world geography december 5, 2014. today unit 9 (industry and service – economic geography) -...
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WORLD GEOGRAPHY
December 5, 2014
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Today
Unit 9 (Industry and Service – Economic Geography)
- Introduce Unit 10 (Human Environment)
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How Industrial Production Has Changed
Fordist : Dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth century, with production of consumer goods at a single site
Major focus was on the assembly line
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How Industrial Production Has Changed
Post-Fordist : Current mode of production with more flexible production practices.
- Goods not mass produced
- Production accelerated and dispersed around the globe
- Multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world
Global Division of Labor
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Time-Space Compression
Improvements in transportation and communications technologies (distance is much less important)
Many places in the world more connected than ever before
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Effects of Time-Space Compression
Just-in-time delivery:
- Keeping just what is needed for short-term production
- New parts shipped quickly when needed
Global division of labor: Corporations drawing from labor around the globe for different components of production
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Production of Televisions
Three key elements in television production:
1. TV research and design In the core regions
2. Manufacturing components (e.g. in China) (with more mechanization
move to core countries)
3. Assembly
Production of televisions has shifted across the world over time.
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New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing
- Transportation on industrial location
e.g. Containerization in Rotterdam (break of bulk point/intermodal connection)
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New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing
- Regional and global trade agreements
e.g. WTO, NAFTA, EU, US-Korea FTA
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New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing
- Energy in industrial location
Keystone pipeline (Canada – U.S.)
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OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
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New Influences on Geography of Manufacturing
Core countries = high-tech
Semi-periphery - ?? - e.g. Mexico, China, India
Periphery = labor intensive
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Deindustrialization
- Process by which companies move industrial jobs to regions with cheaper labor. Outsourcing
- Newly deindustrialized region must switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment
e.g. Liverpool, UK
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Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.
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Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.
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Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.
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Deindustrialization – Detroit, U.S.
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Newly industrialized: China
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Newly industrialized: China
China: Major industrial growth after 1950
- Assisted by Soviet planners during the Cold War period
Industrialization in the 1960s was state-planned:
- focus on: Northeast district (Manchuria/Dongbei) & Shanghai and Chang Jiang district
- China’s North East now a “rust belt”
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Newly industrialized: China
Today, industrialization in China is spurred by companies that move production (but not the whole company):
- moving inland to take advantage of:
1. cheaper labor
2. special economic zones
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Newly industrialized: China
Effects on cultural landscape
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Service EconomyTypes/Levels of industry:
Primary – Located with the source of resources
e.g. fishing, mining, farming
Secondary – Usually linked to manufacturing
e.g. builders, car manufacturing
Tertiary – Service industries
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Service Economy
Service industry:
- Economic activity associated with the provision of services:
- Transportation
- Banking
- Retailing
- Education
- “Office jobs”
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Service Economy
Service industry:
Quaternary industries: collection, processing, manipulation
of information and capital
- finance, administration, insurance, legal services
Quinary industries: facilitate high-level decision making
- scientific research, higher education
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Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.
New influence on location:
- Information technologies
- Less tied to energy sources
Market accessibility is more relevant for some companies, less so for others (role of telecommunications)
- Presence of multi-national companies
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Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.
Existence of a large multi-national company’s headquarterscan affect the cultural landscape of the location.
E.g. Walmart’s headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas
- companies who want to negotiate with Walmart must do so at the Walmart Home Office (headquarters)
- companies have locations in and around Bentonville
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Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.
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Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.
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Geographical Dimensions of Service Econ.
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Modern production
Outsourcing: Moving individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service) to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost savings
Offshore: Outsourced work that is located outside of the country
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High-technology Corridors
e.g. Silicon Valley (California, U.S.A.)
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High-technology Corridors
An area designated by local or state government to benefit from:
- lower taxes
- high-technology infrastructure
- agglomeration
Goal: provide high-technology jobs to the local population
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TechnopoleAn area planned for high technology with agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies
- Often close to universities
e.g. Route 128, near Boston (U.S.)
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Technopole
Technopark Stellenbosch (South Africa)
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Technopole
Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park (Shenzhen, China)
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Technopole
Daedeok Science Town (Innopolis) (Daejeon, South Korea)
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Unit 10: Human Environment
Key aspects:
- How the Earth’s environment has changed over time
- How humans have impacted Earth’s environment
- Major factors contributing to environmental change today
- How humans are responding to environmental change
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Linfen, China
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4DtOhe2LfQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_d-Ky7Se-v8
“The most polluted place on Earth”
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Next Class
- Continue Unit 10 (Human Environment)