Poland images

Music : Eleni

Hand play 手動翻頁1

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Area 面積 312,679 kmPopulation 人口 38,501,000GDP per capital $13,540Gini 基尼指數 34.5

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• Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, accepted baptism in 966 and adopted Catholicism as the new official religion of his subjects.

• 公元 966 年，波蘭大公梅什科一世接受天主教為國教，建立皮亞斯特王朝。 1025 年，（勇敢者）博萊斯瓦夫一世加冕為波蘭國王。

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• Important early stages in the history of the Polish state and church took place on the island of Ostrów Tumski. Remnants of the original palatium–chapel complex of Poland's first Christian ruling couple have been found beneath the church in the foreground. The Poznań Cathedral is located on the right.

• 早期的教堂

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Mieszko II shown allegorically with Duchess Mathilda von Schwaben

King Mieszko II Lambert (990–1034) tried to continue the politics of his father using Bolesław‘s kingdom as an interventionist great power. Mieszko’s actions reinforced old resentment and hostility on the part of Poland‘s neighbors, and his two dispossessed brothers took advantage of it, arranging for Rus’ and German invasions in 1031; Mieszko was defeated and was forced to leave the country. Later, Mieszko‘s brothers Bezprym and Otto were killed and Mieszko partially recovered. 西元十世紀

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• Poznań is the fifth largest city in Poland with a population of over 550,000 people. The name of the city may be from the verb poznać and may mean something like known city. The city is one of the oldest in Poland and may have been the first capitol.

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• Restoration under Casimir I (1039–1058)

• The nation made a recovery under Mieszko's son, Duke Casimir I (1016–1058), properly known as the Restorer. After returning from exile in 1039, Casimir rebuilt the Polish monarchy and the country's territorial integrity through several military campaigns: in 1047, Masovia was taken back from Miecław, and in 1050 Silesia from the Czechs.

St. Andrew's Church in Kraków (built in the 11th century

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• The 1569 Union of Lublin established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, a more closely unified federal state with an elective monarchy, but which was governed largely by the nobility, through a system of local assemblies with a central parliament.

• 波蘭的黃金歲月是在 16 世紀時，當時波蘭與立陶宛合併組成波蘭立陶宛聯邦，成為歐洲的一個大國。政權是半聯邦半貴族式共和，史稱第一共和，首都也遷往華沙。在之後的一個世紀中，貴族勢力的增強與內部動亂削弱了國家的總體實力，導致了 1772 年、1793 年和 1795 年俄羅斯、普魯士以及奧地利對波蘭的三次瓜分。

• 17 世紀 1683 年，波蘭國王率騎兵擊退了進攻奧地利的土耳其軍隊，保護了歐洲的完整，史稱維也納之戰。

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A stylised depiction of King John III Sobieski, allied commander-in-chief and victor at the Battle of Vienna

Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last

King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

acceded to the throne in 1764, reigning until his

abdication on 25 November 1795

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• Poles rebelled several times against the partitioners, particularly near the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. One of the most famous and successful attempts at securing renewed Polish independence took place in 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising, at the Racławice where Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a popular and distinguished general who had served under Washington in America, led peasants and some Polish regulars into battle against numerically superior Russian forces.

Tadeusz Kościuszko takes the oath to the King on the Rynek in Kraków, 1794

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• In 1807, Napoleon I of France recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic Wars, Poland was again divided by the victorious Allies at the Congress of Vienna of 1815. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar as a Congress Kingdom which possessed a very liberal constitution.

Polish insurgents and Russian cuirassiers clash on a bridge in Warsaw's Łazienki Park during the November Uprising, Painting by Wojciech Kossak, 1898

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• During World War I, all the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in Point 13 of his Fourteen Points. A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and 450,000 died. Shortly after the armistice with Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). It reaffirmed its independence after a series of military conflicts, the most notable being the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw, an event which is considered to have ultimately halted the advance of Communism into Europe and forced Vladimir Lenin to rethink his objective of achieving global socialism. Nowadays the event is often referred to as the 'Miracle at the Vistula'.

Poland between 1922 and 1938Chief of State Marshal Józef Piłsudski

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• The Sanacja movement controlled Poland until the start of World War II in 1939, when Nazi Germany's and Slovakia Invasion of Poland (1939) on 1 September and the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September, which followed the breaking of the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact, occurred. Warsaw capitulated on 28 September 1939. As agreed in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany while the Kresy, or Borderlands, fell under the control of the Soviet Union. In 1939-1941, the Soviets had moved hundreds of thousands of Poles across the Soviet Union, and the Soviet secret police, NKVD, had executed thousands of Polish prisoners of war .

At the end of World War II, the gray territories were transferred from Poland to the Soviet Union, and the pink territories from Germany to Poland

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• After the second world war The Soviet Union instituted a new communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. As elsewhere in Communist Europe the Soviet occupation of Poland met with armed resistance from the outset which continued into the fifties.

• 二戰後，蘇聯在波蘭建立了一個共產國家。

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• Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981, it eroded the dominance of the Communist Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe.

• 1989 年，波蘭人投票推翻共產黨的統治。

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Poland joined NATO in 1999 and since 2004 has been a member of the European Union 1999 年波蘭加入北約組織， 2004 年波蘭加入歐盟。

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Maurizio Cattelan’s Lil Hitler Sculpture in Warsaw Ghetto Is an “Affront to Any Jew” But Not Really 希特勒雕像跪在華沙猶太人區

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Melancholia (1894), National Museum in Poznań

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Stanisław Wyspiański was a Polish playwright, painter and poet, as well as interior and furniture designer.

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Lech Walesa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 1995.

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Polish Army vehicles and troops on patrol in Afghanistan波蘭軍隊在阿富汗

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Poland images

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Poland images

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Castle in Poland25

Castle in Poland

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The Main Municipal Post Office of Bydgoszcz27

Nature in Poland

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Winter in Poland

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Autumn in Poland

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The Grand Hotel in Sopot. Poland's Baltic Sea resorts are very popular tourist destinations among Poles as well as foreign tourists

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Fashion in Poland

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City’s young men

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Polish 波蘭人

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Polish Public art 波蘭公共藝術35

Polish Public art 波蘭公共藝術

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Castles Cityscapes Old Polish Town Gate Poland Monument Historical Lublin Culture

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Autumn in Poland 波蘭秋天景色39

Village in Poland 波蘭鄉村景色40

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Kraków is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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The Main Market Square in Kraków is the heart of Poland's southern cultural capital 54

Kraków

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Kraków

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Kraków

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Kraków

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Łódźis the third largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland

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Back to Łódź, city of culture

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Polish traditional food波蘭傳統食物61

Polish handicrafts

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Traditional Poland

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Eddie Lee 李常生 2013/4/2 Taipei, Taiwan, All photos were taken from internet, leechangsheng6666@gmail.com

Commemorate my friend T.C.Hou.紀念我永遠的朋友侯天慶

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