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Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

AP® Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

8


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Figure 8.1 Arab traders made the most of seasonal winds, sailing dhows like this one to Africa and Asia in winter and returning home

during the summer months. Dhows were small but sturdy, graceful, and highly maneuverable sailing vessels. They that carried Arab traders, Sufi holy men, and warriors from the Middle East across the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, and throughout the vast

Indian Ocean trading system.


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Chapter Overview

I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

III.The Coming of Islam to South Asia

IV.The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia


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TIMELINE 700 C.E. to 1200 C.E.


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The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

• Al-Mahdi (775–785)

– Shi'a unreconciled

– Succession not secure


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Map 8.1 The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak


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• Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes

– Harun al-Rashid

Son of al-Mahdi

The Thousand and One Nights

Death followed by civil war

– Al-Ma'mun


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• Imperial Breakdown andAgrarian Disorder

– Civil unrest

– Caliphs build lavishly

Tax burden increases

Agriculture suffers


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Figure 8.2 The richness and vitality of urban life in the Islamic world in the Abbasid age and

later eras are wonderfully captured in this 16th-century Persian illustration from the

Khamsah (Five Poems) of Nizami. The miniature painting gives us a bird’s-eye view of

a typical night in one of the great palaces of Baghdad. The multiple scenes vividly capture the bustle and high artistry of the splendidly

decorated rooms and gardens, from a group of musicians serenading a man who is presumably

the lord of the mansion, to kitchen servants buying food and preparing to serve it to the

lord and his guests.(Attributed to Mir Sayyid ’Ali “Nighttime in a Palace.” Folio from a Manuscript, c. 1539–

1543. Harvard Art Museum, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Gift of John Goelet, formerly in the collection of Louis J. Cartier, 1958.76. Katya Kallsen © President and Fellows of Harvard

College.)


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• The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society

– Seclusion, veil

– Polygyny

– Slave concubines

More personal liberty than freeborn wives


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• Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power

– Former provinces threaten Abbasids

– Buyids, Persia

Take Baghdad, 945

Sultans


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• Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power

– Seljuk Turks

1055, defeat Buyids

Sunnis

• Shi'a purges

Defeat Byzantines, Egypt


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• The Impact of the Christian Crusades

– 1096, western European Christian knights

Small kingdoms established

– Saladin retakes lands

Last in 1291

– Trade

Christian benefit

Recovery of Greek learning


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An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

• Urban growth

• Merchants thrive

• The Full Flowering of Persian Literature

–Persian the court language

Administration, literature

–Arabic in religion, law, sciences

–Calligraphy


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• The Full Flowering of Persian Literature

–Firdawsi

Shah-Nama

• Epic poem

–Sa'di

–Omar Kayyan

Rubaiyat


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• Achievements in the Sciences

–Math

Build on Greek work

–Chemistry

Experiments

–Al-Razi

–Al-Biruni

Specific weights


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Figure 8.3 The subtlety and depth attained by Muslim civilizations in the far-flung regions in which they were found is illustrated by this

17th-century watercolor painting titled A Discourse between Muslim Sages. The

meditative figures, with scholarly books before them, surrounded by grass and trees, captures

the commitment to learning and refined aesthetic sense that was cultivated by

members of the elite classes throughout the Islamic world.


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• Achievements in the Sciences

–Medicine

Hospitals

Courses of study


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Map 8.2 The Spread of Islam, 10th–16th Centuries

Arrows indicate the routes by which Islam spread to south, and southeast and Central

Asia, Asia Minor and the Balkans, and Sudanic Africa.


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• Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion

–Sufis

Mysticism

–Ulama

Conservative

Against outside influence

Greek philosophy rejected

• Qur'an sufficient


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• Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion

–Al-Ghazali

Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas

Opposed by orthodoxy


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Figure 8.4 This 15th-century Persian miniature of a group of Arab scientists testing

and working with a wide variety of navigational instruments conveys a strong sense of the

premium placed on scientific investigation in the Muslim world in the Abbasid age and the

centuries thereafter. Muslim prototypes inspired European artisans, cartographers, and

scientists to develop instruments and maps, which were essential to European overseas expansion from the 14th century onward.


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• New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate

–Mongols

Chinggis Khan

Hulegu

–1258, Baghdad falls

Last Abbasid caliph killed

–Mamluks defeated Mongols


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The Coming of Islam to South Asia

• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central

• Conflict between two different systems

–Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism

–Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system


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Visualizing the PastThe Pattern of Islam's Global

ExpansionsComparative Statistics of Modern States with

a Sizable Muslim Population


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Map 8.3 Early Islam in IndiaBeginning with raids into the Indus Valley in the 8th century C.E., Muslim armies invaded and established a succession of dynasties centered on Delhi in northcentral India.


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• Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions

–First as traders, 8th century

Attacks lead to invasion

–Muhammad ibn Qasim

Umayyad general

Takes Sind, Indus valleys

Indians treated as dhimmi


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Figure 8.5 The Shahi mosque, surrounded by the Hindu Kush mountains in northwestern

Pakistan, is a superb example of the blending of Islamic and Hindu architectural forms,

building materials, and artistic motifs.


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• From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions

– Muhammad of Ghur

Persian

State in Indus valley

Thence to Bengal

His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak

• Forms state at Delhi

• Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years


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• Patterns of Conversion

– Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables

Also, conversion to escape taxes

– Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

• Patterns of Accommodation

– High-caste Hindus remain apart

Muslims also often fail to integrate


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Conversion and Accommodation in the Spread of World Religions

• Peaceful conversion to Islam

– Long-distance traders and preaching skills

– Definite doctrines, solid monotheism

– Adopted rather than imposed

• Flexibility of Islam to different cultures

• Weaknesses

– Watered down; not resembling Qur'an

– Movements of purification


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• Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival

– Bhakti

Devotional cults

Emotional approach

Caste distinctions dissolved

Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially

– Mira Bai, Kabir

Women writers

Songs in regional languages


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Figure 8.6 This Indian miniature painting of milkmaids serving the Hindu god Krishna reflects the highly personalized devotional

worship that was characteristic of the bhakti movement. The eroticism in the milkmaids’ songs, in praise of Krishna’s great beauty,

reveals a blending of sacred and secular, carnal and spiritual that is a recurring motif in Hindu

worship and art.


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The Spread of Islamto Southeast Asia

• Shrivijaya

• Trading Contacts and Conversion

– Trading leads to peaceful conversion

Sufis important

Starting with Sumatran ports

– Malacca

Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)


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The Spread of Islamto Southeast Asia

• Trading Contacts and Conversion

– Coastal cities especially receptive

Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam

• Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam

– Women retain stronger position

– Indigenous cultural staples refined

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