World History

District 11 Essential Questions How did the countries involved view events that sparked the war?  What do primary and secondary sources reveal about the causes of WWI?

How do maps increase understanding of the events of WWI?

What was the impact of technology on the war? What were the major results of the war? How was political power used and lost as a result of WWI? Why did the Russian revolution occur? How did the economic developments of the 1920's impact

world societies? Research - how can one determine the reliability of history

resources, identify points of view or biases? Analysis - what strategies are useful in analyzing

conflicting interpretations of history?

Warm-up: Silent quick write• For the next 5 minutes you must

write about the game on Tuesday.• Questions you might want to answer

– What country were you part of and what did they want?

– Who were your enemies?– Who were your allies?– Was war the final solution to the game?– What factors did your group have to

consider when making decisions?

WWI-Main Ideas Death and DestructionAdvances in weaponry,

from improvements to the machine gun and airplane, to the invention of the tank, led to mass devastation during World War I

Economies respond The war affected many European economies. Desperate for resources, the warring governments converted many industries to munitions factories. They also took greater control of the production of goods.

Power hungry nationsThe quest among European nations for greater power played a role in causing World War I. By the turn of the 20th century, relations among these countries had grown tense.

The Impact Today

World War I led to the disintegration of empires and the creation of new states

Communism became a factor in global conflict as other nations turned to its ideology; some nations still adhere to this ideology (Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam)

The Balkans continue to be an area of political unrest.

MAIN Causes of World War I M=Militarism

A policy of glorifying and relying on military power and of keeping a standing army always prepared for war.

A=Alliances Agreements or promises to defend and help another

country. I= Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other weaker countries politically, economically, and socially.

N=Nationalism The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their

nation—that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire.

Militarism

European countries competed for overseas empires (imperialism)

Nations began building large militaries

By 1914 all but Britain had large standing armies

Each European country stressed the importance of quickly mobilizing if war were to break out (mobilization)

Alliances: Two main alliances divide Europe

The Triple Alliance:

Formed in 1881/2 Germany Austria-Hungary Italy

The Triple Entente:

Formed in 1907 France Great Britain Russia

Imperialism

European powers wanted more resources for their industrial economies

They colonized Africa and Asia looking for these resources

Different European powers wanted more resources and power and threatened to over take other countries colonies

This led to increased tension between European powers

Nationalism

• Many ethnic groups or nationalities were under the rule of other nationalities

• Example: Austria-Hungary was a multinational state that included Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles, Germans being ruled by ethnic Germans/Austrians

• The Balkans:

• Many countries on the Balkan Peninsula had struggled to obtain freedom from the Ottoman Empire (yes their still around)

• Austria-Hungary and Russia want to take over these newly independent areas (imperialism!)

• Creates tension between Austria-Hungary and Russia

• Also creates tension because Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians don’t want to be ruled by Austrians or Russians

Nationalism: The Balkans

Socialism Internal Dissent Among the People Socialist labor movements increased

their power They used strikes (sometimes were

violent) to achieve improvements in the workplace because of bad conditions of Industrial Revolution

Conservative leaders feared that revolutions would break out due to labor strife & class divisions

Europe on Fire: Underlying causes of World War I

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Germany wants more colonies in Africa

Threatens French/British

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Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Underlying Causes of WWI

VS.

Central Powers aka used to beTriple Alliance (at start)

Allies aka Triple Entente

Austria-Hungary

Russia

Ottoman Empire

Germany

France

England

Belgium

Italy

Two sides of War

Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers France Russia Britain Belgium And eventually….

USA Italy

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

Russia mobilizes to protect Serbia

France readies troops to help Russia(ally)

Germany declares war on Russia because Germany allied with A-H

Germany invades Belgium to get to France brings Great Britain into war

Allies and Central powers quickly reach stalemate

US wants to preserve trade so stays neutral Preparedness

movement in US urges American gov’t to prep for war

US Enters war

Alliance Chain Reaction

Main Ideas About The Great War Conscription:

military draft (common in Europe before 1914) Between 1890-1914 European armies doubled in size Leaders created complex military plans & did not want to

alter their plans so there were few choices for leaders (select few become very powerful)

Mobilization: Aggressive preparation for war assembling and moving troops and supplies for war;

considered an act of war to many

Propaganda: biased ideas spread to influence one for or against a

cause Before and during the war Propaganda was used to stir up

national hatreds During the war Propaganda was used to get people to help

defend & almost everyone thought the war would be over in a few weeks because most wars usually ended quickly in Europe

On the same day Russia ordered a mobilization on Austria-Hungary

July 29th the Russia army ordered full mobilization (Germans would see this as an act of war)

Germany told Russia they had 12 hours to halt & when they ignored Germany declared war on Russia Aug. 1

Germans had a plan under General Alfred von Schlieffen

Schlieffen Plan: a plan by Germany to have a two-front war against

France and Russia who formed an alliance in 1894 Small holding action in Russia while most of German

army would invade France & then move through Russia after French defeat

Invaded France on Aug 3rd & demanded that Belgium let German troops through & then Great Britain declared war on Germany Aug 4th

Western Front

Western border between Germany and Belgium/France (pic p. 412)

Germany needed quick victory over France

By September 1914 Germans approach Paris

French and Allies regroup and force Germans to retreat

After this the war settled in to a stalemate because of trench warfare

Trench Warfare

Trench warfare: a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield Muddy Open to mortars Small land gains Rat infested Disease infested Prone to gas attacks [bad because gas is

heavier than air; if you stayed you died, if you got out you got shot

New Weapons of War1. Poison gas: caused blindness,

blisters, and death by choking2. Machine gun: wipe out waves

of attackers3. Tank: armored combat

vehicle, all terrain4. Submarine: primary weapon

against ships using torpedoes (important to Germany)

5. Airplanes: number of planes in combat went from 850 to 10k during WWI

Political Cartoons How to Analyze Political Cartoons: What is a Political Cartoon?

Political cartoons are a type of drawing that is used to present editorial opinions, comment on social change, criticize current events, and point out political situations.

Cartoonists use different techniques: These include: caricature, exaggerating a person’s

distinctive features; size distortion, making specific people or objects larger or smaller; symbols, using people places, or places, or objects to represent abstract ideas; and captions, placing words or sentences under the cartoon.

The Red PerilThis Political Cartoon comments on communism.

Frank and Marie-Therese Wood Print Collections, Alexandria, VA

What does the fire represent? Bolshevism Why do you think the symbol of

fire was chosen? Something that is destructive

and on the move What is the fire endangering? Houses, fields, etc that

represent a peaceful and ordered way of life

What is the message of the cartoon?

People of all countries should be aware that Soviet Communism is a danger to their traditional values

http://www.worldwar1gallery.com/politicalcartoons/

Europe at War

Eastern Front There was lots of

movement on Italy betrays the Triple

Alliance and attacks Austria in May 1915

Bulgaria joined the Triple Alliance in September 1915

The Germans are considered successful in the East and it enables them to be more offensive in the West

Western Front The Schlieffen Plan

called for German army to go through Belgium & into Northern France & sweep around Paris

First Battle of Marne –the French halted Germans by sending fresh troops

They were in a stalemate that last for nearly 4 years

Trenches stretched from the English Channel to the borders of Switzerland

War of Attrition:wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses

Planned Economies: all systems being directed by the government to mobilize for war

At first the United States tried to remain neutral- but then the Germans were using unrestricted submarine warfare which included sinking passenger liners

Lusitania: May 7, 1915-an unarmed British passenger steamship sunk by the Germans, leading the U.S. into the war because over 100 American civilians were killed

US entered the war April 1917 :When the Germans continued to

use unrestricted submarine warfare. When US joins war gives a psychological boost to Euros & new source of money & supplies

Impact of Total War Total War: completely mobilizing resources and people for war

1. Increased Government power Set up price, wage, and rent controls Rationed food supplies & materials Regulated imports & exports Took over transportation systems & industries

2. Manipulation of Public Opinion DORA- Britain used these laws to limit free speech and to

discourage anyone from speaking out against the country or the war

Used Propaganda to motivate3. Total War & Women

Women were asked to take over jobs previously done by men

After war lost jobs or had reduced wages Positive impact on the social & political movement earned

them the right to vote The right for women to vote which was given to women in

Germany, Austria, and United States immediately after the war & most British women gained the right to vote in 1918

Women also gained independence by getting their own apartments, jobs, etc. during the war

End of War

Wilson’s 14 Points:U.S. President Wilson’s plan for a new world order based on democracy an international cooperation

Paris Peace Conference:meetings in Paris to discuss how to come to a settlement about the war– Germany was not invited, Russia was absent, so it was the U.S., Great Britain, and France. The U.S. wanted to prevent future wars and the others wanted to punish Germany

End of War

Reparations: repayments, in this case, Germany was supposed to pay war costs Treaty or Versailles:

-5 treaties with the 5 defeated nations– Germany was especially unhappy with it

-Terms: 1.Germany pays all reparations2.Germany take blame for starting the war3.Germany had to cut its military4.Rhineland demilitarized5.Eastern Europe and Africa borders

redrawn

End of War Mandates: a nation governing another nation,

but did not own its territory (used in the Middle East to govern countries like Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq

Legacy of War: Shattered the liberal , rational society Incredible death tolls Increased power of government, but freedom of press

& speech were limited due to national security Changed societies & creation of new states & new

problems

TRENCH WARFARE

individuals fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire

MORTARS

a muzzle-loading indirect fire weapon that fires shells at low velocities, short ranges and high-arcing ballistic trajectories

MINE SYSTEM IN THE SEAS

inexpensive self-contained explosive device placed underwater for offensive, defensive or psychological use

torpedoes: a self-propelled explosive projectile weapon, launched above or below the water surface, propelled underwater toward a target, and designed to detonate on contact or in proximity to a target

CONVOY SYSTEM

group of vehicles/boats traveling together for mutual support; in WWI, passenger ships traveled with battleships for protection (expensive and inefficient)

OBSERVATION BALLOONS

gas or hot-air balloons used on the Western Front of the war for observing what was going on (a dangerous job) zeppelins: were used by the Germans

as bombers during the WWI, without notable success

POISON GAS

tear gas grenades (first used by the French), then chlorine gas (used by Germans) to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare (led to the invention of the gas mask)

MACHINE GUNS

heavy guns on tripods that could fire 400-600 rounds of small caliber rounds a minute

TANKS

large, armored vehicle with caterpillar tracks that carried personnel and guns; used as a solution to trench warfare (the British were the first to use the tank)

AIRPLANES

canvas and wood biplanes, traveling 100 MPH, used at first for observation, then added machine guns and metal propeller

GRENADES

small hand-held anti-personnel weapon designed to be thrown and then explode after a short time

FLAME-THROWERS

a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of fire

RESULTS

Trench Foot Dysentery Shell Shock (emotional shock) Tremendous Loss of Life

(22 million, ½ were civilians)

Weapons & Tactics of WWI Activity

Students will be assigned to groups of 3 Each group will draw a weapon from the box Each group will be issued 2 colors of clay You will now create your weapon or tactic with

clay After completing your weapon/tactic you may

draw another and create another When everyone is finished we will rate the

weapons on creativity and accuracy Which ever group creates the best-looking

weapon will be awarded 10 extra credit points each

Russian Revolution:the 1917 Revolution in Russia that placed Lenin and the Bolsheviks in power, taking Russia out of the Great War and into their own civil war, which led to communism in Russia

Armistice:an agreement to end the fighting