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World Distribution of PigeonpeaBased on herbar ium study, l i terature, and stat is t ics, w i t h data
on the late-1982 status of ICRISAT's wor ld germplasm col lect ion
L. J. G. van der Maesen
ICRISAT
Information Bulletin No. 14
In ternat ional Crops Research Inst i tute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics
ICRISAT Patancheru P.O., Andhra Pradesh 502 324 , India
July 1983
Abstract
Van der Maesen, L.J.G. 1983. Wor ld d is t r ibut ion of
pigeonpea. Information Bulletin No. 14. Patancheru
A.P., India: International Crops Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is an important
grain legume in the semi-arid tropics. Apart from India,
where the largest crop areas occur, and some other
producing countries, statistics are either unavailable or
tend to underestimate the importance of pigeonpea.
The plants are often intercropped, or grown as hedges
or single plants near houses where they contribute to
the protein diet. This bulletin describes the distribution
of pigeonpea as revealed by herbarium data and pre-
sents maps of the localities where pigeonpea is found.
The information is intended for plant collectors, other
scientists, and decision makers. Some pertinent infor-
mation on cultivation methods and production has been
included. The 1982 status of germplasm available from
the areas of occurrence has been summarized
The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics (ICRISAT) is a nonprofit scienti f ic educat ional institute receiv ing support f rom
donors through the Consultat ive Group on International Agricultural Research Donors to ICRISAT include governments and agencies of Austral ia,
Belg ium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, India, Italy, Japan, Mex ico , the Nether lands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway. Sweden,
Switzerland, Uni ted K ingdom, United States, and the fol lowing international and private organizations Asian Development Bank, European
Economic Communi ty , Ford Foundat ion, International Bank for Reconstruct ion and Development, International Development Research Centre,
International Fertilizer Development Center, Internat ional Fund for Agricul tural Development, Leverhulme Trust, Organizat ion of Petro leum
Export ing Countr ies, Rockefel ler Foundat ion, and the Uni ted Nat ions Development Programme Responsibi l i ty for the information in this publ icat ion
rests wi th ICRISAT Where trade names are used this does not const i tute endorsement of or discr iminat ion against any product by the Institute
Correct ci tat ion: Van der Maesen, L.J.G. 1983. Wor ld distr ibution of pigeonpea Information Bulletin No. 14, Patancheru, A.P., India. Internat ional
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Ar id Tropics.
CONTENTS
Introduct ion 2
Method 2
Distr ibut ion 2
Map 1. The Semi-Arid Tropics (SAT)
AfricaTable 1. Pigeonpeas from Africa in the ICRISAT collection
Map 2. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in Africa
2
Asia and OceaniaTable 2. Pigeonpeas from Asia and Oceania in the ICRISAT collectionMap 3. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in South AsiaMap 4. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in Southeast AsiaMap 5. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in OceaniaTable 3. Pigeonpeas from India in the ICRISAT collection
4
AmericaTable 4. Pigeonpeas from North and South America in the ICRISAT collectionMap 6. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in North and South America
9
Conclusion 10
Acknowledgments 11
A p p e n d i c e s
1. Herbarium institutions that provided Cajanus cajan material studied
2. List of herbarium specimens examined from Africa
3. List of herbarium specimens examined from Asia and Oceania
4. List of herbarium specimens examined from America
12
14
24
32
Method
Information given on herbarium labels, available in her
barium institutions (Appendix 1), was scrutinized. Unfor
tunately older specimens seldom include precise
information, and often bear obsolete location names.
Information on recently collected specimens is more
useful. The locations were ascertained from an array of
gazetteers and maps, in particular the mid-century edi
tions of the Times Atlas All named locations that could
be found were plotted on base maps to indicate the
range of occurrence. Other place names could not be
ascertained. A set of appendices arranged by country
(Appendices 2-4) was prepared to provide more com
plete information. Where possible, administrative subdi
visions, with the most recent names, have been added.
Geographical coordinates that could not be ascer
tained from a single uniform source, have been omitted.
Many locations for specimens collected in colonial days
were difficult to ascertain (e.g., Zaire), and some errors
may have arisen where more than one place with the
same name exist. (Should readers identify such errors,
submission of corrections to the Leader, Genetics
Resources Unit, ICRISAT, is solicited.)
The name of the collector and the date have been
included for reference purposes. Physical and political
barriers and differences in interests have clearly influ
enced the pattern of collection, so the collections have
not been made in a uniform way. The dates of collection
stated suggest what chances there may be of finding
pigeonpea at the indicated locations. Many botanical
collectors failed to pay further attention when they
recorded the well-known pigeonpea as a possible
escape from cultivation. This means that the number of
specimens of noncultivated pigeonpeas in the herbaria
probably does not indicate the true extent of their occur
rence. Where herbarium specimens were not available
from certain areas or countries, distribution data were
taken from published floras. For Kenya, seed collection
locations were inserted, since these were available and
herbarium specimens were scarce.
Some authorities postulate an African origin for
pigeonpea. However, I concur with the opinion that the
pigeonpea is of ancient introduction into Africa. It is the
Indian subcontinent that is the home of the cultivated
pigeonpea it was carried to Africa, even before 2000
B.C. (see Van der Maesen, 1980, in: Miscellaneous
Papers 19, Agric. Univ , Wageningen). The putative pro
genitor, Atylosia cajanifolia Haines, and many related
species also occur in India. From Africa, pigeonpea was
brought to Central and South America, where its distri
bution is now widespread, especially on several Carib
bean islands. This happened at the time of the
conquests of America, after 1492 The specimens col
lected are never stated to be truly wild. The true wild
state of pigeonpea has not been established. In some
records collectors have noted that a specimen has
apparently escaped from or is a relict of cultivation.
2
Introduction
During the preparation of a taxonomical revision of the
genus Cajanus (including its wild relatives in Atylosia),
the geographical origins of the pigeonpea (Cajanus
cajan (L.) Millsp.) specimens in the world's herbarium
collections were mapped. The distribution of the
pigeonpea is much clearer from these numerous refer
ence specimens than from production statistics.
Pigeonpea, although locally very important as a protein-
rich constituent of the diet, is not a major pulse crop
except in India and East Africa. FAO crop statistics
(before 1975) do not include production data from
countries with less than 1000 ha, and some individual
pigeonpea-growing countries may not report pigeon
pea production at all. Others may combine pigeonpea
statistics with those of other pulses. FAO discontinued
the separate publicaton of pigeonpea statistics in the
Production Yearbook after 1975. The latest information
published is for 1974, but data are nevertheless avail
able for consultation. Accordingly statistics for 1980
(courtesy FAO) are quoted in Tables 1 -A. The maps in
this bulletin have been prepared primarily for use by
plant collectors. In the taxonomical revision there was
no place for a full citation of specimens, because of
space limitations. Location and phenological data are
therefore summarized in this publication
Distribution
Africa
Pigeonpea is widely distributed in Africa (Map 2). Yield
of dry seeds averages 400-570 kg/ha Cultivated
pigeonpeas are often grown in small plots or as single
plants, hedges, etc., for vegetable (or fodder) purposes.
In East Africa, from where useful statistical data are
available, pigeonpea is grown as a sole crop or is mixed
or intercropped with maize, cowpea, sorghum, etc. In
Zaire, pigeonpea is cropped on a field scale. In northern
Nigeria, green pods are commonly sold in local markets.
Relatively few African accessions of pigeonpea are
available in the world germplasm collection of pigeon
pea now maintained at ICRISAT (Table 1). Only in
Kenya and Tanzania have pigeonpeas been widely col
lected. Of 117 accessions collected there in 1976, 61
were admitted through quarantine into India. Missions
from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,
Nigeria, secured six pigeonpea accessions in Sierra
Leone and seven from the Ivory Coast in 1977, amongst
other accessions, and duplicates of these will be for-
Map. 1 The Semi-Arid Tropics (shown in black).
Table 1. Pigeonpeas from Africa in the ICRISAT collection.
Productionarea Accessions
Country ('000 ha) Source of statistics (late 1982)
Ghana a a 2Kenya 1152b 1974/75 Statistical
Abstracts, Kenya64
Madagascar a a 1Malawi 110 1980 FAO data file 20Nigeria a a 27Senegambia a a 10Tanzania 33 1980 FAO data file 167Uganda 113 1980 FAO data file 0Zambia a a 20
a. Not available
b. Mixed crop.
warded to ICRISAT also. In 1978 many more were col
lected by IITA. In 1979 and 1980 ICRISAT secured a
number of pigeonpea samples from Tanzania, Zambia,
and Malawi. Pigeonpea has great potential in semi-arid
areas (see Map 1), and in arid areas of Africa and
Central America. Collection of pigeonpeas in Africa is
important, because that continent is a secondary area
of diversity, and can provide valuable material for plant
breeding programs at ICRISAT and elsewhere. Some
flower and stem colors found in Africa are absent or very
rare in Indian accessions. Useful characters, such as
the plant's surprising survival on dry red soils in Kenya,
may be valuable in developing improved cultivars.
The list of herbarium specimens examined from
Africa is given in Appendix 2. Locations for Kenya were
complemented with germplasm location data. (For
locations of germplasm collected in Zambia, Tanzania,
and South Africa see ICRISAT's Genetic Resources
Unit Progress Report 2,38, and 43 respectively.) As can
be seen from Map 2 and Appendix 2, pigeonpeas occur
in almost all countries in Africa except for those with
desert and Mediterranean climates. In the Nile delta,
and along the Nile in upper Egypt and Sudan, their
occurrence is apparently rare, more so now than in the
past. Old reports of apparently wild pigeonpeas in upper
Egypt induced a number of authors to decide in favor of
an African origin of the crop. Not all material from Mada
gascar lodged at the Paris Herbarium was seen, so
pigeonpea is probably more common there than listed.
Pigeonpea in Africa tends to occur within the entire
tropical zone, rather than within the semi-arid tropics
only.
In summary, pigeonpea is reported from 37 African
countries at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2050 m.
Flowers and fruits can be found throughout most of the
year, but normally harvesting is done in dry seasons
only. In East Africa the main crop is harvested in August.
Pigeonpea that is grown as a vegetable is harvested
over longer periods.
3
Map 2. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in Africa.
Asia and Oceania
Asia is the continent where pigeonpea is most widely
distributed (Maps 3,4 Table 2) and India is the country
where the largest hectarages are grown (Table 3). Aver
age dry seed yields range from 350 to 725 kg/ha. For
germplasm purposes, pigeonpeas have been quite
adequately collected from India (Regional Pulse
Improvement Program, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, ICRISAT). There are not many pigeonpea
4
Herbarium data
Pigeonpea collected by staffof IITA, Nigeria
Area of collection by ICRISATstaff
KEY
Map 3. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in South Asia.
Cajanus cajan: cultivated pigeonpea
Atylosia cajanitolia: wild pigeonpea
Limits of pigeonpea cultivation inthe Indian subcontinent
KEY
accessions in the ICRISAT collection from other Asian
countries, where the crop is of less importance. ICRI
SAT missions have visited Nepal, Bangladesh, Thai
land, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Burma (Genetic
Resources Unit Progress Reports 5, 6, 15, 21, 23, and
34).
In the Indian subcontinent pigeonpeas are mainly
consumed as dhal (dry split peas) and are an important
source of protein for the majority of families. In other,
countries their use as a vegetable (fresh peas) is con
siderable. The use of young pods as a vegetable has
been reported from Indonesia and Thailand.
5
Map 5. Locatidns where pigeonpea has been collected in Oceania.
8
In India, pigeonpea is mainly grown as an intercrop
with sorghum, pearl millet, cotton, and numerous other
crops. Only about 10-20% of the crop is grown as a sole
crop. In intercrops the number of rows of other crops
Table 2. Pigeonpeas from Asia and Oceania in the ICRISAT
collection.
Production
area Accessions
Country ('000 ha) Source of statistics (late 1982)
Australia a a 47
Bangladesh 4 1980 FAO data file 57
Burma 50 1980 FAO data file 64India 2666 1980 Agric Situation 9025
in India 35(9) 748
Indonesia a a 4
Malaysia a a a
Nepal a a 116
Pakistan 3 1980 FAO data file 15
Philippines a a 37
Sri Lanka a a 70
Taiwan a a 3
Thailand a a 20
USSR a a 2
a. Not available
grown with each row of pigeonpea varies from two for
cereals to 8-20 for cotton and groundnuts. Sometimes
pigeonpeas are grown merely as a hedge, bordering
plots of cassava (in Kerala) or rice (in Tamil Nadu), etc.
In Australia (Map 5) pigeonpeas, introduced for the
first time about a century ago, have been grown as a
fodder crop and are now promoted as a possible grain
crop for export. In Hawaii the interest in pigeonpea for
green manure and fodder, apparent from literature
before the second World War, has dwindled. The crop
was used in rotation with pineapples. Pigeonpeas have
also been introduced into many other Pacific islands.
They presumably are eaten as a vegetable, or as a dry
pulse where Indian culinary influence exists. In Fiji
pigeonpea was first introduced from North America;
later Indian cultivars were imported.
The herbarium specimens examined from Asia and
Oceania are listed in Appendix 3. From India only a few
unusual locations or materials are included, since in the
other areas (see also Table 3) the pigeonpea is very or
fairly common. Maps 3, 4, and 5 show the crop's geo
graphical distribution. It would require a more detailed
environmental study to correlate pigeonpea distribution
with climate and population density. On Java pigeonpea
is more common than indicated, because not all speci-
Table 3. Pigeonpeas from India in the ICRISAT collection.
Production area Accessions
State ('000 ha) (late 1982)
Andhra Pradesh 193.0 2404
Assam 6.0 112
Bihar B4.8 651
Delhi a 111
Goa a 1
Gujarat 153.0 125
Haryana 6.6 3
Himachal Pradesh 0.4 4
Karnalaka 308 3 275
Kerala 3.0 31
Madhya Pradesh 477.3 732
Maharashtra 662.6 552
Meghalaya 0.7 2
Orissa 79 7 214
Punjab 7.7 31Rajasthan 281 39
Sikkim a 4
Tamil Nadu 90.0 348
Tripura 06 0
Uttar Pradesh 542 8 2009
West Bengal 187 137
Unknown 608
ICRISAT developed lines 632
2665 5 9025
Source Agricultural Situation in India 35(9) 748(1980) Final estimate
for 1979-80.
a Small areas.
America
Pigeonpea is a post-Columbus introduction into Central
and South America. During the European conquest of
the New World after 1492, several new crops were
exchanged—including pigeonpea. Well-known in
Africa, the crop was brought in by Europeans and Afri
cans and was established in many Caribbean islands
and semi-arid mainland regions of Central and South
America (Map 6).
Pigeonpea is eaten mainly as a vegetable, either
fresh of canned. Reported yields average 540-2200
kg/ha (based on dry and fresh seed weights, the latter
probably accounting for the high yields achieved). The
canning industry is important in Puerto Rico and the
Dominican Republic, because millions of dollars' worth
of canned pigeonpea is exported each year. The USA is
an important customer,
Local adaptation has no doubt been achieved in this
area, and therefore the collection of germplasm for use
in breeding programs both in the Americas and else
where would be beneficial. In smaller areas—for
instance, on the islands, where the crop is grown
commercially—local landraces are likely to be replaced
with improved cultivars. Conservation of genetic
resources is therefore warranted. Table 4 gives the
hectarage information that is available, with the number
of accessions held in the world collection at ICRISAT
Center
mens (in Leiden and Bogor) have been listed. East Java
and the Lesser Sunda Islands are not very humid and
here potential for the crop seems considerable Kali
mantan (Borneo) and West Irian (New Guinea) are not
very populated and are very humid, which explains the
absence of the plant. In Australia pigeonpea is still an
exprimental crop, but earlier introductions have
escaped and are spreading, in one case rapidly. In
Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, and Thailand pigeonpeas
are more common than is suggested by the maps and
the herbarium data, as confirmed on recent germplasm
collection missions of ICRISAT in 1979 and 1980 (see
Genetic Resources Unit Progress Reports 5,6,15,21,
23).
In summary, pigeonpea is reported from 28 countries
in Asia and Oceania at altitudes up to 1800 m. Close to
the equator, flowers and fruits can be seen throughout
the year, but, for example in Indonesia, August is a
month during which dry seeds can be collected. In the
Indian subcontinent harvests commence in October
(central India) to reach a peak in January, while in north
India harvests last from March until May. In Thailand,
Burma, and the Philippines flowering occurs between
December and April.
Table 4. Pigeonpeas from North and South America in the
ICRISAT collection.
Production
area Accessions
Country ('000 ha) Source of statistics (late 1982)
Brazil a a 7
Colombia a a 5
Dominican
Republic 19 1980 FAO data file 6
Grenada 1 a a
Guadeloupe a a A
Guyana a a 7
Haiti 9 1980 FAO data file a
Jamaica 3 1982 CARDI b 18
Martinique a a 1
Mexico a a 2
Panama 2 1980 FAO data file a
Peru 2 a 5
Puerto Rico 8 1980 FAO data file 45
Trinidad 2 1980 FAO data file 22
USA a a 3
Venezuela 10 a 15
a Not available
b. Caribbean Research and Development Institute. (Personaf
communication)
9
Appendix 4 lists the herbarium specimens studied
from North and South America. The distribution can be
seen on Map 6. Cultivation in the New World is particu
larly concentrated in the West Indies. In Mexico pigeon-
peas are found in more humid rather than semi-arid
tropical areas. Pigeonpeas are understandably absent
from the Amazon region. From the semi-arid tropics of
Brazil hardly any specimens were available, but from
southern Brazilian states more were present in the her
baria. In Venezuela and the Andes pigeonpeas are
found up to 3000 m, although the highest elevation (from
Peru) documented in the herbarium specimens was
only 2300 m.
In summary, pigeonpea is reported from 37 countries
in the Americas at altitudes up to 2300 m. February to
April is the main harvest season for the vegetable crop
Conclusion
Production statistics grossly underestimate the impor
tance of pigeonpea. Tables 1 -4 list the available crop
statistics. Appendices 2-4 list the distribution data from
herbarium sources, in a few cases supplemented by
germplasm collection data. The maps illustrate the
locations where cultivated and noncultivated pigeon
pea has been collected. These locations occur within
the semi-arid and the humid tropics. However, as is
in the Caribbean, for instance in the Dominican Repub
lic and Haiti. In most areas flowers and fruits can be
seen on perennial plants throughout the greater part of
the year.
10
Map 6. Locations where pigeonpea has been collected in North and South America.
shown on the distribution maps, it is clear that those
countries with extensive and therefore successful culti
vation (India, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi) are all
located in the semi-arid tropics. Here, and in the more
humid tropics with a distinct dry season, lie the potential
areas for expansion. The crop's absence from areas
with a low population density is evident.
It is difficult to produce reliable production statistics
because pigeonpea is often grown as a home garden
crop or to mark field boundaries. This information bul
letin attempts to overcome this problem by presenting
data that are based on a study of herbarium specimens.
In most areas genetic erosion may not yet be imminent
in this crop; but the ICRISAT Genetic Resources Unit is
following up the information in this bulletin with approp
riate collection efforts to adequately sample the genetic
diversity still available in pigeonpea.
Acknowledgments
It is with gratitude that I acknowledge the cooperation of
Directors, Curators, and staff members of the herbarium
institutions listed in Appendix 1. From most of these
herbaria specimens of Cajanus were sent on loan to
Wageningen, the Netherlands, where I undertook the
major part of the revision work on Cajanus and Atylosia.
Visits to other herbaria permitted me to study the mate
rial conserved there. I am particularly grateful to Prof Dr.
H.C.D. de Wit (Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy and Plant
Geography, University of Agriculture, Wageningen, the
Netherlands) and my colleagues in ICRISAT for helpful
criticism and support. The map outlines are derived
from the Goode Base Map Series, prepared by Henry M.
Leppard, Department of Geography, University of Chi
cago, USA.
11
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K
KU
H-
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f B
ota
ny
, K
ar
ac
hi
Un
iv
er
sit
y
He
rb
ar
iu
m,
Pa
kis
ta
n
L-
Rijk
sh
er
ba
riu
m,
Le
id
en
, t
he
Ne
th
er
la
nd
s
LW
G-
Na
tio
na
l B
ot
an
ic
Re
se
ar
ch
In
st
it
ut
e,
Lu
ck
no
w,
In
dia
ME
L-
Na
tio
na
l H
er
ba
riu
m
of
Vi
ct
or
ia
, R
oy
al
Bo
ta
nic
Ga
rd
en
s,
So
uth
Ya
rr
a,
Me
lb
ou
rn
e,
Au
st
ra
li
a
MG
M-
Ma
na
s
Ga
ng
ot
ri
Un
iv
er
si
ty
, M
ys
or
e,
In
dia
MH
-B
ot
an
ic
al
Su
rv
ey
of
In
di
a,
So
uth
er
n
Cir
cle
(M
ad
ra
s
He
rb
ar
iu
m)
,
Co
im
ba
to
re
, I
nd
ia
NT
-H
er
ba
riu
m
of
th
e
No
rt
he
rn
Te
rr
it
or
y,
Alic
e
Sp
rin
gs
, A
us
tr
al
ia
OX
F-
Fie
ld
in
g-
Dr
uc
e
He
rb
ar
iu
m,
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f B
ota
ny
, O
xf
or
d,
OK
AP
PE
ND
IX
1.
He
rba
riu
m
ins
titu
tio
ns
th
at
pro
vid
ed
C
aja
nu
s
caja
n
ma
teri
al
stu
die
d
(pre
fix
ed
b
y
co
nv
en
tio
na
l a
bb
rev
iati
on
s).
p-
La
bo
ra
to
ir
e
de
P
ha
ne
ro
ga
mie
, M
us
ee
N
at
io
na
l d
'H
is
to
ir
e
Na
tu
re
ll
e,
Pa
ri
s,
Pr
an
ce
PA
N-
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f B
ota
ny
, P
an
jab
U
ni
ve
rs
it
y,
Ch
an
dig
ar
h,
In
dia
PE
RT
H-
St
at
e
He
rb
ar
iu
m
of
We
ste
rn
A
us
tr
al
ia
, P
er
th
, A
us
tr
al
ia
PN
H-
Ph
ilip
pin
e
Na
tio
na
l H
er
ba
riu
m,
Na
tio
na
l M
us
eu
m,
Ma
nila
, t
he
P
hilip
pin
es
PR
E-
Na
tio
na
l H
er
ba
riu
m,
Bo
ta
nic
al
Re
se
ar
ch
I
ns
ti
tu
te
, P
re
to
ri
a,
So
uth
A
fr
ic
a
PU
N-
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f B
ota
ny
, P
un
ja
bi
Un
iv
er
si
ty
, P
at
ia
la
, I
nd
ia
RA
W-
Na
tio
na
l H
er
ba
riu
m
of
Pa
kis
ta
n
(S
te
wa
rt
He
rb
ar
iu
m)
, R
aw
alp
in
di,
Pa
kis
ta
n
TA
I-
Th
e
He
rb
ar
iu
m,
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f B
ot
an
y,
Na
tio
na
l T
aiw
an
U
ni
ve
rs
it
y,
Ta
ip
ei
,
Ta
iwa
n
D-
In
st
it
ut
e
fo
r S
ys
te
ma
tic
Bo
ta
ny
, U
tr
ec
ht
, t
he
Ne
th
er
la
nd
s
US
- U
S
Na
tio
na
l H
er
ba
riu
m,
Sm
ith
so
nia
n
In
st
it
ut
io
n,
Wa
sh
ing
to
n
D.C
.,
US
A
W-
Na
tu
rh
is
to
ris
ch
es
Mu
se
um
, V
ie
nn
a,
Au
st
ri
a
WA
G-
La
bo
ra
to
ry
fo
r P
la
nt
Ta
xo
no
my
an
d
Pla
nt
Ge
og
ra
ph
y,
Wa
ge
nin
ge
n,
th
e
Ne
th
er
la
nd
s
NO
TE
S
TO
A
PP
EN
DIC
ES
2
-4
:
F1
/Fr
=
flo
we
rin
g/fru
itin
g,
the
sta
ge
of
the
p
lan
t p
res
en
t o
n
a
he
rba
riu
m
sh
ee
t.
Co
lle
cto
r =
nam
e
of
co
lle
cto
r a
nd
his
n
um
be
r (o
r a
bse
nce
th
ere
of)
.
do
=
sam
e
loc
ati
on
o
r c
oll
ec
to
r's
nam
e
as
in
the
pre
vio
us
en
try
.
ob
s.
=
fie
ld
ob
se
rv
ati
on
.
co
ll.
ind
ig.
=
loc
al
co
lle
cto
r.
Lo
ca
tio
nD
istr
ict/
Re
gio
nP
rov
inc
e/S
tate
Co
lle
cto
rD
ate
F1
/Fr
Alt
itu
de
(m
)
AN
GO
LA
Lu
an
da
Bo
ss
36
75
5A
ug
19
37
xx
Sa
d
a
Ba
nd
eir
aH
uil
aH
en
riq
ue
s
11
65
Sep
19
67
xC
ab
ind
aM
onte
mo
14
6Ju
n1
95
9x
xH
ua
rob
o,
13
km
to
N
ova
Lis
bo
aM
ore
no
41
6Ja
n1
97
2x
Qu
ica
bo
Lu
an
da
Po
rtu
ga
l A
ran
jo
77
Ju
l1
95
9x
x3
00
Qu
iza
mb
ilo
, D
an
de
Lu
an
da
do
74
Ju
n1
95
9x
x3
00
Ma
lan
jeM
ala
nje
Re
nsch
3
93
Ja
n1
88
0x
Ganda
Be
ng
ue
laT
eix
eir
a
69
84
Oc
t1
96
3x
17
30
Qu
icu
xe
Lu
an
da
We
lwit
sc
h
22
27
Mar
18
54
xx
Sc
olo
, s
an
ge
, Ir
om
be
taG
olu
ng
o
Alt
oW
elw
its
ch
2
22
8S
ep
18
57
BU
RU
ND
I
Git
eg
aB
au
de
t 3
06
Dec
19
72
x1
70
0K
ite
teE
lsk
en
s
11
0N
ov
19
22
xB
uju
mb
ura
Bu
jum
bu
raL
ew
all
e
64
10
Ja
n1
97
2x
x9
00
Mis
su
mb
aB
uju
mb
ura
do
53 2
1M
ar
19
71
x1
10
0R
uz
iba
Bu
jum
bu
rad
o
43
75
Ja
n1
97
0x
x9
00
Uv
ira R
oa
ddo
63
86
Dec
19
71
x7
80
Bu
jum
bu
raG
iha
ro
Mo
ss
oB
uju
mb
ura
Niy
on
ge
re
6
Ju
n1
96
8x
x8
00
Bu
jum
bu
raG
iha
ro
Mo
ss
oR
uy
igi
Reekm
ans
27
00
Sep
19
73
xx
13
00
Bu
ba
nza
do
34 8
6x
x1
00
0B
uru
si-
Min
ag
odo
59
7M
ay
19
71
xx
10
00
Rum
onge
do
50
63
May
19
76
xx
85
0U
su
mb
ura
to
U
vir
aB
uju
mb
ura
Sym
oens
22
50
Fe
b1
95
6x
78
0
CAM
ER
OO
N
Ja
po
ma
, n
r D
ou
ala
Lit
to
ra
lD
ang
4
72
Ap
r1
97
0x
Be
be
ke
tti
Bam
enda
No
rd-o
ue
st
Jo
hn
sto
ne
13
3M
ay
19
31
La
ss
in,
35
km
NNW
of
Kum
bo
No
rd-o
ue
st
Mbenkum
no
40 3
J
ul
19
73
xN
go
mo
, n
r N
kam
be
No
rd-o
ue
st
Sa
tab
ie
70
Nov
19
74
xx
AP
PE
ND
IX
2.
Lis
t o
f h
erb
ari
um
sp
ec
ime
ns e
xa
min
ed
fro
m A
fric
a.
CO
NG
O-B
RA
Z Z
AV
ILL
E
Mo
uta
mp
a,
on
Lin
zo
lo
Rd
Bo
uq
ue
t 1
69
Ju
n1
96
4x
Bra
zz
av
ille
Djo
ue
Ch
oll
on
18
88
xx
do
do
Co
om
all
yD
ec
19
03
xx
Nr
Bo
ko
-So
ng
ho
Nia
ri
Bo
ue
nza
de
Ne
re
14
68
Ju
l1
96
3x
x
EG
YP
T
Ca
iro
Ga
rde
ns
Bo
ve
3
34
, 3
36
18
36
xx
Giz
aD
ou
gla
s
Sim
pso
nJ
an
19
23
xx
Kil
e
va
lle
yU
pp
er
Eg
yp
tK
ots
ch
y
10
13
xx
Ko
ros
ko
Lo
we
r N
ub
iaL
eto
urn
eu
x
25
1M
ar
18
81
xx
Ca
iro
Po
ire
8
35
Ju
lx
Ets
uS
ieb
er
xx
Da
mie
tta
do
Lu
xo
rV
ierk
ap
pe
rA
pr
19
14
xx
ET
HIO
PIA
Ha
ma
rea
, w
o
f H
ara
rH
ara
rT
ad
esse
E
bb
a
51
7A
ug
19
67
x1
80
0
Ju
ika
Gam
o
Go
faH
ara
rF
uk
ui
30
9,
etc
.H
um
mel
89
Oc
tA
pr
19
73
19
43
x1
40
0
Hir
na
, w
o
f D
ire
D
aw
aC
he
rch
er
Ha
rar
Me
ye
r 87 3
3N
ov
19
64
xx
Nr
Kin
ze
la,
La
ke
Ta
na
Ba
ge
md
er
Pic
hi
Se
rm
oll
i 6
39
Nov
19
37
xN
r M
ata
mm
aG
all
ab
at
Ba
ge
rad
er
Sc
hw
ein
furt
h
17
44
Ju
l1
86
5x
xJim
ma
Ke
faS
ieg
en
tha
ler
27
Ju
n1
95
8x
Ale
ma
ya
Ha
rar
We
stp
ha
l 7
06
Ju
l1
96
7x
x2
05
0N
az
are
th
to
As
ell
aS
ho
ado
15
27
Au
g1967
xx
15
60
Gid
ole
to
K
on
so
Gam
o
go
fado
3
21
5M
ar
19
68
17
00
Ha
rar
ga
rde
ns
Ha
rar
do
3
51
2M
ar
19
68
17
00
Ko
ns
o-A
rba
M
inc
hK
on
so
Sid
am
od
e
Wil
de
4
30
Mar
19
71
xx
12
50
GH
AN
A
Ab
uri
As
ha
nti
R
eg
ion
Ch
ev
ali
er
13
88
4J
ul
19
05
xx
Ku
ma
si
Up
pe
r R
eg
ion
En
djo
l 5
31
Ju
n1
97
1x
Zow
se
Hill,
Baw
ku
En
ti
&
Ha
llN
ov
19
66
xS
esse
du
mK
its
on
Ja
n1
91
6x
GU
INE
A
BIS
SA
U
Ba
mb
ad
uic
a-P
on
ta
Ing
les
Alv
es
Pe
re
ira
2
54
2D
ec
19
61
xx
Bis
sa
u,
Pu
ssu
be
Esp>
. S
an
to
10
25
Nov
19
37
xx
IVO
RY
C
OA
ST
Ad
iop
od
ou
me
Su
dF
rah
m L
eli
ve
ld
38
Nov
19
54
x
Do
, L
am
to
Sa
va
na
Su
dH
en
ri
11
3M
ay
19
64
x7
km
E
o
f B
ou
ake
Ce
ntr
eW
d
e
Wil
de
6
1M
ay
19
63
xx
Ko
uto
ub
aE
st
Ea
stw
oo
d
52
7,
56
9N
ov
19
77
xx
59
km
B
ou
na
-Ko
uto
ub
aE
st
do
,5
44
do
xx
46
km
K
ou
tou
ba
-Da
ba
ka
taE
st
do
,5
48
, 5
49
, 5
76
do
xx
67
km
K
ou
tou
ba
-Da
ba
ka
taE
st
do
,5
52
do
xx
KE
NY
A
Kit
ale
Tra
ns
Nz
oia
Rif
t V
all
ey
Bo
gd
an
3
86
6N
ov
19
53
xx
Nr
Ko
ruK
isu
mu
Nya
nza
Cro
ch
ew
it
48
5A
ug
19
57
x1
35
0N
air
ob
i S
tre
am
V
illa
ge
Na
iro
bi
Ce
ntr
al
Fre
nc
hJ
ul
19
54
xH
oy
ale
No
rth
E
as
tern
Gil
lett
13
73
6A
ug
19
52
xx
Kilif
i,
Bo
rna
ni
Kilif
iC
oa
st
Gis
au
Na
lna
i,
Sil
ve
r S
an
ds
Kilifi?
Co
as
tH
ac
ke
r 1
29
Ko
de
ra,
Go
t K
olu
nd
oK
okw
ara
2
02
4A
ug
19
67
xH
ach
ako
s
to
Kil
ala
Ha
ch
ako
sE
as
tern
vd
Ma
ese
n 2
37
6J
ul
19
76
xx
15
00
Kim
utw
ad
od
od
o2
37
7d
ox
x1
50
0
E
of
Kim
utw
ad
od
od
o2
37
8-2
38
4d
ox
x1
50
0
Wa
nza
ud
od
od
o2
38
5d
ox
x1
30
0K
av
ind
ud
od
od
o2
38
6-2
38
7d
ox
x1
30
0
Kio
u,
nr
Su
lta
n
Ham
ud
do
do
do
23
88
-23
89
do
xx
13
50
Su
lta
n
Ham
ud
do
do
do
23
91
-23
94
do
xx
11
00
Su
lta
n
Bam
ud
to
W
ath
ini
do
do
do
23
95
-23
98
do
xx
13
00
Kya
mb
eke
to
K
ilu
ng
ud
od
od
o2
39
9d
ox
x1
30
01
20
01
20
0M
ua
ng
ini
to
Kil
un
gu
Em
ali
do
do
do
do
do
do
24
00
-24
04
24
05
do
do
x xx x
13
00
12
00
12
00
Ith
an
zu
to
K
ath
on
zw
en
ido
do
do
24
06
do
xx
12
00
12
00
12
00
30
km
N
o
f H
un
ters
L
od
ge
do
do
do
24
07
-24
09
do
xx
12
00
12
00
12
00
N
of
Ka
tho
nz
we
ni
do
do
do
24
10
do
xx
12
00
12
00
12
00
Nr
Ha
ku
en
id
od
od
o2
41
2-2
41
3d
ox
x1
00
0N
r K
ata
ng
ini
Ng
un
gi-
Kib
ao
ni
do
do
do
do
do
do
24
14
24
15
do
do
x xx x
10
00
10
60
Miu
to
K
ila
lad
od
od
o2
41
8-2
41
9d
ox
x1
13
0U
kia
, n
r K
ila
lad
od
od
o2
42
0d
ox
x1
10
0M
aja
ni
to
Nz
iud
od
od
o2
42
1-2
43
2d
ox
x1
10
0
Nr
Mw
ata
teT
ait
aC
oa
sta
ldo
24
34
-24
36
do
xx
60
0
Em
bo
to
W
un
da
ny
id
od
odo
24
37
do
xx
Em
bo
to
W
un
da
ny
id
od
od
o2
43
8d
ox
x1
10
0W
un
da
ny
id
od
od
o2
43
9-2
44
1d
ox
x1
20
0M
ua
tap
a
Re
s.
Sta
.K
ilif
ido
do
24
42
do
xx
50
Mom
basa
Kilif
iC
oa
sta
ldo
24
42
-24
45
do
xx
0-1
00
Nr
Dia
na
Kw
ale
do
do
24
46
-24
49
do
xx
0-1
00
S
of
Ra
mis
id
od
od
o2
45
0d
ox
x0
-10
0W
aa
do
do
do
24
51
do
xx
0-1
00
Vip
ing
oK
ilif
id
odo
24
52
do
xx
0-1
00
Te
zo
do
do
do
24
53
-24
54
do
xx
0-1
00
Mtito A
nd
ei
to
Kib
we
zi
Ma
ch
ako
sE
as
tern
do
24
55
-24
58
do
xx
70
0T
ku
tha
Kit
ui
do
do
24
59
do
xx
80
0T
ku
tha
to
Mu
tom
od
od
odo
24
60
-24
61
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500
TUR
KS
AND
CA
ICO
SIS
LAN
DS
Pin
e
Cay
Gil
lis
11824
Feb
1973
xx
UN
ITE
D S
TATES
OF
AM
ER
ICA
S.
Flo
rid
aF
lori
da
Cu
rtis
sx
C.
Texas
Texas
Dana
1252
xH
om
ela
nd
Dade
County
Flo
rid
aM
cF
arl
in
4658
Ja
n1931
xx
Po
lk
County
do
Ho
lto
nF
eb
1967
xx
Ala
bam
aM
ohr
Mar
1882
xL.
Mate
cum
be
Key
Monro
e
County
Flo
rid
aM
old
enke
626
Feb
1930
Sugar
Lo
af
Key
do
Po
lla
rd
39
Mar
1890
xx
Co
ral
Gable
sD
ade
County
do
Popenoe
958
Nov
1969
xN
o N
ame K
ey
do
Sim
pson
420
Dec
1891
xx
Eve
rgla
de
Ke
ys,
Tim
ms
Dade
County
do
Sm
all
7277
Jan
1916
xN
r F
ort
M
yers
Lee
C
ounty
do
Sta
nd
ley
19038
Dec
1919
Hala
wa
Ha
wa
iiF
au
rie
731
Jun
1909
xN
r L
inu
eK
au
ai
Isl
do
do 770
Dec
1909
xx
Kakuku
Oahu
Isl
do
Hit
ch
co
ck
13887
Jun
1916
xx
VEN
EZU
ELA
Cara
cas
Cara
cas
Bir
sc
he
lx
Seboru
co
to
L
a
Fri
aT
ach
ira
Bre
tele
r 4913
Dec
1965
xx
700
Cara
cas
Cara
cas
Fe
ud
ler
303
xx
1000
El
Va
lle
Ma
rga
rita
Is
lM
ille
r 139
Mar
1901
xS
acu
pana
Low
er
Ori
no
co
Rusb
y
189
May
1896
xx
Sa
nta
C
ata
lin
ado
do
191
do
xx
Co
tiz
aW
illi
am
s
9970
Mar
1938
xx
930
I C R I S A T
In te rna t iona l Crops Research I ns t i t u te fo r t he Semi-Ar id Trop ics
ICRISAT Patancheru P.O.
Andhra Pradesh 5 0 2 3 2 4 , India