World History 1500 to Present

SOL Review

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• Ottoman Empire

• Persia

• China

• Mughal

• Songhai Empire

• Japan

• Inca

• Aztec

By 1500, major states and empires had developed around the world.

European empires 1500

• England

• France

• Spain

• Russia

• Ottoman Empire

The Renaissance • Intellectual and artistic ideas from the Renaissance

marked the beginning of the modern world.

• Renaissance

– “Rebirth” of classical knowledge, “birth” of the modern world

– Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to northern Europe

Contributions of the Renaissance – Visual Arts

Michelangelo

Leonardo da Vinci

Contributions of the Renaissance • Literature (sonnets, plays, essays):

Shakespeare

• Intellectual ideas:

– Humanism: Focuses on secular human concerns instead of the church

– Erasmus: The Praise of Folly. Criticized the Church and wanted to reform it.

Spread of Major Religions

1500:

• Judaism—Europe and the Middle East

• Christianity—Europe and the Middle East

• Islam—Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe

• Hinduism—India and part of Southeast Asia

• Buddhism—East and Southeast Asia

1500: Regional Trade linking Europe, Asia, and Africa

• Silk roads across Asia to Mediterranean basin

• Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean

• Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa

• Northern European links with the Black Sea

• Western European sea and river trade

• South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

• Why were the regional trading patterns important?

– Exchange of products and ideas

Eastern inventions • Major technological and scientific exchanges

in the Eastern Hemisphere.

– Advancements exchanged along trade routes

• Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China)

• Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East)

• Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics

Reformation: Early Reformers • Dissenters prior to Luther

– Huss: Priest, spoke against the Church, burned at the stake

– Wycliffe: Wanted Bible written in vernacular

Causes of Protestant Reformation: • Merchant wealth challenged Church’s view of usury

(loaning $ w/ interest) • German and English nobility disliked Italian

domination of the Church • Catholic Church had great political power and wealth

• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences (buying forgiveness for sins) were widespread

Important People of the Reformation:

• Martin Luther: Lutheranism

• Views—Salvation by faith, Bible is ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

• Actions—95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

• John Calvin: Calvinism

• Views—Predestination, show faith by living righteously & good works

Reformation in England - Anglican • Queen Elizabeth I:

• Tolerance for dissenters

• Expansion and colonialism

• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588) – Tried to invade England

• King Henry VIII:

• Divorced

• Broke with Roman Catholic Church and started national church in England (Anglican Church)

• Took lands and $$ from Catholic Church in England

Reformation in Germany - 30 Years War

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism.

• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire remained Roman Catholic.

• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (Thirty Years’ War).

Reformation in France – Huguenots/Edict of Nantes

• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots (French Calvinists) freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).

• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict – Switched focus of the war

from Catholic v. Protestant to nationalism v. Hapsburg empire

Counter/Catholic Reformation • Counter Reformation, period of Catholic revival

– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practice.

• The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.

• Inquisition: courts to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Changing values, traditions & philosophies during Reformation:

• Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch

• Growth of secularism

• Growth of individualism: individual relationships w/ God and individual interpretations of belief

• At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance

– Eventual growth of religious tolerance

Printing Press spreads new ideas: • Growth of literacy was stimulated by the

Gutenberg printing press.

• Bible was printed in English, French, & German.

• Spread the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.