.t / !

Document of

The World Bank

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Reort No- P-5234-MAG

MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION

OF THE

PRESIDENT OF THE

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION

TO THE

EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS

ON A PROPOSED CREDIT

OF SDR 2.8 MILLION

TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR

FOR AN

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT

April 30, 1990

Thi document has a restricted distribution and may be used by roipients only In the performns ofthdir offical dudes Its contenbs may not otherwise be dhisosed without Wodd Bank authoriation.

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

CURRENCY E!UIVALENTS

Currency Unit - Malagasy Francs (FlG)US$ 1.00 P FHG 16201mG 1,000 - USS 0.62

WEIGS AND MLASURES1 are (a) - 0.0247 acres1 hectare (ha) * 2.47 acres1 kilometer (km) - 0.62 miles1 square kilometer (km2) - 0.39 square mile1 kilogram (kg) - 2.20 pounds1 liter (1) a 0.26 US gallon

0.22 Imperial gallon1 tonne (t) - 2,204 pounds

ABBREVIATIONS

DVA - Directorate for Agricultural Extension (Directionde la Vulgarisation Agricole)

IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentMIN&GRI - Ministry of Agriculture (Minist;re de la

Production Agricole et du Patrimoine Foncier)PPF m Project Preparation Facility

Fiscal Year

Government of Madagascar January 1 - December 31

FOR OMCIAL USE ONLY

REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR

PLGICLTRA I SIN ILOTM

Credit gad ProleLt Summarv

Borrower Republic of Madagascar

Beneficiaries s Ministry of Agriculture and Land Useand Malagasy farmers.

Amount s SDR 2.8 million (US $ 3.68 million)

Terms t Standard, with 40 years maturity

Onlendina Term. s Not applicable

Financint Plan s Government S 0.92 millionIDA $ 3.68 million

Total $ 4.60 million

Taxes $ 0.81 million

Grand Total $ 5.41 million

Economic Rate of Return s 17Z

Staff Appraisal Report s Report No. 8334-MAG

a Madagascar Agricultural Extension Pilot Project,IBRD No. 21993

I Thb document ha a restrited dibution d may be ud by cipients only in the Performance 1of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENTOF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS

ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCARFOR AN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT

* 1. The following memorandum and recouendation on a proposeddevelopment credit to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar for SDR 2.8million (US$ 3.68 million equivalent) is submitted for approval. The

* proposed credit would be on standard IDA terms with 40 years maturity andwould constitute a three-year pilot phase of a long-term development effortto increase the efficiency of the agricultural extension services inMadagascar. It is part of a broader long-term strategy aiming atsustainable agricultural development through modernization of agriculturalpractices, environmental measures and population policies. The projectwould put particular emphasis on replicability and financialsustainability.

2. Backgrounds Agriculture is Madagas_r's main contributor to thenational economy. It employs some 85% of the population and accounts for801 of export earnings. Agriculture has generally performed poorly in the1975-87 period, w^ith growth rates well below population growth. This isreflected in a continuous decline in per capita income and in environmentaldegradation. The main reason for this poor performance has been theGovernment's interventionist policies in pricing and marketing, as well ashigh export taxes, while at the same tlme allowing its services to thesector (research, extension, and roads and Irrigation maintenance) todecline in quality and coverage. As a result, performance of agriculturalsupport services have become gradually paralysed due to weak management,poor inter-agency coordination, severe financial constraints on theoperating budget, overstaffing, and lack (of sequate training andincentives. The Government is now considering making the institutionsresponsible for basic agricultural services more effective as well asreducing reliance on autonomous operations. The National AgriculturalResearch Project, approved by the Executive Directors in mid-June 1989, andthe proposed Agricultural Extension Pilot Project concentrate on ways toimprove research and extension and their links with other services. Theproposed project has also been designed to support activities under theEnvironment Program, approved by the Executive Directors on April 17, 1990.

3. Initial Pilot Activities: Pilot extension activities wereinitiated in 1988 in three extension districts to prepare a nationalextension project. Activities, however, did not take off in earnest untilApril 1989, because of procurement delays, lack of timely funds, and latestaff assignments. As sufficient evidence was not available, furthertesting was required of the adaptability, replicability and sustainabilityof the proposed extension strategy in the Malagasy context, where severaldonors finance projects with separate extension structures (including IDACr. 1337-MAG). The Government therefore decided that the project wouldserve as a pilot operation to provide the necessary experience, assessvarious extension approaches, and build up the DVA.

4. Despite the short testing period, definite improvements arevisible in both work organixation and management. maps and programs ofvisits are curreitly used by most agents. The organization of farmers Ingroups has become the dominant vehile, of extension as opposed to theearlier method of visits to individual farmers. Training program havebeen established on the basis of ability tests taken by all field staff inthe three pilot extension districts in February 1989. Bi-monthly traliingessions of extension agents have been instituted and are adhered to,

whereas monthly workshops for Subject Matter Speciallsts (TechniclinsFormateurs or TF) are becoming more regular. During the main season, areaspecific messages were extended for rice, malze, groundnuts and In someareas cassava. During the 1989 winter season, technical messages werebeing extended for wheat, potatoes and vegetables, leading to markedImprovements In yields, where recowaendations had been properlyimplemented. In ord-r to continue progress, the extension districtsstressed the need for closer links with research, especially In the area oftesting and plant protection.

5. Rationale for IDA involvements Madagascar's overall economicgrowth will continue to depend on Increasing productivity in theagricultural sector. IDA has been assisting Government in this sectorthrough the Agricultural Institutions Technical Assistance Project (Cr.1249-MAG) and its follow-up, the Second Agricultural InstitutionsDevelopment Project (Cr. 1709-NAG) under which funding was provided for thepreparation of the proposed project. Continued support by IDA, bothtechnically and finanially, would be essential to achieving success inImproving the extension services and thus Increasing agriculturalproductivity as part of IDA's overall strategy to contribute to sustainableagricultural growth and environmental protection. Furthermore, the projectwould support IDA's strategy to help Government refocus its area ofintervention away from production to the efficient provision of services.The project complements the IDA-financed National Agricultural ResearchProject (Cr. 2041-MAG) and the Enviroament Program (Cr. 2125-MAG).

6. Proiect Obiectivess The project would serve as a pilot to testan extension strategy In 5 extension districts with particular emphasis onadaptation to the Malagasy context (dealing with groups rather thanindividual farmers, gradually suppressing the supervisor level, andcapitalizing on the comparatively high literacy rate in rural areas),sustainability in light of public finance constraints, and possible futurereplicability nationwide. The project would therefore initiate and testthe viability of a long-term action plan for agricultural extension. Theproject would strengthen Government extension services, promote generalprinciples of sound field management to ensure efficient and cost effectiveextension, and harmonize various approaches adopted by other donors andnon-governmental organizations. Strengthening Government extensionservices would mainly entail improving staff competence through regulartraining, gradually decreasing the overall number of personnel wheneverwarranted, keeping lean teams of competent staff at the MINAGRI, andinvolving provincial levels. Harmonizing the various approaches toextension would, however, not be synonymous with standardization. Rather,it would provide the opportunity to select the most cost effectiveapproaches as results become available, on the basis of an in-depthevaluation to be carried out at the end of year 2.

-3-

7. Project Descriptions In order to achieve the above objectives,the project woulds (i) reorganize end strengthen extension servicen in 5of the country's 23 extension districts, including Ambatondrazaka,Antananarivo, Amparafaravolo, Miarinarivo and Moramanga; (ii) providesystematic in-service training for project staff at all levela; (iII) focusadaptive research on validation and diftusion of economically andenvironmentally sound technology; (iv) strengthen the monitoring andevaluation capability at both the central and regional levels; (v)strengthen financial management; (vi) improve organizational and managerialcapacity of the DVA; and (vii) make funds available for studies, an in-depth review of the project and alternative approaches to extension at theend of year 2, and the preparation of a follow-up project that would drawon the results of the project review. The study program is intended tolook expressly for ways to reduce the cost of extension to the Governmentthrought (i) involving the private sector and NGOs more forcefully; (ii)seeking for ways to reduce costs at the DVA, e.g. by reducing excesspersonnel; and (iii) reviewing the possibility of cost recovery mechanisms.Also, both MINAGRI and IDA would carefully monltor the project's actualcosts. During project lplementation, emphasis will be put on naturalresources management, including watershed management and anti-erosionmeasures.

8. The project to be carried out over three years would providefunding for civil works, technical assistance, consultancies, studies,vehicles and equipment, and training. Total project cost is estimated atUS$5.41 million equivalent, with a foreign exchange component of US$1.1million (211). A breakdown of estimated costs and the financing plan areshown in Schedule A. Amounts and methods of procurement and ofdisbursements, and the disbursement schedule, are shown in Schedule B. Atimetable of key project processing events and the status of Bank Groupoperations in Madagascar are given in Schedule C and D, respectively. A mapis also attached. The Staff Appraisal Report, No. 8334-MAG, is beingdistributed separately.

9. ARreements reached: At negotiations, the following agreementswere reached: (i) adherence to accounting and auditing arrangements; (ii)scope and implementation of the in-depth project review at the end ofimplementation year 2; (iii) establishment of Government funded accountsfor the DVA and the five extension districts; (iv) adequate fieldallowances would be paid to DVA staff needed for project execution and thecorresponding budget allocations would be made; (v) terms of reference,cost estimates and arrangements for executing the studies would be preparedby DVA and submitted to IDA for arproval; (vi) DVA would submit to IDA forapproval its budget and work program, no later than September 30 of thepreceding year; and (vii) MINAGRI would take the necessary measures toensure that funds are available from which the salaries of contractualworkers would be paid during the first quarter of each year.

10. Benefits: The proposed project is expected to benefit about125,000 farm families directly and an unknown number through spillovereffects. In the short-term the main benefits would include improvedefficiency and higher effectiveness of the DVA extension service. Criteriafor measuring such achievements would be (a) increased collaboration

- 4 -

between DVA and the research agency, (b) a greater knowledge of farmers'demands and concerns by extension agents, and (c) the elaboration sadimplementation of measures to streamline the organization. In the long-te.m, the project would improve farmers' productivity, increase incomes forthe rural population, increase food security, and would be a main tool instemming environmental degradation.

11. Risks: The risks Include those usually assoclated withextension projectst (a) Inadequate and/or untimely provision of budgetaryresources by Government (even though the relevant incremental cost per farmfamily appears high at US$7.68, it compares favorably with several selfstanding projects in Madagascar); (b) staff of low competence; (c) thepossible inability of extension and research services to produce messageswhich farmers value in the short run; (d) slower than expected adoptionrates by farmers of the recommended technical advice; and (e) poor inter-agency coordination. To minimize these risks emphasis will be put onstrengthening financial and management capabil'.ties at both the central andthe extension district levels; reinforcing links between extension andresearch; preparation of annual work programs and related budgets; and anin-depth review of the project with emphasis on impact, sustainability andreplicability at the end of year two. The adequate provision ofcounterpart funds will be reviewed annua; I in the framework of the PublicExpenditure Program. In addition, a Bank staff member has been assigned tothe Resident Mission to specifically advise on project implementation.

12. Recommendation: I am satisfied that the proposed credit wouldcomply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association and recommend thatthe Executive Directors approve the proposed credit.

Barber B. Con' iePresident

AttachmentsWashington, DCApril 30, 1990

-5-

SCHEULE APage 1 of 2

HADh&ASCARAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT

ESTINATED COSTS AND FINANCING PLAU 1/

(US8 ' 3 Total- - ------ I Foreign Bas"Local For.l 9 Total Exchange Coo"

I. INVESTMENT COSTS

A. CIVIL WORKS 695 174 66 203 lox8. EqIPMENIT

AUDIO VISUAL 14 i8 2t 47? 1XFUNITURE s - 69 a 23TRANSPORTATO 804 822 68n 47X 15XAGRICULTURAL E4JIP 46 as 75 46X 23

Sub-Total EWIPUENT 611 W65 67 42X 19X

C. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/STUDIES

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 876 - 870 ex exSTUDIES AND TEST SW - 00 ex 11x

Sub-Total TECHICAL EqUIPMENT/SUDIES 676 - 670 19X

0. TRAININ AD DOCUMENTAnON

TRININ 160 160 SW C 3XDOCUMAnTION 1v 21 89 Sax 1

Sub-ToWl TAINN ND DOCUMENTATON 282 2 814 S03 7X

E. UNSPECfIED INESTMENTS(APAA. AND A TON.)AWAAAAVOLA 171 114 286 40X 6SAITONDRAZAK 243 162 465 403 ON

Sub-Total UNSPECIFIE DINVESTMES 414 276 O9v 403 163

Total INVESTMN COSTS 2,664 965 8,650 27X 793

It. RECURRENT COs

A. SARIES 469 - 409 eX 9XS. OFFICE SUPPLIES 98 - 98 x 2%C. AGRICULTURAL SUPPLIES 78 18 66 1SX 2X0. TREATMENT PRODUCTS a 1 4 8s1 eXE. OPERATIONS AM MAINTENANCE 80 - m0 0a eX

Total RECURRENT COSTS 987 14 951 1% 213Total BASELIN COSTS 8,602 999 4,01 22S 100X

Physical Contingencies 164 26 180 20 8XPrice Contlngeonci 6so 92 676 14X 15X

Total PROJECT COSTS 4,292 1,116 5,409 21S 11X

1J Inclusive of US$812,100 for taxes and duties.

SCWULE APage 2 of 2

FINANCING PLAN

US$ Mllion

Goveroment 0.92 20IDA 3.68 21 80

Total 4.60 100

Taxes 0.81

Grand Total 5.41

2/ Including advances totalling US$1,000,000 from the ProjectPreparation Facility.

-7-

SCHEDULE BPage i of 2

MAGASCAR

AGRICULUURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECTPROCUREMENT METHOD MPD DISBURSEMENTS

Us LOS Ls other TotalCivil Vo 1.a 1.8V.lcie.. t4eayclos °ad O.? C) (0.9)

bict iea (0.5) (0.5)

E4ui Zant 0.s 0.2

Camultmeted studies ~~~~~~~~~~~~~(2)(0.5)2.1 2.1

Pros fe; ting Co"f(.4) (0.4)

Total 0.7 1.8 0.2 8.2 5.4(0.5) (.9) (.2) (2.2) (8-7) I/

Note:Figures in parenthesis are the respective amount financed by IDA.

Keys ICB - International Competitive BiddingLCB - Local Competitive BiddingILS - International or Local ShoppingOther - Other procurement procedures, or financed by Government and

procured under own procedures.

3J Totals do not add up due to rounding.

8-

SCLHJIJULE BPage 2 of 2

IDA Disbursaa.nt ?rof ie(in US$) 4l

Cumulative Cumulative asIDA FY Semester Disbursements Disbursements S of Credit

89 1 200,000 200,000 5.42 350,000 550,000 14.9

90 3 500,000 1,050,000 28.54 400,000 1,450,000 39.4

91 5 515,000 1,965,000 53.46 515,000 2,480,000 67*4

92 7 400,000 2,880,000 78.38 400,000 3,280,000 89.1

93 9 200,000 3,480,000 94.610 200,000 3,680,000 100.0

Disbursements by Catezo

Amount ofIDA Financing

(SDR) 2Disbursement Category:T. Civil Works

(other then Category III) 490,000 80S of expendituresII. Vehicles, motorcycles,

bicycles, spare par.s andequipment (other thanCategory III) 360,000 1002 of expenditures

III. (a) Civil works for the CIRVAof AmparafaravolL 50,000 802 of expenditures

(b) vehicles, motorcycles,bicycles, spare parts andequipment 150,000 1001 of expenditures

IV. Consultancies, studies,training and documentation 510,000 100% of expenditures

V. Field allowances during:(a) 1990 60,000 1002 of expenditures(b) 1991 60,000 501 of expenditures

VI. Refunding of PPF 760,000VII. Unallocated 360,000

Totals 2,800,000

4/ Including an advance of US$1,000,000 from the Project PreparationFacility.

-9-

SCHEDULE C

M,DAGASCAAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT

TDHETABLE OF KEY PROCESSING EVENTS

A. First IDA Mission December 1987

B. Prepared by Goverznent July-August 1989

C. Appraisal Mission September 1989

D. Negotiations February 1990

E. Board Presentation may 1990

F. Planned Date of Effectiveness July 1990

G. List of Relevant Reports No. 1559 (1977), No.1622 (1977), No. 4198(1982), No. 5403 (1984),and No. 7735.

- 10 -

SCHEDULE DPege 1 of 3

Run Tias: 04/30/90 at 14.5-3.53

Status Of Bank 6roup Operations In ADOAASCARPFOBR25 - Sumary Stateent Of Loans and 13A Credits(LOA data as of 3130190 - MIS data as of 04130(90)

Asount in US$ aillon(loss cancellations)

Loan or Fiscal Undis- ClosingCredit No. Year Borrower Purpose Bank IDA bursed Oate

Credits

28 Credits(s) closed 320.59

C12980-MAO 1983 MADAGASCAR PETROL.11 11.s- .28 12)31/89(R)C3I7O-KAG 1983 ADRAGSCAR LAC ALAOTRA II IRRIS 19.00 3.30 061301901R)C13910-MAO 1983 MADA6ASCAR HvvS.VI 25.00 06/30190(R)CFOO4O-MAB 1984 MAASCAR H#YS.VI 20.00 .11 06/30/90(R)CFOO8-MA 1984 MADAGASCAR COTTON 9.90 .58 06130I90(RIC14330-MA6 1984 MADAGASCAR COTTON 7.90 .73 06130I90(R)C14970-MA6 1984 MADA6ASCAR URBAN I 12.80 5.89 12/31/91C13260-NA6 1985 MADAW ASCAR CYCLONE REHAB. 15.00 .18 12/31/8U(R)CI5410-NA6 1985 MADA6ASCAR IND.SECTOR LOAN 11 40.00 4.10 09/3019o(RC15890-NAG 1985 MAPABASCAR IRIGATION REHAD. 10.57 8.11 06130/91CA01SO0-NAIS) 1986 PADABASCAR A6RI.SECTOR ADJUST.C 33.00 10.82 06/30190(R)C16610-NAG 1986 MADAGASCAR ACCT.iMGWT. TRAININ6 10.30 10.92 12/31192C16910-M6AIS) 1986 MADAGASCAR A6RI.SECTOR ADJUST.C 20.00 3.28 06/30190(R)C16940-MAG 1986 MADAGASCAR RAILNAYS III 12.00 4.76 06/30/91C17090-NA6 1986 MADAGASCAR A6.INST.TAS 11 10.00 4.23 12/31/90CA03ZO-MAV(S1 1987 MADASASCAR IND.I TRADE POLICY 61.00 28.89 12/31/901R)C15261-MAC 1987 MADAGASCAR CYCLONE REH.SUPP.CR. 10.00 .66 12131/t9C17520-MAO 1987 OADOAASCAR PORT REHABILITATION 16.00 11.38 03/31193£17870-MA6 1987 MADA6ASCAR EERMY 1 25.00 20.60 12/31/92C1i040-NAB 1987 NADA6ASCAR A6RI.CR.II(BTN) 10.00 5.14 06/30/94C18340-NAOS) 1987 MADAGASCAR IND.& TRAM POLICY 16.00 S.16 12/31/901R)C18780-NA6 1988 NAAASCAR FOREST N6T 7.00 4.83 01/31/96C19050-NA6 1988 MADAGASCAR H16HNAYS VII 40.00 36.48 06/30193C19280-NA6 1988 MADAGASCAR ILMINETE ENS 8.55 6.02 06/30/91C19410-NAG(S) 1908 MADAGASCAR PUBLIC SEC.ADJ 125.00 84.98 12/31/90C19411-NA6(S) 1999 MADAGASCAR PUBLIC SEC.ADJ 1.40 12/31/90C19670-MA6 1989 MADA6ASCAR MACRO ENSAP/TA 22.00 20.75 06130194C20420-NA6 1989 MADA6ASCAR AGRIC RES 24.00 24.04 12/31196C19412-WAG(S) 1990 MDA6ASCAR PUBLIC SEC.ADJ 1.20 1.16 12/31190C20940-MAO 1990 MA4dASCAR EWC SECT REINF 39.00 39.29 06/30/96C21040-MAC 1990 MADAGASCAR FIN SECTORIAPEX 48.00 47.05 06/30/97C21170-NAG 1990 ADAGASCAR TANA PLAIN KEV 30.50 29.73C21250-NAG 1990 MADAGASCAR ENVIRONNENT 26.00 26.00

TOTAL nuaber Credits S 33 772.62 449.41

Loans

5 Loans(s) closed 32.57

All closed for MADAGASCAR

TOTAL nusber Lomns 0 O

- 11 -

SCtEDULE DPage 2 of 3

Status Of Bank Group Operations In IWAASCARPFDDR2S - Susary Statesmnt Of Loans and IDA Credits(LOA data as of 3/30/90 - MIS data as of 04/30/90)

Aount in USS uillion(less cancellations)

Loan or Fiscal Undis- ClosingCredit No. Year Borrower Purpos ank IDA bursed Date

TOTALSIS 32.57 1,093.21of which repaid 12.47 17.50

TOTAL held by Ban & IDA 20.10 1,075.71Amount sold

of whicb repaid

TOTAL undisbursed 449.51

Notes:

I Not yet effective*1 Not yet signedJJt Total Approved, Repaynnts, and Outstanding balance represent both active and inactive Louns and Credits.(R) indicate" formally revised Closing Datii.fS indicates SALJSECAL. Loans and Credits

The Met Approved ano Bank Repayments are historical value, all othrs are eariet value.

The Signing, Effective, and Closing dates are based upo the Loan Department offical data ad are not takenfrom the Task budget file.

- 12 -

SCHEDULE DPage 3 of 3

MADAGASCARAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION PILOT PROJECT

B. STATEMENT OF IFC INVESTMENTS IN MADAGASCAR, EXPRESSED IN US$(As of June 30, 1989)

Amount in US$ MillionFY -Obligator Type of Business Loan Equity Total

1984 Nossi-Be Fishing 1.7 1.0 2.71986 Cotona Textiles 9.3 0.2 9.51987 Sotsm Textiles 14.7 0.3 15.01989 Cotona Textiles 1.5 0.0 1.51989 Nossi-Be Fishing 3.6 0.2 3.7

Total Gross Commitments 30.7 1.6 32.4

Less cancellations, terminations,repayments and sales 11.7 0.9 12.6

Total commitments now held by IFC 19.0 0.7 19.8

IBRD 21993F

MADAGASCAR Antslrahna 12

Piot 'rojecsCIRVAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION 4'! | I ODRItProloctAroa(lVAD) PILOT PROJECT

Paved Roftd

Allrwooi Roads A5b - '

- - Non-p"manent Roads Hef I

--- Railroads Ai..bo..-

ANTSIRANANA

RAi"rvs T o-b*.

* Nationl capital

* Faritony (Province) Capitals aabi 4' -, 'A.sd

Foritaybos,ndaries A, Anhaho

- -. -. Insernational Bondati. h g *. - t* 4 ' Morw

Mahajanga 1, )

; MAHAJANGA.J , L ;/ 5$orolsobo 4s _ 4

A~~~4~~.o ~F*ftans Aft"esso4

fhn4 otondroz CIRVA AMBATONDRAZAKAAND AMPARAFARAUOLA

-Obso / ANTAN os jJ . . . / j- - CIRVA ANTANANARIVO

CIRVA MIARINARIVO - / CR MORAMANGA__.J fo. < 7iirfCIIIVA MORAMANGA

2V~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

4A' ,

Ako o _ Mbo-bo? O ; .5

4-LtAIN J NSO

,--- ~ 14515~~E,0 v.uIS a so too ISO zoo

4' ( M.dongy ZAIl- TANZANIA

24' 201*0110S

r ~ ~ 4 Serfh / , aoz F

{ /s 4 f>9*ereXe x, / ~ ~ ~ ZIMASW(

- 'I 15. a .*- ay/% - i ZANIA

W8*.o r.v ~ ssr , 8ck-Y4To'. lZAMarorpf' ~5 N--- Arovmr sot \,,t rrmt¢en-dok ons )loZTr MADAGASCAR

PO .. a*sWf Z, Toolonoro w

_ S d ,' AFRICAF 199

FEBRUARY 1990