world history chapter 23 war & revolution section 3: the russian revolution
TRANSCRIPT
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World HistoryChapter 23
War & Revolution
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Section 3: The Russian Revolution
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Daily Objectives
•Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia.
•Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.
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Daily Objectives
•Describe how Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.
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I. Background to Revolution
•Unprepared both militarily & technologically
•No competent military leaders•Nicholas II lacked ability & training•Industry unable to produce the weapons needed
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I. Background to Revolution
•Soldiers sent to the front without rifles
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A. Beginnings of Upheaval•Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife
•Falls under the influence of•Grigori *Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man
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Czar Nicholas
http://www.courtmusicians.com/CourtMasters/CzarNicholasII.jpg
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Rasputin
http://www.fresno.k12.ca.us/schools/s090/history/rasputin.a.gif
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A. Beginnings of Upheaval
•While Nicholas was away at the battlefront, Alexandra consulted Rasputin
•Rasputin was assassinated in December 1916
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B. The March Revolution•*Petrograd, Russia’s capital city•Women & workers marched through the city demanding peace & bread
•A general strike shut down all the factories in the city
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B. The March Revolution•The Duma, or legisalative body forced Nicholas II to step down ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty
•Provisional government was headed by Alexander Kerensky
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B. The March Revolution•Kerensky decided to carry on the war
•*soviets, councils composed of representatives from the workers & soldiers start to form
•Most radical group the Bolsheviks
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II. The Rise of Lenin•Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats
•*lead by V.I. Lenin•dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system
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II. The Rise of Lenin•April 1917, with help from German military leaders, Lenin returns to Russia
•Lenin wanted to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers & peasants & use them to overthrow the provisional government
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II. The Rise of Lenin•Bolsheviks promised an end to the war, redistribution of all land to the peasants, the transfer of factories & industries from capitalists to committees of workers & the transfer of gov’t power from the provisional gov’t to the soviets
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III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power•November 6, 1917 Bolshevik forces
seized the Winter Palace the seat of the provisional gov’t
•*Bolsheviks, soon renamed themselves the Communists
•Lenin had promised peace, but it would mean the humiliating loss of Russian territory
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III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power
•*Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia gained peace but lost eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the Baltic provinces
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IV. Civil War in Russia•Opposition to the Communists came from groups loyal to the czar, liberals, anti-Leninist socialists, Communist White Russians, Allied forces & Ukrainians
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IV. Civil War in Russia•The Communists (Red)Army were forced to fight•First serious threat came from Siberia
•Anti-Communist (White) forces attacked westward almost to the Volga River
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IV. Civil War in Russia•Attacks also came from the Ukraine in the Southeast
•White forces swept through Ukraine & advanced almost to Moscow
•Each advance by the Whites was stopped
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IV. Civil War in Russia•On July 16, 1918 members of the local soviet in the Urals murdered the czar & his family
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V. Triumph of the Communists
•Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force
•*Organized by Leon Trotsky the commissar of war
•reinstated the draft, insisted on rigid discipline
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Leon Trotsky
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V. Triumph of the Communists•deserters & those who refused to
obey orders were executed on the spot
•the disunity of anti-Communist forces weakened their efforts
•Political difference among the Whites created distrust
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V. Triumph of the Communists•Whites had no common goals
•Communists had revolutionary zeal & convictions
•war communism meant gov’t control of banks & industries, seizing of grain & centralization of state administration
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V. Triumph of the Communists
•Presence of foreign armies on Russian soil arose Russian patriotism
•By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia
•Hostile toward the Allied Powers
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the czar the peasants the czar, the officials, the nobles, and the middle classes
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Section 4: End of the War
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Daily Objectives•Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive.
•Explain how peace settlements brought political & territorial changes to Europe & created bitterness & resentment in several nations.
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I. The Last Year of the War•- Allies defeated on the Western front
•- Russia’s withdrawal from the War•- War weariness beginning to take its toll
•+ Entry of the United States
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A. A New German Offensive
•Erich von Ludendorff decided to make one final military gamble - a grand offensive in the west
•Stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18, 1918
•Supported by French, Moroccan & American troops
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A. A New German Offensive
•Gamble had failed•Allied forces began making a steady advance toward Germany
•September 29, 1918, General Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost
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B. Collapse & Armistice•Allies unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial government
•November 3, 1918 sailors in the town of Kiel mutinied.
•Workers & soldiers took over civilian & military offices
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B. Collapse & Armistice•William II left the country on November 9, 1918
•Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert created a democratic republic
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B. Collapse & Armistice•November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an
•armistice, a truce, an agreement to end the fighting.
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C. Revolutionary Forces•A radical socialists group formed the German Communist Party and tried to seize power
•Social Democratic government crushed the rebels & murdered the leaders of the German Communists
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C. Revolutionary Forces•leaving German middle class with a deep fear of communism
•Austria-Hungary also experienced disintegration & revolution
•Ethnic groups sought independence
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C. Revolutionary Forces•Austria-Hungary empire replaced by independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia
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II. The Peace Settlements•In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris
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A. Wilson’s Proposals•*U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy & international cooperation
•*Fourteen Points - his basis for a peace settlement
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http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DWoodrow%2BWilson%26fr%3DFP-tab-img-t-232%26toggle%3D1%26ei%3DUTF-8%26vm%3Dr&h=580&w=580&imgcurl=www.americaslibrary.gov%2Fassets%2Fjb%2Freform%2Fjb_reform_wilson_1_e.jpg&imgurl=www.americaslibrary.gov%2Fassets%2Fjb%2Freform%2Fjb_reform_wilson_1_e.jpg&size=118.4kB&name=jb_reform_wilson_1_e.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Freform%2Fjb_reform_wilson_1_e.html&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Freform%2Fjb_reform_wilson_1_e.html&p=Woodrow+Wilson&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=16,107
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A. Wilson’s Proposals•14 points - reaching the peace agreements openly, reducing armaments, ensuring *self-determination - the right of each people to have its own nation
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•Secret treaties & agreements for territorial gains caused problems
•National interests also caused problems
•*David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great Britain wanted Germans to pay for this war
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•*France was guided by its desire for national security
•Georges Clemenceau, the French premier said the French desired revenge & security against future German aggression
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•Clemenceau wanted Germany stripped of all weapons & vast payments
•reparations, payments to cover the costs of the war
•And a separate Rhineland as a buffer between France & Germany
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•Big three: Wilson, Clemenceau & Lloyd George
•Germany was not invited •Big three quarreled•*Wilson wanted a world organization, the League of Nations, to prevent future wars
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•Clemenceau & Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany
•Wilson’s peacekeeping organization was granted
•He agreed to make compromises on territorial arrangements
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B. The Paris Peace Conference
•Clemenceau gave up his wish for a Rhineland & accepted a defensive alliance with Great Britain & the United States
•U.S. Senate refused to ratify this agreement, which weakened the Versailles peace settlement
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C. The Treaty of Versailles
•*Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1919 was a treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace
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C. The Treaty of Versailles
•Germans were unhappy with *Article 231, the so-called War Guilt Clause, which declared that Germany & Austria were responsible for starting the war
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C. The Treaty of Versailles•Germany ordered to pay reparations for all damage
•Germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy & eliminate its air force
•Alsace & Lorraine returned to France
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C. The Treaty of Versailles
•Sections of eastern Germany were awarded to a new Polish state
•land along both sides of the Rhine was made a demilitarized zone
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D. A New Map of Europe•Both Germany & Russia lost territory in the east
•The Austrian-Hungarian Empire disappeared
•New nations: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria & Hungary
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D. A New Map of Europe•Romania acquired new lands & Serbia formed the nucleus of a new state called Yugoslavia
•principles of self-determination•ethnic minorities: Germans in Poland, Hungarians, Poles & Germans in Czechoslovakia
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D. A New Map of Europe•The problems of ethnic minorities within nations would lead to later conflicts
•Ottoman Empire broken up•France took control of Lebanon & Syria
•*Britain received Iraq & Palestine
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D. A New Map of Europe•These acquisitions were called *mandates, a nation officially governed by another nation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations but did not own the territory
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E. The War’s Legacy
•Death toll of 10 million•Total war•Freedom of the press & speech were limited
•Strong central government•Opened the door for greater insecurity
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E. The War’s Legacy
•Revolutions broke up old empires, which led to new problems
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on November 11, at 5 A.M., Paris time in Paris
at 11:00 A.M. Paris timeThey rejoiced.
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Chapter Summary