World Food Security, Pastoralism and GovernanceReflections on global food security governance and participation in the wake of the 2007-2008 food price spikes

“Governing global food security: The 2007-8 global food price rise and afterwards”

Political Economy of Food City University, London

March 7, 2011Jessica Duncan (jduncan.uoc@gmail.com)

AcronymsCAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture

Development Programme

CAP Common Agricultural Policy (EU)

CFA Comprehensive Framework for Action

CFS Committee on World Food Security

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research

CSM Civil Society Mechanism

CSO Civil Society Organization

EC European Commission

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GAFSP Global Agriculture Food Security Program

GSF Global Strategic Framework (for the CFS)

HLPE High Level Panel of Experts (to the CFS)

HLTF UN High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

MDG Millennium Development Goals

RAI Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment

SRRTF Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food

UCFA Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action

UN United Nations

UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development

VG Voluntary Guidelines

WB World Bank

WFP World Food Programme

WTO World Trade Organization

Structure of the Presentation World Food Security Policy:

What has happened since 2007?

Reform of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS)

Civil Society Mechanism Review of Pastoralist

constituency Global Gathering of Women

Pastoralists CFS Reform within the context

of Global Governance

World Food Security PolicyDate Lead Event/Act Output

2008 World Economic Forum

Global Agenda Council on Food Security

Global Agenda Council Food Security Report

April 2008 UN Establish High Level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis

Comprehensive Framework for Action (2009) Updated 2010

June 2008 UN High-Level Conference on Food Security and the challenges of bio-energy

Declaration of the High-Level Conference on World Food Security: The Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy

July 2008 G8 G8 Summit Hokkaido Toyako, Japan

Leaders Statement on Global Food Security.Tasked a G8 Experts Group on Global Food Security.

September 2008

High Level Event on the MDGs

Date Lead Event/Act Output

October 2008

FAO/CFS Committee on World Food Security 34th Session

Final Report of the34th Session of the CFS Agenda Item V was CSO participation Agenda Item VI was a proposal to Strengthen the CFS to meet new challenges

November 2008

FAO FAO Conference 35th (Special) Session

Follow-up to the Independent External Evaluation of FAO.

January 2009

UN and Spain

High Level Meeting on Food Security for All

Final Statement

January 2009

World Economic Forum

Fresh Solutions for Food Security

May 2009 UN CSD-17 Final Text

July 2009 G8 L’Alquila Summit

“L’Aquila” Food Security Initiative “L’Aquila” Joint Statement on Global Food Security

World Food Security PolicyDate Lead Event/Act Output

2009 G8/WB Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) Trust Fund

Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) Trust Fund

September 2009

UN/USA Partnering for Food Security Side Event at 64th Session on UN General Assembly

Partnering for Food Security: Moving Forward

October 2009

UN High-Level Expert Forum, How to Feed the World in 2050

October 2009

FAO 35th Session of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS)

Reform Document of the CFS

November 2009

Civil Society

People’s Food Sovereignty Forum

Final Declaration

November 2009

FAO Summit on World Food Security

Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security

January 2010

Regions Food Summit

Summit of World’s Regions on Food Security

January 2010

March 2010

Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development

Date Lead Event/Act Output

May 2010 HLTF Consultation to update the CFA

Updated CFA

June 2010 G8 G8 Summit Muskoka

June 2010 Mayor of Rome and WFP

Meeting to endorse a the framework for Scaling up Nutrition (presented at the 2010 Spring Meetings of the IMF and WB)

September 2010

Various Proposition: Scaling-Up Nutrition

A Road Map for Scaling-Up Nutrition (1st draft)

September 2010

UN High Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly

Outcome document

October 2010

CSO CSO Consultation in Advance of the CFS

Civil Society Mechanism for the CFS

October 2010

FAO-CFS 36th Session of the CFS Final Report

October 2010

APEC First APEC Ministerial Meeting on Food Security

Niigata Declaration on APEC Food Security

Committee on World Food Security

• 1974: Established upon recommendation of the World Food Conference – Response to 1970s food crisis

• 2009: 35th Session of the CFS: Reform process initiated– Goal of reform was to focus vision and role in the

coordination of efforts to ensure global food security

• 2010: 36th Session = first of the Renewed CFS

Key Actors and Organizations• CFS is made up of 192 Member Governments, participants

(i.e., Civil Society Organizations, NGOs, Private Sector) and observers– They make up the Plenary

• Bureau: Executive Arm (12 countries, 2 per region)• Advisory Group: UN Bodies, CSOs/NGOs; International

Agricultural Research Bodies; International Financial and Trade Institutions; Private Sector/Philanthropic Foundations

• High Level Panel of Experts: Steering Committee and Roster of Experts

• Secretariat: Permanent, located in Rome and includes member of IFAD, and WFP

CFS Reform: Key Points• The vision of the reformed CFS:

– Central decision-making and discussion forum for food security within the UN

– Work in a coordinated manner in support of country led processes that lead to food security.

• Using a phased approach CFS will:– Coordinate a global approach to food security – Promote policy convergence– Support and advise countries and regions– Coordinate at national and regional levels– Promote accountability and share best practices – Develop a global strategic framework for food security and nutrition

• From http://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-home/cfs-about/en/

Key Issues Addressed by the CFS

• At the 36th Session, 3 policy roundtables were presented:1. Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises: Issues and

Challenges;2. Land Tenure and International Investment in Agriculture; and,3. Managing Vulnerability and risk to promote better food security and

nutrition. • Discussions on Mapping FS initiatives and the development of a

GSF• Session on global developments relevant to food security and

nutrition • HLPE undertake studies on: Land tenure and international

investment in agriculture; and, Price volatility• CFS to decide on Land Tenure and Investment (RAI & VG)

Civil Society Mechanism

• CSM facilitates the participation of CSOs and NGOs in the CFS, including input in negotiations and decision-making

• Provides a space for dialogue between a wide-range of civil society actors

• Made up of a Coordination Committee (CC) comprised of 40 focal points from 11 constituencies and 16 sub-regions

Sub-Regions(Total of 16, x1 focal point each)

North America South East AsiaCentral America & Caribbean Central AsiaAndean Region Oceania and PacificSouthern Cone Southern AfricaWestern Europe West AfricaEastern Europe East AfricaWest Asia Central AfricaSouth Asia North Africa

Constituencies(Total of 24, x2 focal points each)

Agricultural & food workers NGOs

Artisanal fisherfolk Smallholder family farmers (4 focal points)

Consumers Urban poorPastoralists WomenIndigenous Peoples YouthLandless

Pastoralists

What is Pastoralism?

• Pastoralism is a socio-cultural and economic way of living that relies on rearing livestock on marginal lands and is sustained through migration– Includes nomadism and transhumance

• Animals include cattle, yaks, sheep and goats, horses and donkeys, camels (both one- and two-humped), llamas and alpacas, and reindeer

Why a Global Gathering?

• The goal of the Gathering was to contribute to the empowerment of women pastoralists in order for them to participate equitably in decision-making within their communities, governments and other local, national, regional and international forums, whilst also raising awareness of the specific challenges faced by women pastoralists in shifting social, economic and ecological environments.

Why pastoralists, why women, why India?

• Pastoralism, notably mobile pastoralism, is the most viable form of production and land use for most of the world’s fragile drylands. Yet it is under increasing legal, economic, social and political threat

• Women play a crucial role within pastoralist communities• India’s pastoralist population of approximately 100

million, come from diverse cultural groups and rear a variety of livestock. – Women have traditionally played key roles in the communities– Changes in India: White Revolution; Forest Rights Act

Global Gathering of Women Pastoralists

Global Gathering of Women Pastoralists

Climatic Variability: Rains came early

Team Work: Building a path forward

Top Priorities

• Representation• Communication and Networking• Education, Training and Capacity Building• Advocacy• Development

Key Outcomes: Global Gathering of Women Pastoralists

• Mera Declaration• Action Plan (2011-2013)• Global network of pastoralist women• Enhanced networks and communication• Awareness building (media)• Advocacy (links to Mera Declaration)

• e.g., presented at UNPFII

• Election of 2 CSM Focal PointsNext Steps: Working on regional-level follow up

Focal Points: PastoralistsSafouratou Moussa Kané

NigerLalji Desai

India

Global Governance and the CFS

• Governance is the process of governing. It is the way in which society is managed and how the competing priorities and interests of different groups are reconciled. It includes the formal institutions of government but also informal arrangements.

• Governance is concerned with the processes by which citizens participate in decision-making, how government is accountable to its citizens and how society obliges its members to observe its rules and laws.

• Governance comprises the mechanisms and processes for citizens and groups to articulate their interests, mediate their differences, and exercise their legal rights and obligations. It is the rules, institutions, and practices that sets limits and provides incentives for individuals, organizations and firms.

• FAO. 2009. Discussion Paper: Towards Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land and Other Natural Resources. FAO: Rome

We can also add the rules and practices that set limits and incentive for governments.

Common Characterists of Global Goverance

• Pluricentric rathen than unicentric• Networks play an important role• Networks function to organize relations between

relatively autonomous but interdependent actors• Within contemporary governance systems,

relations between actors pose risks and uncertainties. Sectors have developed institutions to support cooperation and reduce risk

– Van Kersbergen and Van Waarden (2005:151)

Trends in Global Governance

• Vertical shifts – Downward (Nation state or international bodies to

regional actors or sub-national level) – Upward (Nation state to International Institution

with supra-national structure)• Horizontal shifts– Executive and legislative powers to judiciary – Public to Semi-Public or Private Sector

• Network Governance

Useful Links• Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Home Page:

http://www.fao.org/cfs/en/ • Reform Document of the CFS:

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs0910/ReformDoc/CFS_2009_2_Rev_2_E_K7197.pdf

• Civil Society for the Committee on World Food Security (CFS4CSO): http://cso4cfs.org/

• Global Food Security and Nutrition Dialogue: http://foodnutgov.ning.com/

• Civil Society Mechanism: http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/019/k9215e.pdf

• Report on the Civil Society Consultation (with an explanation of the CSM): http://cso4cfs.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/cso-final-report-_-en1.pdf

• Network of Women Pastoralists: www.womenpastoralists.com• World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples: www.wamip.org

Questions? Comments? Want to get involved?jduncan.uoc@gmail.com

Download presentation: foodgovernance.wordpress.com Thank you to Michael Benanav for granting permission to use his photos.

© http://www.michaelbenanav.com/