Construction Waste

Construction waste will be generated as a result of road rehabilitation. Allconstruction waste that has been generated will be recycled or placed indesignated disposal sites and covered with soil.

12.1.6.Noise.

Noise management will be limited to standard sound retarding devices on alloperational vehicles as recommended by the manufacturer. Noise generatedfrom operations at the project site is not expected to impact on localcommunities due to the distances between the operations area and areas ofhabitation. However, the Environmental Management unit from RoadsDepartment will investigate any noise complaints received.

12.1.7.Management of Air Quality

Throughout road rehabilitation standard water trucks will use water tosuppress dust. The water trucks will continually apply water to potential dustgeneration areas such as the main detours and access roads.

12.1 .8.Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation will be ongoing and progressively throughout the life of theproject. Evidence to date indicates that the revegetation of disturbed areas willbe both natural and rapid. As the first principle of rehabilitation is long -termstability, practices that address this issue will be implemented as part of long-termn approaches.

12.1.9.Community Consultation and Interaction

The EMU will ensure that the road project will be very much a part of thelocal community. The EMU will establish a Community ConsultationProgramme as a means of providing a forum for dialogue between the localand the project. The framework for this plan will be set up during theconstruction phase so that the aims and objectives of EMU are clearlyunderstood by the community.

12.1.10. Workforce Awareness

Work force awareness and culture is an important component in minimisingenvironmental and cultural impacts resulting from project operations.Construction personnel will be made aware of the EMU's EnvironmentalPolicy.

-59-


An environmental awareness induction plan will be implemented to ensurethat all construction workers are aware of their environmental responsibilities.

-60 -

Enviltal I ateml theZxLivin Roadm m m m m m m m m m

12.2. Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil

* Petroleum * To trap any fuel or * Petroleum * Tendering * Contractor * ConcreteSoil contamination products oil spillage from products process * EMU Roads loading baydue to improper dispensing points getting to the soil. dispensing points * Construction Dept * Approx US$storage of materials, shall have drip shall be inspected Phase 200/m3fuels and poor waste pans; and approved byoil disposal methods. EMU Officers

from Roads Deptbeforecommissioning.

* Storage of * To avoid direct * Sites for storage * Tendering * EMU Roads * Tanks to bepotential contact of soil of fuel, oil and Process Dept placed onpollutants such as with oil, fuel and chemicals shall be * Construction * Contractor concrete hardfuel, oil and chemicals in case inspected and Phase standing.chemicals should of accident. approved by EMUbe done on sealed Officers from * Concrete @surfaces to Roads Dept before US$200/imprevent soil commissioning.contamination;

* Collection and * To reduce on the * Containers for * Construction * Contractor * Metal drumsrecycling of used amounts of oil collection of used Phase * EMU Roads for collectionoil & lubricants; waste generation oil shall be made Dept and storage.

and its disposal on available on site. . One drum @soil. US$20

- 61 -

MEnviw tal ImfWatemmhe Zip iving-oad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I I | I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil (Cont'd)

* Petroleum storage * To contain any * Petroleum storage * Construction * Contractor * ReinforcedSoil contamination tanks shall have petroleum spillage tanks shall be Phase * EMU Roads concrete walldue to improper bund walls around from spreading in inspected and Dept and slab at thestorage of materials, them and shall be case of an approved by EMU bottom.fuels and poor waste high enough to accident. Officers fromoil disposal methods. contain any Roads Dept before US$55/m2

spillage. commissioning.. Limitation of . To avoid erosion * Period of * Tendering * Contractor * US$6.50/in3

earth moving to of soil by fast construction shall Process * EMU Roads of graveldry periods; flowing rainwater. be specified in the * Construction Dept

Exposed soil is prone Tender Document Phaseto erosion by water or * Protection of . To control the * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * US$2/m2 forwind. susceptible soil current of the fast measures provided Process * EMU Roads planting

surface with grass; flowing rainwater. for impacts on soil * Construction Dept turf/grassshall be part of the Phaseoverall TenderDocument.

* Protection of * To avoid direct * Stone pitching and * Tendering * Contractor . US$2/M2 fordrainage channels contact of fast grass planting in Process . EMU Roads plantingby planting grass flowing surface drainage systems * Construction Dept turf/grassor stone pitching; water with shall be part of the Phase

susceptible soils. overall Tender * US$50/m2 forDocument as stone pitchingmeans ofmitigating soilerosion.

- 62 -

Envi Wtal In atem!Ihe Ziw ivinA(oad m m m m m m m m

mpact Mitigation PlanImp act |Mitigation Measure | Objective | Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

Impact Mitigation Me Objectivefor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soils

* Installation of * To remove soil * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * Excavate inExposed soil is prone sedimentation particles from the measures for Process * EMU Roads common soilsto erosion by water or basins or planting current of the fast impacts on soils * Construction Dept @ US$3/m3

wind. of erodible flowing water. shall be part of the Phase * Excavate insurfaces as soon overall Tender rock @as possible. Document. US$50/m3

Stripping and * Exposed soil * To prevent highly * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractorstockpiling of topsoil should be avoided prone soils from measures provided Process * Roads Dept * US$2/m3

could lead to erosion by selective soil getting exposed to in this report shall * Constructionand degradation of soil stripping; erosion. be part of the Phasequality. overall Tender

Document.* Areas requiring * To limit on the * Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor

less clearing shall size of area prone measures for Process * Roads Dept * US$1.50/m3

be preferred for to erosion. impacts on soil * Constructionstock piles. erosion shall be PhaseClearing shall be part of the overalllimited to the site Tender Document.approved by thelocal authorities.

Soil compaction could * Only heavy * To limit the size * Mitigation * Tendenrng * Contractor * For rollingresult following equipment with of area prone to measures for Process . Road activities useconstruction activities. pneumatic tyres compaction. impacts on soils * Construction Engineers at the rate of

shall be used on compaction shall Phase Roads Dept US$30/hraccess roads. be part of the

overall TenderDocument.

- 63 -

M Envi tal I atemAthe ZDIPivin oad m m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

-- I I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpact on Land and Soil (Cont'd)

* Soil erosion . To control soil . Programme for * Operational * Roads Dept * ConcreteSoil erosion near should be erosion and check regular road Phase headwalls,culverts and drainage prevented for culverts and drainage aprons, wing-channels where water especially near drainage channels maintenance shall walls (velocity could culverts by requiring be developed and US$200/m3increase. construction of attention. made available.

correctly designedculverts;

* Regular * To prevent . Mitigation * Tendering * Contractor * Linearmaintenance of deterioration measures for Process * Roads Dept maintenanceculverts & culverts, which impacts on soil * Construction of the culvertsdrainage channels; are prone to soil erosion shall be Phase ( US$50/m

erosion. part of the overallTender Document.

Soil contamination by * Soil . To control waste . Enforcement of * Operational * Road users * N/Awaste and spillages of contamination by disposal methods ECZ Regulations Phase * ECZroad users and un- waste and worth & ensure on waste * Road Traffic * ECZmaintained vehicles. spillages of road cars that are management & Commission monitoring

users and un- maintained use the Road Traffic * Road Safety activitiesmaintained cars. road. Regulations. Council

- 64 -

MEnviWtal dnatenwthe Z!ML-ivin"Roadm m m m m


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Vegetation

Retardation of Dust control by * To suppress dust . Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Watervegetation growth due application of water; generation measures for Phase . EMU Roads bowsers toto contamination from impacts on Dept water graveldust particles and gas vegetation shall be roads (emissions. part of the overall U$50/hr

Tender Document.Haulage trucks shall * To reduce the . Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * N/Anot exceed the speed amount of dust measures for Phase . EMU Roadslimit of 60km per generation. impacts on Depthour. vegetation shall be

part of the overallTender Document.

Loss of vegetation due . Less vegetated * To reduce the . Mitigation * Construction . Contractor * US$1.50/m2to site clearing which areas shall be extent of the area measures for Phase * EMU Roads to clear lesswill lead to loss of preferred; without impacts on Dept vegetated areahabitat and vegetation. vegetation shall bedisplacement of fauna part of the overallspecies, especially Tender Documentavifauna.Increased access as a Provision of forest * To sensitize the * Forest * Construction * Forestry Dept * US$15,000result of the road conservation communities conservation Phase * EMU Roadsimprovement could awareness programme about the programme is * Operational Deptlead to increased to communities along importance of budgeted for and Phasedeforestation on the the rehabilitated road; forests. its implementationroad. schedule is

prepared.

- 65 -

=Envi4Mta1 In_atem the ZLivinJ oad=


I I l for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

Disturbance to birds * Rehabilitation * To reduce on the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haulage ofand small animals and should be extent of the area measures provided Phase * EMU Roads suitableloss of habitat. confined to the to be impacted for impacts of Dept gravel from

road reserve area; upon. noise shall be part outside gameof the overall areaTender Document US$0.35/m3 .k

m* Noisy activities to * To reduce sleep * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haulage of

be scheduled to disturbance to measures provided Phase * EMU Roads suitableoccur within birds and small for impacts of Dept gravel fromprescribed normal animals. noise shall be part * Local outside gameworking hours. of the overall Authority area

Tender Document US$0.35/m3 .km

* Where possible . To avoid * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * In this case,Wildlife loss due to roads shall not disrupting animal measures provided Phase * ZAWA alignment ofaccidental killings pass through corridors. for impacts on * Local high tocaused by speeding Mosi-oa-Tunya Wildlife shall be Authority remain thetraffic as a result of Park; part of the overall same. Thus noimproved road. Tender Document cost to re-

alignment.

* The road shall * To wam motorists * Mitigation * Operational * ZAWA * Road signs @have adequate of the presence of measures provided Phase * Roads Dept US$100/eachroad fumiture wildlife in certain for impacts on * Local on averagesigns for waming sections of the Wildlife shall be Authorityroad users of road so that part of the overallwildlife presence; motorists drive Tender Document

with caution.

- 66 -

Envimta1 Intatem the Z!P ivin Road

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure | Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat (Cont'd)

Wildlife loss due to * There shall be * To control over- . Provision of speed * Operational * Zambia Police * Speed humpsaccidental killings adherence to speeding through retarders in the Phase * ZAWA ( US$500/caused by speeding speed limits in provision of speed road designs and eachtraffic as a result of wildlife areas; retarders & theirimproved road. mounting of speed implementation as

traps. part of the overallTender Document

* ZAWA shall be * To advise road * Mitigation * Construction * ZAWA * ZAWA onconsulted for Contractors on measures provided Phase * Roads Dept project duringrehabilitation areas requiring for impacts on * Local constructionworks covering special attention Wildlife shall be Authority @ US$500/the Mosi-oa- during part of the overall monthTunya National rehabilitation such Tender DocumentPark. as animal

corridors, materialextraction in thePark and otheractivities.

Disruption to wildlife * There shall be no * To avoid * Mitigation * Construction * ZAWA . Haul of gravelroutes due to quarries quarrying in disturbance to measures provided Phase * Roads Dept from outsideand borrow pits left in Mosi-oa-Tunya wildlife activities. for impacts on * Local the parkwildlife areas without Park; Wildlife shall be Authority US$0.35/m3.krehabilitation. part of the overall m

Tender Document

- 67 -

EnviWtal InIMatemMthe ZL ivinmRoad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat (Cont'd)

* Control of noisy * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * Local * N/A workingNoise disturbance to activities on site control noise local by-laws. Phase Authority only duringwildlife due to (through local by- generation. * ZAWA the dayincreased vehicular laws);traffic passing throughthe Mosi-oa-TunyaNational Park. * ECZ Regulation * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * Local * N/A

on Noise control noise ECZ Regulations Phase AuthorityAbatement; generation. on noise . ZAWA

* The road shall * To warn motorists * Provision of speed * Construction * Zambia Policehave adequate of the presence of retarders in the Phase . ZAWA * Approxroad fumiture wildlife in certain road designs and * Operational US$100/signsigns for warning sections of the their Phaseroad users of road so that implementation aswildlife presence. motorists drive part of the overall

with caution. Tender DocumentImpacts on Water Quality

* Sides of the * To filter of the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Grassing @Siltation of water drainage shall be sediment particles measures provided Phase * EMU Roads US$3/mcourses due to soil planted with grass in the fast flowing for impacts on * Operational Depterosion of nearby or stone pitched; rain water with Water Quality Phase * Stone pitchingdrains and culverts. grass and also to shall be part of the @ US$50/M2

avoid erosion of overall Tendersoil surfaces by Documentstone pitching.

- 68 -

M Envital InT atem the Z LivirnRoad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality

* Drainage systems * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Using stoneSiltation of water shall have scour current of measures provided Phase * EMU Roads masonry atcourses due to soil checks; rainwater flow. for impacts on * Operational Dept US$12 eacherosion of nearby Water Quality Phasedrains and culverts. shall be part of the

overall TenderDocument

* Drainage systems * To create a water * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$3.50/m3

shall discharge reservoir which measures provided Phase * EMU Roads lininginto settlement can be used by for impacts on * Operational Dept material orbasins; livestock or Water Quality Phase US$50/m3 in

wildlife. shall be part of the rockoverall TenderDocument

* Silt traps shall be * To protect surface * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$10/m toput along drainage water pollution measures provided Phase * EMU Roads be specifiedsystems; through filtering for impacts on * Operational Dept

finest particles in Water Quality Phasewater current. shall be part of the


* Spoon drains shall * To control * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$15 eachhave scour checks. excessive flow measures provided Phase * EMU Roads

and risks of for impacts on * Operational Depterosion. Water Quality Phase

shall be part of theoverall TenderDocument

- 69 -

EnvilPtal In_tatem the Z -LivinpPRoad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

Water shortage to the * Exploitation of * To avoid conflicts * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Nominallocal community due water sources for and to receive measures provided Phase * EMU Roads exploitationto over exploitation for rehabilitation support from the for impacts on Dept when worksrehabilitation works. works shall be local community. Water Quality are notdone with shall be part of the reconstructionapproval by the overall Tenderlocal authority and Documentconsent from thelocal community.

Ground water * Proper siting of pit * To filter pollutants * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * VIP latrine @contamination due to latrines away from which may from measures provided Phase * EMU Roads US$600 eachconstruction of sub- water logged getting to the for impacts on Deptstandard campsite pit areas; ground water. Water Qualitylatrines for workers. shall be part of the


* Good hygienic * To promote * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Cleaningstandards and cleanliness and measures provided Phase * EMU Roads activitiesproper avoid epidemics for impacts on Dept US$150/maintenance of pit in construction Water Quality monthlatrines. camps. shall be part of theoverall TenderDocument

- 70 -

Envij talln tatemln theZ LivinppRoadm m m m m m m m m m m m


.l I Ifor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Water Quality (Cont'd)

Sedimentation and * Excavated soils * To make use of * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * For suitableincreased turbidity in shall be used for available soils and measures provided Phase * EMU Roads soil U$6.50surface water caused other road works reduce on creating for impacts on Dept * For top soilby erosion of bare such as shoulder more bare areas Water Quality spreading andareas and runoffs building; which are prone to shall be part of the compactingresulting from soil erosion. overall Tender @ US$2/M2excavation and Documentgrading works and * Sides of drainage * To filter of the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * For loose soil/drainage channels left channels shall be sediment particles measures provided Phase * EMU Roads susceptibleafter construction planted with grass in the fast flowing for impacts on * Operational Dept soil, grassingworks. or stone pitched; rain water with Water Quality Phase @ atUS3/m 2

grass and also to shall be part of the * For firm soilavoid erosion of overall Tender US$3/m3

soil surfaces by Documentstone pitching.

Drainage systems * To reduce the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor . US$12 eachshall have scour current of measures provided Phase * EMU Roads stone masonrychecks. rainwater flow. for impacts on * Operational Dept

Water Quality Phaseshall be part of theoverall TenderDocument

71 -

EnviWt tal In tatemM the ZOLivin-Road


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Air Quality

Air pollution caused * Regular * To check for * Log book on * Construction * Contractor * US$30,000/by exhaust fumes and maintenance of defects and vehicle & Phase * EMU Roads month fordust from excavators, construction servicing of the equipment Dept medium tobull dozers, graders as vehicles and vehicles and maintenance shall old equipmentwell as site clearing equipment in equipment so that be kept on site forwill affect human, order to reduce they are in good inspection andvegetation and also emission of operation shall be part of thedisturb habitats for exhaust fumes; condition. overall Tenderbirds and insects. Document

Periodically water * To suppress dust. * Log book on dust * Construction * Contractor * US$50/ hrdown on control showing Phase * EMU Roadstemporary roads; watering times Dept

shall be kept onsite for inspectionand shall be partof the overallTender Document

Unpleasant odours due * Cleaning and * To maintain * Public Health * Construction * Contractor * US$150/to poorly maintained regular promote a healthy standards as Phase * EMU Roads monthtoilets and poor waste maintenance of environment at provided under Deptmanagement. toilets to avoid campsites and the Public Health * Localunpleasant odours. prevent the spread Act Cap 295 shall Authority

of diseases. be enforced shallbe part of theoverall TenderDocument

- 72 -

EnviWtal Ir"tatemM the ZxLivin"Road= m m m - m m -

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I g for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Air Quality (Cont'd)

Unpleasant odours due * Waste should be * To maintain . Enforcement of * Construction * Contractor * US$100/to poorly maintained carefully managed promote a healthy the Public Health Phase * EMU Roads monthtoilets and poor waste to prevent environment at Act Cap 295 and Deptmanagement. unpleasant odours. campsites and ECZ Regulations * Localprevent the spread on Waste Authorityof diseases. Management shall

be enforced shallbe part of theoverall TenderDocument

Excessive diesel * Enforcement of * To monitor and . Enforcement of * Construction * ECZ * Police trafficfumes due to un- the Roads and control unfit cars Roads and Road Phase * EMU Roads Patrol Unitmaintained equipment. Road Traffic Act, from using the Traffic Act, Cap DeptCap 464 and ECZ road. 464 and EPPCA, . Road TrafficEPPCA Cap 204 Cap 204 on Noise Commissionon Air Pollution Abatement. * Operational * ECZso that only road Phase * Road Trafficworth cars that are Commissionmaintained are onthe road.

Impacts of Noise

Noise and vibration * Working hours * To avoid sleep * Enforcement of * Construction * Contractor * Cost N/A ascaused by construction limited to day disturbance at EPPCA, Cap 204 Phase * EMU Roads programme ismachinery, equipment light only; night. on Noise Dept based on 9-and drilling. Abatement. * ECZ day working* Local hours.

Authority

- 73 -

Envir tal Im.tateme"othe Zilivingowoad


I I | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Noise (Cont'd)

Noise and vibration . Enforcement of * To promote * Enforcement of * Construction * Contractor * US$3,000/yrcaused by construction the Factories Act, occupational the Factories Act, Phase * EMU Roadsmachinery, equipment Cap 441. health and safe Cap 441. Deptand drilling. working * Ministry of

conditions among Labourthe constructionworkers.

* ECZ Regulation * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * ECZ * Police TrafficNoise from increased on Noise control noise EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Patrol Unittraffic. Abatement; generation. 204 on Noise AuthorityAbatement.

* Control of noise * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * ECZ * Police Trafficgenerating control noise EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Patrol Unitactivities (by local generation. 204 on Noise Authorityby-laws). Abatement.


Visual impact of the * Development of * To maintain areas * Road design shall * Design Phase * Design * Cut to fill/road rehabilitation road designs must of scenic beauty. be * Construction Engineers spoil Mworks could be be environmentally Phase Roads Dept US$3.50/r 3substantial if designs environmentally safe enough and * EMU Roadsare not compatible safe enough and compatible with Deptwith the slope angles compatible with the surroundingof the surrounding the surrounding environment.environment. environment.

- 74 -

Envi tal Intatem4the Z" uLivtnp Roadm m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Landscape and Aesthetics (Cont'd)

Disfigurement of the * Development of * To maintain areas * Road designs shall * Design Phase * Design * Cut to fill/natural landscape and road designs must of scenic beauty. be * Construction Engineers spoil @aesthetic view due to be environmentally Phase Roads Dept US$3.50/m3construction works. environmentally and compatible * EMU Roads

and compatible with the natural Deptwith the natural landscape of thelandscape and the surroundingsurrounding environment.environment.

Abandoned structures, * Abandoned * To avoid . Disposal of * Design Phase * EMU Roads * Constructionexcess construction structures in areas vandalism and structures to be * Construction Dept waste canmaterials of laterite, of scenic beauty ruining the determined at the Phase used to refillstone aggregate and shall be converted structures, which Tendering Process borrow pits asconcrete slabs left in into visitor distort the scenic part of theareas of scenic beauty facility. beauty of the rehabilitationreduces the quality of surrounding of borrowscenery. environment. pits.Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environmentThe proposed road * Local people with * To avoid * Recruitment of * Design Phase * Contractor * Aboutmight influence the necessary unplanned local people for * Construction * Community US$3000 permigration and skills shall be settlements which unskilled labour Phase Representative unity ofsettlement patterns if employed for the may lead to land- shall be the * Local structurelabour requirements road works; use change and priority and as Authority relocatedare not planned in social upheavals. part of the overalladvance. Tender Document.

- 75 -

iEnvimWal Ini atem ahe Zip iviniwoad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I I for its implementation Implementation | Responsible |Impacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

The proposed road * Resettlement of * To avoid conflicts * The project does * Design Phase * Contractor * US$3000/might influence communities in of land not foresee any * Construction . Community unit ofmigration and new areas shall be resettlement of Phase Representative resettlementsettlement pattems if done in communities as * Locallabour requirements consultation with rehabilitation Authorityare not planned in host or existing works will be * Roads Deptadvance. community. confined to theroad reserve.

* Detours, access * To avoid conflicts * Mitigation * Design Phase * Contractor * To constructConstruction of roads and between the measures for * Construction * Conmmunity detours @temporary detours will equipment park Contractor and the impacts on land- Phase Representative US$76/mdisturb the site location shall local community use shall be part . Localenvironment within be done in and also to of the overall Authoritythe immediate and consultation with monitor land-use Tender Document . Roads Deptsurrounding local people and change.environment. shall take into

account theexisting land usein settled areas.

- 76 -

Envi Nta1 1n"atem the ZWivin-toad M m m m m m m m m m m


I I I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

* Local people with * To avoid * Recruitment of * Design Phase * Contractor * Lump sumIf labour is not the necessary unplanned local people for * Construction . Community US$2,500/recruited from local skills shall be settlements which unskilled labour Phase Representative monthareas people who employed in the may lead to land- shall be the * Localreside far may start to road project; use change and priority and as Authoritysettle near the road social upheavals. part of the overallproject..

Tender Document.* Resettlement of * To avoid conflicts * The project does * Design Phase * Contractor * US$3000/unit

communities in of land not foresee any * Construction * Community ofnew areas shall be resettlement of Phase Representative Resettlementdone in communities as * Localconsultation with rehabilitation Authorityhost or existing works will be * Roads Deptconmuunity. confined to the

road reserve,

however should

there be any

resettlement then

it shall be done inaccordance with

the Department of

Roads

Resettlement

Framework

- 77 -

Envi tal In-EatemrnJ he Zi ivinow oad

Im act Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Land-use and surrounding environment (Cont'd)

* ECZ Regulation * To monitor and * Enforcement of * Operational * ECZ * ECZEmission of exhaust on Air Pollution; control emission EPPC Act, Cap Phase * Local Monitoringfumes to the of exhaust fumes 204 on Air Authority Unitsurrounding to the surrounding Pollution.environment due to environment.increased traffic. * Adherence to * To check for * Development of * Construction * Contractor * US$15,000/

engine defects and repair engine Phase * EMU Roads monthmaintenance any maintenance Deptschedules and malfunctioning schedules and * ECZstandards to engine. making themreduce air available forpollution. inspection on site.

Impacts on Socio-economic EnvironmentTemporary marriages, . There shall be * To sensitize the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Lump sumcasual sex provision of construction measures for Phase * EMU Roads US$20,000relationships and more education both to workers and local impacts of STDs * Operational Dept for wholechances of the local communities and HlV/AIDS Phase * Community projecttransmission of community on about the dangers shall be part of the Basedsexually diseases due STDs and of STDs and overall Tender Organisationsto interaction of HIV/AIDS using HIV/AIDS and to Document. * Localproject workers with aids such as video protect Authoritylocal communities. shows, pamphlets, themselves.

talks, etc.

- 78 -

Envittalln tatemPtheZ.-LivinPwRoadm m m m m m m m m m m m


I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Socio-economic Environment (Cont'd)Increased road * Provision of * To prevent fatal * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$100 peraccidents due to adequate warning accidents. measures for Phase * Roads Dept road signincreased vehicular road signs in black impacts on socio- * Operational * Localtraffic and over spot areas and economic shall be Phase Authorityspeeding in black speed retarders part of the overallspots areas. and/ or Tender Document.

mechanisms atpedestriancrossing sites.

Impacts on Cultural and Historic sites

* Detours, access * To ensure the road * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * To beroads and is designed in measures for Phase * Roads Dept determined byPoorly developed road equipment park manner which impacts on . National the contractordesign could impact sites shall not be take into account Cultural and Heritagenegatively on heritage constructed the provisions of Historic sites shall Conservationsites. through heritage the National be part of the Commissionsites. The Heritage Act. overall Tenderprovisions of the Document.National HeritageConservationCommission shallapply.

- 79 -

iEnvii1wtal Imnatem the Zwiving -oad M m m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I ~ for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Cultural and Historic sites (Cont'd)

Detours, access * To ensure that * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Blow the dustDust may disfigure the roads and dust caused by measures for Phase * Roads Dept off byappearance of the equipment park moving vehicles impacts on * National compressor atheritage sites. sites shall not be does not settle site Cultural and Heritage US$100/hrconstructed thereby Historic sites shall Conservation hire orthrough heritage disfiguring it. be part of the Commission regularlysites. The overall Tender water theprovisions of the Document. gravel road orNational Heritage constructionConservation of temporaryCommission shall enclosure toapply. protect themonument.Impacts on Human Settlements

Although no negative * Rehabilitation . To ensure * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonimpacts on human shall be confined problems measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancessettlements are to the road reserve associated with impacts on * Local US$100/foreseen since area. resettlement are Human Authority monthconstruction works circumvented Settlements sites * Communitywill be confined to the during shall be part of the Representativroad reserve however, construction overall Tender esconstruction of phase. Document.detours, access roadsand park sites insettled areas leads toland use conflicts withcommunities.

- 80 -

Envir al ln atem_he Ziwivinpoad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts on Human Settlements (Cont'd)

Although no negative * Detour, access * To avoid land-use * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonimpacts on human roads & access conflicts with the measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancessettlements are roads outside road local impacts on * Local Authority US$100/foreseen since reserve areas shall communities. Human * Community monthconstruction works be done in Settlements sites Representativeswill be confined to the consultation with shall be part of theroad reserve however, local people and overall Tenderconstruction of detours will take into Document.& access roads in account existingsettled areas leads to land use in settledland use conflicts. areas.Improved road * There shall be no * To avoid land * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonenhances accessibility, conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancesmobility and economic communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100/activities for the into state land local Human * Community monthcommunities along the along the communities. Settlements sites Representativesroad. improved road. shall be included

in the TenderDocument.

Improved road lead to * There shall be no * To avoid land * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Liaisonincreased human conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancessettlements, changed communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100/mosettlement patterns, into state land local Human * Community nthland commercial along the communities. Settlements sites Representativesactivities along the improved road. shall be in Tenderroad;

Document.

- 81 -

- EnvWital IrWtatem the Zp- LivinpRoad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact 1 Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I | for its implementation TImplementation I Responsible

Impacts on Human Settlements (Cont'd)

Improved road lead to * There shall be no * To avoid land * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Liaisonincreased land values conversion of ownership measures for Phase * Roads Dept allowancesand land resource communal land disputes with the impacts on * Local Authority US$100/tenure along the road, into state land local Human * Zambia Police monthalong the communities. Settlements sites * Road Safetyimproved road. shall be part of the Council

overall TenderDocument.

Improved road * Speed limits of * To save lives of * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Speedincrease risks of road 40km per hour pedestrians and measures for Phase * Roads Dept humps @traffic accidents to shall be observed domesticated impacts on * Local Authority US$500communities along the in settled areas. animals. Human * Zambia Police eachroad Settlements sites . Road Safetyshall be part of the Counciloverall TenderDocument.

Improved road in * To save lives of * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Paintedsettled areas shall pedestrians and measures for Phase * Roads Dept pedestrianhave appropriate domesticated impacts on * Local Authority crossingand adequate animals. Human * Zambia Police pluspedestrian Settlements sites * Road Safety correspondicrossing facilities. shall be part of the Council ng road

overall Tender signs @Document. US$150

each

- 82 -

Envi tal Irm tatemmthe ZW Livinp oadm m m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI_________________ _ I Ifor its implementation Implementation Responsible

Impacts on Human Settlements (Cont'd)

Improved road with . Trees shall be * To filter off * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$20/perhigh traffic volume planted along the hazardous measures for Phase * Roads Dept tree plantedlead to increased road in settled emissions also act impacts on * Local Authorityhealth risks to areas to minimize a barriers to traffic Humancommunities along the hazardous that may career of Settlements sitesroad from vehicle emissions. the road. shall be part of theemissions. overall Tender

Document.Noise from high traffic * Noise barriers . To avoid * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$20/M2volumes using the shall be erected in impairment of measures for Phase * Roads Dept of wall builtimproved road settled areas hearing organs. impacts on * Local Authority to bar thedisturbs communities where traffic noise Human noise fromalong the road. may exceed 90 Settlements sites the

decibel. shall be part of the settlementsoverall TenderDocument.


* Quarrying shall * To avoid water * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul ofQuarries and borrow not be done near pollution and measures for Phase * Roads Dept suitablepits location may surface water leading to impacts of * Local gravel @negatively impact on sources. deprivation of Quarries and Authority US$0.35/m3.kimportant ecological water to the local Borrow Pits shall * Local munits. community. be part of the Communityoverall TenderDocument.

- 83 -

M EnviWtal Ir_tatem the Z-Iovin Roadm M m m m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI |I| for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits (Cont'd)

Quarries and borrow * There shall be no * To preserve the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul ofpits location may quarrying near Fossil Monument. measures for Phase * Roads Dept suitablenegatively impact on heritage sites. impacts of * Local gravel @important ecological Quarries and Authority US$O.35/m 3.kunits. Borrow Pits shall * National mbe part of the Heritage andoverall Tender ConservationDocument. Commission

* There shall be no * To avoid * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul ofquarrying in disruption of measures for Phase . Roads Dept suitableNational Parks. animal corridors. impacts of * Local gravel @The provisions of Quarries and Authority US$0.35/m3.kthe NPW Act, Cap Borrow Pits shall * ZAWA m202 of 1991 shall be part of thebe observed. overall Tender

Document.Excessive noise from * Quarrying shall * To avoid the risk * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Haul ofblasting and not be done near associated with measures for Phase * Roads Dept suitablemachinery may disturb conmmunities. flying pebbles impacts of * Local gravel @nearby communities. from blasting Quarries and Authority US$0.35/m'.k

operations and Borrow Pits shall * Mine Safety mminimise be part of the Department ofdisturbance from overall Tender Ministry ofnoise. Document. Mines.

- 84 -

EnviOltal In"tatemPthe Z -Livin Roadm M m m m m m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I I for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Quarries and Borrow Pits (Cont'd)

Excessive noise from * Quarrying shall be * To ensure * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * License feesblasting and done in compliance with measures for Phase * Roads Dept aboutmachinery may disturb conformity to the the Law on impacts of * Local US$1,000 pernearby communities. Mine and quarrying. Quarries and Authority quarryMinerals Act, No. Borrow Pits shall * Mine Safety31 of 1995. be part of the Department of

overall Tender Ministry ofDocument. Mines.

Abandoned borrow * Borrow Pits shall * To avoid * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * Haul ofpits could pose not be done near harbouring disease measures for Phase * Roads Dept suitablepotential hazard to water sources and causing organisms impacts of Borrow * Local gravel @ecological units and human and other Pits shall be part Authority US$0.35/m3 .kresidents. settlements. dangerous animals of the overall * Mine Safety mthat may find Tender Document. Department ofthese as suitable Ministry ofhabitats. Mines.

Impacts of Road Traffic

Failure to use * Surveyors should * To avoid off-site * Mitigation * Design Phase * Contractor * US$20,000 toestablished routes not venture too far impacts associated Measures for * Construction * EMU of the survey andmight result in away from the with surveying. impacts of Phase Roads Dept stakesurveyors' vehicles proposed route in Surveying shall be * Localnegatively impacting order to avoid part of the overall Authorityon the environment. impacts on the Tender Document.surroundingenvironment.

- 85 -

Envir-Intal Im a tateme"-rthe Z5 T Living-WRoad

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact | Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I___________________ Ifor its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Road Traffic (Cont'd)

* Established routes * To maintain the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * To useConstruction traffic should be used existing Measures for Phase * EMU of the existingcould impact on where possible in environment in impacts of traffic Roads Dept detours,undisturbed areas order to reduce the adjacent areas. shall be part of the * Local maintenanceadjacent to the impacting on overall Tender Authority @ US$5/mproposed route. undisturbed areas. Document.* Construction * To avoid un- * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Maintenance

vehicles must only necessary Measures for Phase * EMU of the ofuse pre- disturbance of impacts of traffic Roads Dept existing/prededetermined access traffic flow and shall be part of the * Local terminedroads that should cause danger to overall Tender Authority roads (be determined in other road users. Document. US$55/mthe design phase.

. Allowance should * To avoid un- * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * New detoursbe made for necessary Measures for Phase . EMU of the @ US$76/malternative routes disturbance of impacts of traffic Roads Deptfor the existing traffic flow and shall be part of the * Localroad users during cause danger to overall Tender Authorityconstruction other road users. Document.where possible.

Excessive dust from * Control of dust * To avoid * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Water bowserconstruction could through watering respiratory and Measures for Phase * EMU of the US$50/hrdisturb nearby of dust roads. visibility problems impacts of traffic Roads Deptcommunities. and the gathering shall be part of the * Local

of dust on overall Tender Authorityprotected areas Document.and property.

- 86 -

Environmental Imptatemenor the Zim iving - Road

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact 1 Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of Mitigation

I | | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Road Traffic (Cont'd)

Increased accidents . Provision of * To save lives and * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$100/ roaddue to increased traffic warning signs in injury that could Measures for Phase * EMU of the signflow. black spot areas & arise as result of impacts of traffic Roads Dept

speed retarders at these. shall be in the * Localpedestrian Tender Document. Authoritycrossing sites.


Advanced planning of * Development of . To ensure that * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$800/safety requirements safety procedures people Measures for Phase * EMU of the month

and operational undertaking these impacts of work Roads Deptmanual. tasks know accidents shall be * Local

exactly what is to in Tender Authoritybe done. Document.

Lack of enforcement * Enforcement of . To safe guard the * Mitigation * Operational * Contractor * US$3,000/of safety and health Public health and health and safety Measures for this Phase * EMU of the monthregulations could safety regulations. of workers. impact shall be in Roads Deptimpact negatively on the Tender * Localconstruction workers. Document. AuthorityImpacts of Construction Camps

Advanced planning of * Selection of camp * To ensure camp . Mitigation * Design Phase * Contractor * US$1,000 forconstruction camp siting must be siting is Measures for * Construction * EMU of the siting andsiting. done in considered at the impacts of Phase Roads Dept planning

consultation with design phase and construction * Localthe local authority communities are camps shall be in Authorityand local consulted well in the Tender * Localcommunity. advance. Document. Community

- 87 -

Envirjlwtal Im tatemethe Zi Living Road m m m m m

Impact Mitigation PlanImpact Mitigation Measure Objective Actions to be taken Period of Authority Cost of MitigationI I | for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Construction Camps (Cont'd)

Loss of vegetation at * Clearing for camp * To conserve * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Site clearanceconstruction site. siting must be vegetation around Measures for Phase * EMU of the (limited to the the camp site and impacts of Roads Dept US$0.99/m2actual site to avoid protect the site construction * Localvegetation loss on from extensive camps shall be Authoritya larger scale. loss of vegetation part of the overall * Local

Tender Document. CommunityWaste generation at * Waste disposal to . To control waste * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * Disposal ofcampsite. be done at disposal practices Measures for Phase * EMU of the waste @designated sites and avoid illegal impacts of Roads Dept US$0.10/ton.

approved by the dumping. construction * Local kmlocal authority. camps shall be Authoritypart of the overall * ECZTender Document.

Interaction of * There shall be * To prevent the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$15,000construction workers provision of transmission of Measures for Phase * EMU of the Lump Sumwith the nearby education both to sexually impacts of Roads Deptcommunities may lead the local transmitted construction * Localto transmission of community on diseases between camps shall be Authoritysexually transmitted STDs and the local part of the overall * CBO ondiseases. HIV/AIDS using community and Tender Document. Healthaids such as video constructionshows, pamphlets, workers.talks, etc.

- 88 -

Envirll.tal Im tatemeM!!the ZALiving!lRoad


for its implementation Implementation ResponsibleImpacts of Construction Camps (Cont'd)

Interaction of * Local people with * To ensure the * Mitigation * Construction * Contractor * US$2,500 perconstruction workers the necessary local community Measures for Phase * EMU of the monthwith the nearby skills shall be benefit from the impacts of Roads Deptcommunities may lead employed in the project and also to construction * Localto transmission of road project. avoid immigration camps shall be Authoritysexually transmitted which may result part of the overall * Labourdiseases. in land disputes Tender Document. Department ofand social Ministry ofupheavals. Labour

* Communityrepresentative

- 89 -


12.3. Environmental Monitoring PlanIdentification of potential environmental impacts associated with therehabilitation of the road indicates a need to design and implement a specificenvironmental monitoring plan. The monitoring needs of the project willaddress the negative impacts expected to be generated during theimplementation of the project at rehabilitation and operational phases. The keycomponents of the proposed environmental monitoring plan are:

* Land and SoilImplementation of the monitoring programme to assess soil erosion indisturbed areas.

* Vegetation and RegrowthA monitoring programme will be implemented to assess the rate of vegetationregrowth in disturbed areas and the success of rehabilitation efforts. Specificrehabilitation plan will be designed and implemented, as areas becomeavailable.

While it is appropriate to indicate that progressive rehabilitation will bepractised, this aspect of environmental management is not always possible assome areas only become available at the end of the road rehabilitation phase.

It is anticipated that vegetation assessment will be visual.

* Wildlife and Wildlife habitatsImplementation of the monitoring programme to assess wildlife corridors andhabitats are not disturbed.

* Water Quality MonitoringThe surface water-monitoring programme will focus on surface water qualityof the nearest stream, which might receive the run-offs from the disturbedareas due to road works.

The surface water monitoring will designate monitoring points defined to belocated immediately below the drainage to the nearby stream.

* Air Quality MonitoringAir pollution monitoring during road rehabilitation involves the monitoring ofdust emissions and vehicle exhaust fumes. Dust monitoring will involvecontinual visual assessment by Site Engineer.

* Noise

* Landscape and Aesthetics

* Land-use and Surrounding environment* Socio-economic issues

-90 -


* Cultural and Historic Sites3 Human Settlements

* Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Work Accidents

* Construction Camps

As the rehabilitation phase progress, the monitoring plan will be reviewed andadjusted in accordance with project environmental management requirementselaborated in the sections below.

-91 -


12.4. Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitor ingT Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Aut~hority Responsible

Monitored MonitoringLand and Soil

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through* Clean storage sites * Inspection Report is * Contractor's Sitemake inspections of out the Construction free from any oil or available at EMU- Engineer

Land and Soil sites for storage of Phase fuiel spillage Roads Dept * EMU Roads Deptmaterials, oil and maintained throughfuiels and ensure out Constructionthey have sealed Phase.surfaces.

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Waste oil is being * Inspection Report is * Contractor's Siteinspect the waste out the Construction disposed of in available at EMU Engineerdisposal sites. Phase designated sites and Roads Dept * EMU Roads Dept

in the proper way.* Site Engineer to * Periodically through Containers for * Used oil from * Contractor

ensure used oil is out the Construction collection of used sericed plant * EMU-Roads Deptbeing collected for Phase oil are available on machinery has beenrecycling. site. collected in

containers.* Site Engineer to * Before* Bund wall design o Bund walls around * Contractor

inspect storage tanks comimissioning of and construction fuel storage tanks * EMU-Roads Deptand ensure they fuel storage tanks. plan has been have beenhave bund walls developed and is constructed.around them high available.enough to containany spillage.

- 92 -

Enviro tal1 Imtpateme n the Zimiving Woad mm=

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored I Monitoring

Land and Soil (Cont'd)

* The Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Absence of * Complaints from the * ContractorLand and Soil make inspections the Construction caterpillar trampling local community on * EMU Roads Dept(Cont'd) and ensure that Phase. in croplands. invasion ofheavy construction croplands byequipment is constructionconfined to equipment are non-operational areas existent.only and avoidscroplands.

* The Site Engineer to . Daily through out * Absence of rills, * Absence of erosion * Contractorundertake inspection the Construction gullies features. * EMU Roads Deptof earthworks and Phase.ensure that slopesare graded tospecifications.

* Once earthworks are * Each time * Presence of re- * Restoration * Contractorcompleted, the Site earthworks are vegetation in erosion programme for re- * EMU Roads DeptEngineer should completed through prone areas. vegetation ofmonitor the out Construction exposed soils isrestoration measures Phase available and isto be implemented being implemented.such as re-vegetation

- 93 -

Environmenvt1 lpntiatern t he Zim Waiv,ngF-Road

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator | Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored Monitoring

Vegetation

* Site Engineer to * Each time clearance * The area of * Vegetation * ContractorVegetation ensure that of vegetation is vegetation cleared is clearance is clearly * EMU Roads Deptexcessive clearance being done through minimal marked and isof vegetation is out Construction confined to theavoided and should Phase designs.be confined to theproject site.

Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat

* The Site Engineer to * Periodical . Absence of animal * Inspection report * ContractorWildlife and Wildlife carry out inspections inspections through damage to project * EMU Roads DeptHabitat and report evidence out Construction site. * ZAWAof wildlife intrusion Phaseonto the project siteand to check thatwildlife accesscorridors aremaintained.

Water Quality

* Site Engineer to . Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads DeptWater Quality that interceptors are Phase. out the Constructionput in place and Phase.working well.

- 94 -

EnvilMta IntatemePthe Z.iqLivinERoad m - m m m m m m m m m m m

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElemnent to be | Method of Monitoring | Frequency of | Indicator Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored Monitoring l

Water Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads DeptWater Quality that areas where Phase. out the Construction

(Cont'd) hazardous liquids Phase.are stored arebunded.

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat water from Phase. out the Constructionconcrete batching Phase.plants is treated.

* Site Engineer to * Periodical through * Clean water supply * Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat silt traps are put Phase. out the Constructionalong drainage Phase.systems;

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Clean water supply . Absence of water * Contractorinspect and satisfy out the Construction maintained through pollution incidents * EMU Roads Deptthat spoon drains Phase. out the Constructionhas scour checks. Phase.

* Site Engineer to * Before construction * Construction is done * Pit latrine siting and * Contractorinspect and satisfy of pit latrines. according to design construction report * EMU Roads Deptthat siting of pit specifications.latrines is doneaway from waterlogged areas;

- 95 -

Environmental Impact Statemetr the ZIN-LivingF oad

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored Monitoring

Water Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * In the event of a * Operational * Presence of * Contractorinspect and satisfy pollution incident procedures are being Operational Manual * EMU Roads DeptWater Quality that written detail of during Construction followed. on site.

(Cont'd) the procedures to be Phase.followed in the ventof pollution incidentis given to the SiteEngineer By theContractor.

Air Quality

* Site Engineer to . Regularly through * Deposition of dust * Dust deposition on * Contractorobserve the level of out the Construction on surfaces such as the immediate a EMU Roads Deptdust generated Phase. grasses, shrubs, trees surroundings isduring Construction. and rooftops should controlled.

Air Quality Watering down decrease withshould be done if watering.dust levels areunacceptable.

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Exhaust fume * Maintenance * Contractorcheck and ensure out the Construction emissions are logbook is available * EMU Roads Deptthat construction Phase. controlled. on site.vehicles andequipment aremaintained in orderto reduce emissionof exhaust fumes;

- 96 -

Envi ,W al In"atem>"the ZLI ivinRoad

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be | Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority ResponsibleMonitored l Monitoring

Air Quality (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Unpleasant odours * Clean toilet * Contractorinspect and ensure out the Construction are controlled. environment and * EMU Roads DeptAir Quality that toilets are Phase. free from unpleasantcleaned and odours..maintained to avoidunpleasant odours.

* Site Engineer to * Regularly through * Controlled waste * Waste is dumped in * Contractorinspect and ensure out the Construction disposal method. designated places. * EMU Roads Deptwaste is carefully Phase.managed disposedof in designatedplaces to preventunpleasant odours.

Noise

* Sit Engineer to * Regularly through * Noise levels at the * Number of * Contractormonitor noise and out the Construction nearest sensitive complaints of noise * EMU Roads DeptNoise vibrations on an ad- Phase. receiver are disturbance ishoc basis in order to minimised. controlled.establish noiselevels at the projectsite and the nearestsensitive receptorsand should notexceed 90-decibels.

- 97 -

m m m m m -m m m m m - m m m mEnvironmental Impact Statement for the Zimba - Livingstone Road

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator | Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored MonitoringNoise (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Sleep disturbance is * Number of * ContractorNoise check and ensure the Construction minimised. complaints of sleep * EMU Roads Dept

Cont'd) that working hours Phase. disturbance isare limited to day minimised.light only;

Landscape and Aesthetics

* Site Engineer to * Daily through out * Landscape . Final landscape and * ContractorLandscape and make visual the Construction alterations are aesthetic view is * EMU Roads Dept

Aesthetics inspection of earth Phase. reduced to a compatible with theworks to ensure that minimum. surroundingexcessive environment.excavation otherthan those agreedupon is not carriedout, particularly atborrow pit sites,temporary andapproach roads andaround thecontractor's camp.

- 98 -


Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored Monitoring Land-use and surrounding environment

* Contractor shall * Planning for labour * Potential * Construction * ContractorLand-use and ensure that local requirements during construction workers are * EMU Roads DeptSurrounding people with the the Pre-Construction workers from the recruited from theEnvironment necessary skills are Phase. local community are local community

employed to work identified.on the road projectto avoid migrationand settlement nearthe road byconstructionworkers who aretaken from far areas.

* The Site Engineer to * Planning for * Designs for detours, * Designs for detours, * Contractormonitor and ensure detours, access access roads and access roads and * EMU Roads Deptthat detours, access roads and equipment equipment park site equipment park siteroads and equipment park site location location have taken location are beingpark site location is shall be done during into account the implementeddone takes into the Pre-Construction existing land use in according toaccount the existing Phase. settled areas. specifications.land use in settledareas.

- 99 -

Environmental Impm m m mmtem,e-m m m mhe Zim-mving oad


Monitored Monitoring lSocio-economic Environment

* Contractor shall * Planning for . Programme for * Target group for * Contractorconduct and ensure education both to education both to receiving education * EMU Roads Deptthat education both the construction the construction on STDs and * Local Community

Socio-economic to the construction workers and local workers and local HIV/AIDS is * CBOSituation workers and local community on STDs community on STDs identified and the

community on STDs and H1V/AlDS shall and HIV/AIDS is programme is beingand HlV/AIDS be done during the developed during implemented duringusing aids such as Pre-Construction the Pre-Construction the Constructionvideo shows, Phase. Phase. Phase.pamphlets, talks isdisseminated.

* Site Engineer to . Planning for * Black spot areas are * Warning road signs * Contractorcheck and ensure erection of warning identified for and speed retarders * EMU Roads Deptthat adequate road signs in black erection of warning in black spot areas . Local Authoritywaming road signs spot areas and speed road signs and speed and pedestrian are * Road Safety Councilin black spot areas retarders at retarders and are constructed.and speed retarders pedestrian crossing included in theat pedestrian site shall be done in overall road designscrossing site are the Pre-Constructionerected. Phase.

- 100-

mEnvironmental Im tatemrpor the zi Living-Rnoad

Monitoring Activities and Indicators

Element to be Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored I MonitoringCultural and Historic Sites

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * A Road design, * Detours, access * Contractormonitor and ensure construction of which takes into roads and equipment * EMU Roads Dept

Cultural and Historic that detours, access detours, access account protection park sites are * NHCCSites roads and equipment roads and equipment of the heritage & constructed outside

park sites are not park sites shall be historic sites is the heritage andconstructed through done in the Pre- developed. historic sites duringheritage sites. Construction Phase. the Construction

Phase.

Human Settlements

* Site Engineer to * Planning for * Exploitation of * Water to local * Contractorinspect and satisfy exploitation of water water resources community is * EMU Roads Dept

Human Settlements that exploitation of resources from the from the local available. * Local Authoritywater sources for local community community for road * Local communityrehabilitation works shall be done during rehabilitation worksis done with the Pre-Construction is controlled.approval from the Phase inlocal authority and consultation with thewith consent from Local authority andthe local local community.community.

- 101 -

Enviro tal ImRtatemen r the ZiM1NL1iving t Road


Monitored j MonitoringHuman Settlements (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Planning for . Black spot areas are * Warning road signs * Contractorcheck and ensure erection of waming identified for and speed retarders * EMU Roads Dept

Human Settlements that adequate road signs in black erection of warning in black spot areas a Local Authority(Cont'd) warning road signs spot areas and speed road signs and speed and pedestrian are * Road Safety Council

in black spot areas retarders at retarders and are constructed.and speed retarders pedestrian crossing included in theat pedestrian site shall be done in overall road designscrossing site are the Pre-Constructionerected in human Phase.settlement areas.

Quarries and Borrow Pits

* Site Engineer to . Planning for . A road design, * Quarries and borrow * Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located * EMU Roads Dept

Quarries and Borrow that quarries and construction account protection outside the water . Ministry of MinesPits borrow areas are not materials from of the water resources catchment

located near surface quarries and borrow resources. areas during thewater sources. areas shall be done Construction Phase.

in the Pre-Construction Phase.

* Site Engineer to . Planning for . A road design, * Quarries and borrow * Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located * EMU Roads Deptthat quarries and construction account protection outside the Mosi- * Ministry of Minesborrow areas are not materials from of the Mosi-Oa- Oa-Tunya National * ZAWAlocated in the Mosi- quarries and borrow Tunya National Park during theOa-Tunya National areas shall be done Park. Construction Phase.Parks. in the Pre-

Construction Phase.

- 102 -

in Envi Wtal Irr_atemn, he zi!LivinA oad - m m - - m - m - - -

Monitoring Activities and IndicatorsElement to be | Method of Monitoring Frequency of Indicator Means of Verification Authority Responsible

Monitored l MonitoringQuarries and Borrow Pits (Cont'd)

* Site Engineer to * Planning for . A road design, * Quarries and borrow * Contractormonitor and ensure exploitation of which takes into areas are located far * EMU Roads Dept

Quarries and Borrow that quarries and construction account protection away from the local * Ministry of MinesPits borrow areas are not materials from of the local community during * Local Authority

(Cont'd) located nearby quarries and borrow community. Construction Phase.communities. areas shall be done

in the Pre-Construction Phase.

Work Accidents

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Operational Manual * Operational Manual * Contractormonitor and ensure out the Construction on Safety, Health on Safety, Health * EMU Road Dept

Work Accidents that the procedures Phase. and Environment for and Environment for * Local Authorityon Safety, Health construction constructionand Environment for workers is workers is beingconstruction developed and implemented duringworkers are being available on site. the Constructionfollowed during the Phase.Construction Phase.

Construction Camps

* Site Engineer to * Periodically through * Designated waste * Waste is being * Contractormonitor and ensure out the Construction disposal site is dumped in * EMU Road Dept

Construction Camps that waste disposal Phase. identified and designated sites. * Local Authorityis done in available. * ECZdesignated approvedby the localauthority and ECZ.

- 103 -


12.5. REPORTING PROCEDURE

The WMU will prepare a bi-annual Environmental Report that will form theframework for assessment of environmental performance. The report willcontain the results of the environmental monitoring and the need for planadjustment.

A bi-annual Environmental Report comprising of the results of the monitoringwill be prepared and made available to the Local Authorities' EnvironmentalSteering Committee in areas of their jurisdiction and Environmental Councilof Zambia.

During the construction phase, the Environmental Management Unit fromRoads Department will ensure that the contractor implement the mitigationmeasures recommended in the EIS. Further, the EMU will ensure thatconstruction workers are sensitized with regard to environmental problems andtheir obligation. In addition the EMU will liaise with respective governmentagencies such as Environmental Council of Zambia on environmental issues,which may arise during the road rehabilitation phase.

-104 -


13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

13.1. ConclusionsThe findings from the Environmental Impact Assessment show that althoughthe proposed road rehabilitation project is expected to have a number ofnegative impacts on the environment, most of these are anticipated to occurduring the rehabilitation and construction phases and are mitigated in theoverall road design. Generally, the proposed route is planned to followexisting alignments thus the potential impacts are therefore reduced.

However there are sensitive areas along the road, which if not properlyengineered could have negative impacts. The section of the road crossing theMosi-Oa-Tunya National Park could have long-term effects on the wildlifethat may impact on the success of the road and its benefits to the projectcommunity.

13.2. RecommendationsThe study has proposed an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan(EMP) to addres the management of the identified environmental issuesassociated with the project .The plan consists of implementing the listedcomponents stated below as follows:

1. Implementing the Impact Mitigation Plan2. Monitoring the implementation of the EMP

The mitigation of the negative social impacts will requre some level ofintervention as outlined below:

* Improvement and expansion of social facilities and services* Collaboration with local stakeholders to counter social upheavals* Sex education campaigns to fight HIV/AIDS threats* Provision of alternative social services, facilities and jobs for local and

displaced people

The mitigation measures will requre constant information flow andconsultation with the stakeholders to ensure the least adverse social-economicimpact from the project.

A summary of the consultations and the discussions indicates that the socio-economic benefits of the improved road to the communities in the project areaof influence outweigh the "no-development" scenario. The project is thereforebeing recommended for implementation assuming the incorporation of therecommended mitigating measures and implementation of the ImpactMitigation Plan and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan.

-105 -


Appendix 1: Annotated List of Endangered Species

Trees that are deemed to be endangered in this country are usually used assources of timber, building material, edible fruits, seed oils, firewood,charcoal, traditional medicine, production of honey, making of baskets andmats and harvesting of edible caterpillars. The threat to the survival of utilisedtree species is manifested in the mood in which resources are collected- oftenaffected by the destructive felling of trees without regard to potential futureharvests. A few taxa are of unknown use, but have been included because oftheir vulnerability to extinction by unknown anthropogenic factors, such asfires of highly specialised habitats and some endemic. The following taxabacked up by notes on use, distribution, ecology and nature of threat to thespecies survival.

Afzelia quanzesis Welw. (Leguminosae)

A tree used as a resource of timber and charcoal. It is widespread in thecountry with occasional occurrences in Miombo and Kalahari woodlands. Thefelling of trees reduces its chance of survival in the long run.

Baikiaea Plurijuga Harms (Leguminosae)

This is the principal source of timber in Mulobezi area. A tree restricted to thelow rainfall areas of Kalahari sands in Sesheke and Livingstone districts. Bothover exploitation for timber and later seasonal fires pause a threat to thespecies survival in this area.

Berchemia bakerana Burt & Hutch (Leguminosae)

This tree is a source of edible fruits. It occurs in relative hotter low rainfallriparian woodlands along the Luangwa and Zambezi river channels. Thecurrent trend of cultivation on river banks tends to destroy riparian forestswhich are the natural habitats if this taxon.

Brachystegia bakerana Burt & Hutch (Leguminosae)

A small tree of limited use as source of firewood and building material. Aspecies confined to the Kalahari Sands in Western Province. Late fires, whichdisrupt the phonological, cycle of most Brachystegia species renders thisspecies vulnerable to irreversible destruct and eventual extinction.

Brachystegia boehmii Taub. (Leguminosae)

A medium sized tree used as a source of building material (poles and fibres)and charcoal. It is widespread in Miombo woodlands, but prefers shallow soilsof lithosols type. Both charcoal burning and late fires tend to destroy treepopulations. The principal threat being charcoal burning in pre-urban areas.Brachystegia longifolia Benth. (Leguminosae)

-106-


A tree up to 30 m high which is used as building material, charcoal makingand the production of honey. Bark cylinders are ringed out for making bee-hives in the North-Western Province where honey production is increasinglygetting commercialised. Besides bees collect nectar from several species ofBrachystegia to produce a dark-brown honey called Brachystegia honey.Effects of over-exploitation and the late fires spell danger to the species.

Brachystegia puberula Burtt Davy and Hutch (Leguminosae)

A small tree of known use. It occurs along striations of Kalahari Sands inMwinilunga and Solwezi district stretching into Angola. The destruction ofthis species by effects of late fires renders it liable to the narrowing itsgeographical range in the region.

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth (Leguminosae)

A medium sized tree which is the target for charcoal making in the pre-urbanareas. Young tree are used as poles for building. It constitutes a dominanttaxon in all Miombo woodlands but occurs as an element in Kalahariwoodlands. Charcoal making, late fires and clearing for agriculture lands isgradually reducing its ecological range.

Cassia abbreviata Olive. (Leguminosae)

This is a small tree extensively used in traditional medicines in Zambia withproven antibiotic principle. It is widely distributed in open Miombo andmopane woodlands. The use of its back as a source of medicine may lead tounintentional ringing of the trunk with eventual destruction of the trees closeto village settlements.

Cyathea dregei Kunze (Cyantheaceae)

A tree fern of ornamental value in their habitats and cultivated sites inbotanical gardens. Widespread in the high rainfall region occurring alongstream banks and moist edges of forest relicts on the plateau and montaneforest of the Nyika. The principal threat is late fires, which touch on relativelydrier reaches of the forest edge and stream banks towards the end of the dryseason.

Diospyros hoyleana F. White (Ebenaceae)

An evergreen small tree of yet unknown utility. A species of restricted rangerecorded on a sandy Island along the Zambezi in Mwinilunga's high rainfallarea. Only careful management of the habitat will ensure its survival.Entandorophragma candatum Sprague (Meliaceae)

A large tree used as source of fine timber. Mostly occurs on Kalahari Sands inassociation with Baikiaea Plurijuga where it is referred to as a Royal treeamong the Lozi people. It has also been recorded along the middle Luangwa

-107-


and lower Zambezi valleys. Effects of fine and land clearing are prone toreduce the population size.

Entandrophragam delevoyi De Wild. (Meliaceae)

This is a large semi-evergreen tree used as source of timber. A speciesrestricted to the high rainfall areas of Copperbelt, Northern and North-Westernprovinces, with its southern limit recorded in Mumbwa district. It is associatedwith forest dominants such as Parinari excelsa and Syzgium guineense ssp.afromontanum. Strong fires that have reduced the once extensive evergreenforests to mere relicts at present easily destroy it.

-108 -


Appendix 2: List of People Met/ Consulted

Date Name Position Organisation/ Place

17.06.03 M. Muliya Environmental Officer EMU Roads Department, Lusaka

17.06.03 N. Chipepo Environmental Officer EMU Roads Department, Lusaka18.06.03 A. Kalenga Conservation Assistant N.H.C. Commnission, Chirundu

25.06.03 M. M. Chilulumo Council Secretary Kafue District Council25.06.03 S. Malambo Acting Director of Works Kafue District Council02.07.03 F. K.M. Shalwindi Director Conservation Services N.H.C. Commission, Livingstone02.07.03 L. Daka Ranger Operations ZAWA Livingstone02.07.03 E. Ntinda Provincial Roads Engineer Roads Dept., Livingstone09.07.03 L. Silwamba Traffic Officer Zambia Police, Chirundu08.09.03 Y. Tembo Project Engineer Phoenix Contractors

-109 -


Appendix 3: Zimba Community - List of Participants who attended the PublicConsultation Meeting

NAME POSITION ORGANISATIONJacob Chishiba Consultant Kaizen ConsultantJones Mulomba Consultant Kaizen consultantAlbert Mutale Consultant Kaizen ConsultantLoward Simukonda Consultant Kaizen consultantJohn K. Mutanuka Area councilor ZimbaBenji Habeenza Council Police ZimbaEmanuel Farmer ZimbaDavid Mubasa Farmer ZimbaPatric Sichombalwa Farmer SiasumoGeoffrey Ndondolo Farmer SiamayaStanely Mate Representative Church ZionMathews Mate Farmer ZimbaG.H Mweemba Chaikama Zimba HillRev Dickson Samboko Reverend Evangelist PWCNelson KatemaGidean Shalomo Headman Mukwalata VillageKalimukwa K Postman ZampostShalulwa B OOPRichard ChilikwaziColumbus Mpufu Representative Church ZionLancelot Musala CCS Zimba Mission HospitalDumale M.Mafuta Radiograph Zimba Mission Hospital

Sunday HamachulaMungangala M Resident Namandula VillageOliver Muswau Farmer MukwalaliDavid Sibebe Accountant SiasumoHeadman Kalamula Headman KalamulaMuyasani Mutangamo Headman Mungola VillageLackson Mandevu Headman Mungala Village

Nelson kandanda Representative Lifalale Zimba AreaPeter M.Sikabbubba PTA Chairman MakoliFailus SuiloGolden Simpungi Secretary SiasumoAron siabelete Headman Duka VillageMeleck Katwamizila Headman Namanduba villageNyoni Harison Headteacher NakowaWeston Tilimbuyi Secretary Matayani NamandubaGeorge Namandula Resident Namandula VillageChika M Trader Zimba MarketSiasomo Resident ZimbaBoyd Sikulakula Representative Zimba HospitalMete G.M. Representative ZRDC

- 110-


Zimba- Community - List of Participants who attended the Public ConsultationMeeting (Cont'd)

NAME POSITION ORGANISATIONHilima V Representative CINDI

Georger Sichombolwa Commuters TrakerSiakakaba J Representative Siloka

Nzyunge G Chairman KalizyomeNawa K ZESCO Zimba

Chonda K Residents Zimba

Winter J. K. C Mumba Residents ZimbaSimone A.M Residents Zimba


Appendix 4: Livingstone Community - List of Participants who attended thePublic Consultation Meeting

NAME POSITION ORGANISATIONMulena Musokotwane Chief MusokotwaneDavid M Musamai Headman MusokotwaneJames M Syulikwa Headman MusokotwaneKenneth Mufana Headman MusokotwaneJustine Chilebela Headmen MusokotwaneNelson M Mwila Headman MsokotwanePeter C.C Katyoka Chairperson DiSA-LiveMilimo Macha Secretary Livingstone FarmersBrian Peer Acting Roads Inspect Roads DepartmentHenry Musonda Technician General Building DepartmentHenry Bwalya Officer in charge Police Traffic patrol unityGeorge M Lifuti President Zambia Red Cross

AssociationMichael Musenge Public Health Livingstone City CouncilIsaiah G. Zimba Educational Officer Ministry Of Education

KazungulaVincent Kamwanya Provincial Cultural Cultural Services

OfficerWilliam C. Kampengela Provincial Traffic R.T.C.

inspectorNumeral Banda Provincial Planner P.P.HChares Ndupo Provincial Information ZIS

OfficerMasilia Zaza Com Deve Asst Department Of

Community DevelopmentGetrude Monga Community Development Department Of

Assistance community DevelopmentMuyunda Phanuel Community Development Provincial Community

Officer DevelopmentMukwapa G.S Accountant District AdministratorSusan Siamundala Park Range ZAWASamuel M. Muyandakwa Chairperson Kasiya Resettlement

SchemeJoseph Minengo Officer In CHARGE SurveyG.M Sendasawi Superintendent Works ZRLJosephine Chibwali District Planning Officer LCCRichard Mbewe Acting DirectorMwape Walumba PSWOGiven M Sampa DSWOMwape Yvonne Chikwa DSWORonica Miyoba DPHSS (LCC)Peter C.C. Katyoka DBA/ChairmanMilimo Macha LFC ChairmanNgwenya S. Jolia Ward Council

-112-