World History SOL5

The student will demonstrate knowledge of the status and impact of global trade on civilizations of the world

after 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by:5a. Describing the location and development of the

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Ottomans

• Original location of the Ottoman Empire– Asia Minor

Ottomans

• The Osman Turks started on the Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey.

• They started on land granted them by the Seljuk Turks.

• They were a pastoral and peaceful people at the start.

• As the Seljuk Turks began to decline, the Osman began to expand. The Ottoman dynasty began.

Origins of the Ottoman Turk Empire

• YOUTUBE VIDEO

– http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vIDEO'S+oTTOMAN+eMPIRE&view=detail&mid=2E1A934219586423F8DC2E1A934219586423F8DC&first=41&FORM=LKVR12

Question from Video Clip• Questions on Video

– Who was the great leader who unified the Turks Answer: Osman

– What do we call the Ottoman soldiers who fought for God and IslamAnswer: Ghazis

– Who did the Ottomans recruit as soldiers for their elite of slaves soldiers called Janissaries

Answer: Young Christian boys from the areas of Europe they had conquered.

Ottoman

• In the 14th century, the Ottomans moved into the Balkans.

• They took the title of sultan and began to build a strong military by developing the “janissaries.”

• Janissary were an elite military guard recruited from Christians, converted to Islam, and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to the sultan.

The Role of Religion in the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam, and brought the religion with them to Anatolia beginning in the 11th century

• In the Ottoman Empire, Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as second-class citizens.

• Christians and Jews were not considered equals to Muslims: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law.

• The system commonly known as the "blood tax" was adopted: in this system children of the rural Christian populations of the Balkans were conscripted before adolescence and were brought up as Muslims.

Location of Ottoman Turk Homeland

KeyByzantine Empire in Purple

Turk lands are Green Striped

The Turks moved to Asia Minor to escape the invasion of the

Mongols

Significant Conquests and Events during the Early Ottoman Empire

• In 1402 The Mongols under their leader “Timur” invaded the Asia Minor region of Anatolia and defeated the Ottomans– This victory was a moment of CRISIS for the

Ottomans and an internal power struggle broke out– In 1444 a new Ottoman Sultan named Murad

engaged in a battle with the European crusaders and defeated them

• The next Sultan was Mehmed II who conquered the Byzantine Empire and captured Constantinople in 1453

– Constantinople was renamed Istanbul and made the capital city of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmet II

• Nick Named “The Conqueror”• Laid Siege to the City of

Constantinople with 80,000 soldiers

• Renamed the City of Constantinople “Istanbul” and made it the capital of the Ottoman Empire

• His Royal Palace was the called the Topkapi which meant “Iron Gate”

Ottoman

• April 6, 1253, the Ottoman Turks laid siege to the city of Constantinople.

• May 29, 1253, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks and Mehmet II.

• The Turks spent 3 days sacking the city. Many people lost their lives inside the city.

• The city was later renamed Istanbul.

Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque

Significant Conquests and Events during the Early Ottoman Empire

• Suleiman the Magnificent– Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 -1566– Known as the “Lawgiver”– Conquered Hungary in 1526– Nearly captured the city of Vienna in 1528

Suleyman the Magnificent

• Called the Greatest Sultan of the Ottoman Empire

• Expanded the Empire to include present day Romania, Hungary, and parts of Austria

• Under his rule the Turkish Navy controlled the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

• Know as a Patron of the Arts– He built mosques, schools,

bridges, and public baths

Suleyman • Suleyman strengthened his military a great deal from the start of his rule.

– He had hundreds of cannons constructed and expanded his army of janissaries, elite Turkish warriors, by several thousand.

– He also had fleets of warships built that yielded an impressive navy. With this navy, the Turks were able to control the Mediterranean and terrorize passing ships for their spoil.

• During his forty-six year reign, Suleyman :– undertook thirteen military campaigns of conquest. He managed to conquer

large parts of Hungary, Austria, and nearly Rome.

• Through his many conquests, the piracy of his navy, and tribute and gifts from other nations, Suleyman became one of the richest men of all time. – His lifestyle at his palace displays his wealth. – He would never wear the same clothes twice, he ate out of solid gold plates

encrusted with jewels, and his harem consisted of over 300 women.

Suleyman I’s full Title“This says it all”

• His Imperial Majesty The Sultan Süleyman I,

• Sovereign of the Imperial House of Osman,• Sultan of Sultans,• Khan of Khans,• Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe,• Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem,• Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus

and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magris, of Barka, of Kairuan, of Aleppo, of Arabic Iraq and of Ajim, of Basra, of El Hasa, of Dilen, of Raka, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyar-i bekr, of Kurdistan, of Cilicia, of the Vilayets of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, of Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Candia, of the Vilayet of the Morea, of the Marmara Sea, of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and also its coasts, of Anatolia, of Rumelia, Baghdad, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the plain of Kypshak, of the whole country of the Tartars, of Kefa and of all the neighbouring countries, of Bosnia and its dependencies, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the Vilayet (District) of Serbia, with all the castles, forts and cities, of all Albania, of all Iflak and Bogdania, as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many other countries and cities.

Ottoman Turk Expansion

Building Projects Completed by Suleyman

Governing the Ottoman Empire

• The Sultan was the head of the Empire and everyone else was a slave

• The Sultan owned all the land in the Empire

• The Ottoman Sultans created a centralized government which contained a bureaucracy

Sultan Absolute Ruler

The Grand Vizier(advisor)

Given job based on Merit

Provincial GovernorsBays and Military Elites [Janissaries]

Heads of the religious MilletsSuccession was not distinctly laid out

Religion in the Ottoman Empire• The Ottoman Empire was, in principle, tolerant towards

Christians and Jews or "People of the Book", according to the Qur'an)

• The Ottoman Empire was not tolerant towards the polytheists.

• The price for Ottoman tolerance, was the non-Muslims were subject to a non-Muslim tax.

• The Millet System was a system of separate religious communities who were allowed to practice their religions and have some limited self government under their own laws an customs

Definition of Millet • Millet is a term for the confessional communities in the Ottoman

Empire. • It refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law"

under which communities (Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law and Jewish Halakha law abiding) were allowed to rule themselves under their own system.

• After the Ottoman Tanzimat (1839–76) reforms, the term was used for legally protected religious minority groups, similar to the way other countries use the word nation.

• The word Millet comes from the Arabic word millah (ملة) and literally means "nation". The Millet system of Islamic law has been called an early example of pre-modern religious pluralism

The MilletsMuslim

OrthodoxJewish

ArmenianCatholic

Constantinople to Istanbul

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1JPWFxB9ZI&feature=related

Suleiman the Magnificent Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQxmBY--RPs&feature=related

Trade and Economics in the Ottoman Empire

The ottomans controlled the Asian trade routes and the products that came from Asia until the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama opened a new maritime trade route around Africa in 1498

Important Domestic “made in the Ottoman Empire” Products1. Ceramics2. Textiles (Rugs and Tapestries)3. Coffee

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

• After the death od Suleyman the Great– As Europe states such as Spain, France, and Poland

became stronger the ability of the Ottomans to invade an take territory diminished

• In 1571 the Ottoman Navy, long a power part of the Ottoman military machine suffered a defeat at the Battle of Lepanto, near Greece

• In 1683 The Ottoman army was defeated outside of Vienna, Austria by an Army under the command of Polish King John III

Decline of the Ottoman Empire• By the beginning of the 1700’s the Ottoman Empire face real

problem– They had lost control of the spice and silk trade between Europe and

Asia as European explorers had opened new sea trade routes to Asia– The power of the Sultans decreased as the government became corrupt

and faced internal power struggles– In the 1700’s the Ottomans lost control of the Crimean Peninsula and the

Islands of the Black Sea to the Russians– In 1798 the Ottomans lost control of land in the Balkans

• The Ottoman Empire continued to exist until World War I when in 1923 the Nation of Turkey was established and the Ottoman Empire dismantled by the Allied powers; England and France [winners of WWI}

OTTOMAN EMPIRE (5a))

The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople. The Ottomans brought much of the Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.

Original location of the Ottoman Empire

__________________

Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire (see map on next page) Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe, _____________ Peninsula

___________________

Development of the Ottoman Empire

Capital at Constantinople renamed ______________

_________ religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions

Trade in ____________ and ______________

Key Question Review

Mughal Empire

• In the 1300’s Turkish Muslims controlled India– In the 1500’s the power of these

Turks had diminished and Indian warrior princes called Rajput's challenged them for control

• As the powers in India fought one another an outside force, the Mongols , lead by Babur “The Tiger”

– In 1526 the city of Delhi and its surrounding regions fell to Babur becoming the core of the new Mughal Empire

Moguls

• Babur was the founder of the Mogul Empire and united the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India.

• He was a descendant of Timur Lenk, and his mother, from the Mongol conquerors of Genghis Khan.

• He took the Khyber Pass in northwest India and the city of Delhi in North India.

• His armies were usually smaller than his opponents but had weapons, artillery, and used them with great effect.

Mogul

• Akbar the Great was the grandson of Babur’

• He placed most of India under Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation.

• He was best known for his humane character of his rule: he adopted a policy of religious tolerance – even marrying a Hindu princess.

• Zamindars were low ranking officials of Hindu descent who got paid by keeping part of collected taxes. They were part of his toleration of government administration.

What religion did the Mughal spread into

India?Islam

Mogul

• Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658. He ruled using the political system started by earlier Mogul rulers.

• He expanded the boundaries of the Mogul Empire through campaigns through the Deccan Plateau and Samarkand in the Hindu Kush.

• He is best known for the Taj Mahal – a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Mumatz Mahal. This is the finest piece of Mogul architecture. It combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian, and Islamic styles.

• It is located in Agra, India.

Mogul

• Aurangzeb took over from his father, Shah Jahan. He had his brother put to death.

• He was a devout Muslim and a man of high principle.

• He tried to eliminate many of the things he thought were social evils in India: suttee (a Hindu practice of cremating a widow on her husband’s funeral pyre), levying illegal taxes, gambling, and drinking.

• He did not embrace religious tolerance – tried to get Hindu to convert to Islam – and this led to social unrest that made India open to attack from abroad.

Key Mughal Leaders Name Ruled from – to Died notesBabur 1526 – 1530 December 26, 1530 Founder of the Mughal

EmpireAkbar 1556 - 1605 October 27, 1605 Akbar greatly expanded

the Empire and is regarded as the most famous ruler of the Mughal Dynasty.

Shah Jahan 1627 - 1658 1666 Under him, Mughal art and architecture reached their height; constructed the Taj Mahal and Red Fort, Deposed and imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707 March 3, 1707 He reinterpreted Islamic and spent more than 20 years of his life defeating major rebel factions in India; his conquests expanded the empire to its greatest extent

Mogul

• The Mogul Empire spread from the Hindu Kush mountains east to the Bay of Bengal; from modern-day Afghanistan south to near the southern tip of India.

• The Moguls under Babur and Akbar were characterized by religious tolerance, toleration of political administration, and military superiority (use of artillery).

Moguls

• Women in the Mogul Empire had a complex life.

• Women had played a role in Mogul tribal society – warriors and advisors in political matters. They could own land and do business.

• They also had restrictions of Islamic law: isolation of women was practiced in upper class Hindu families.

• A lot of Hindu practices went unchanged by Mogul rule

Moguls

• The Moguls brought together Persian and Indian influences in art and architecture.

• The Taj Mahal is the greatest example of Mogul architecture.

• Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian and Indian motifs.

• The “Akbar style” included humans in action.

• He encouraged his artist to imitate European art forms, including perspective and lifelike portraits.

• He commissioned artist from Persia and Europe to come teach Indian artists.

THE LARGEST ARMY

• The Mughals maintained the largest standing army of that time. Just one estimate: In 1628 there 200,000 salaried cavalrymen, 8000 mansabdars, 7000 ahadis and mounted musketeers were stationed at the imperial capital, besides the armies of the nobles, mansabdars and the princes. In many instances they had the fastest moving army as well. Akbar was able to cover a distance of 500

THE LARGEST ARMY…

• miles (normally it took twenty-one days), in nine days to crush a rebellion (this feat was never repeated).

• Mughal dynamism depended on its military conquest, so much that some historians call it “a war state (J F Richards). Mughal emperors made little apology for attacking the neighbouring rulers and they regarded the

THE PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS

• The division of functions established at the centre was duplicated in the provinces. At each provincial capital a subahdar (governor) responsible directly to the emperor, shared power with a diwan (finance official) reported to the imperial diwan, bakshi (military and intelligence official) reported to the mir-bakshi and a sadr reported to the imperial qazi.

DEFINING MUGHAL CULTURE

• In Indian languages adjectives derived from the word Mughal connote the ultimate in luxury and display, it also came to be associated with grandeur and extravagance on a large scale. Mughals came to be known for their lavish life styles. Few examples: Akbar only drank water from river Ganges and wherever, he went the water was delivered to him fresh.

THE MUGHAL CULTURE…

• The imperial kitchens prepared 1000 dishes a day and the imperial tents could accommodate 1500 people.

• Shahjahan was able to immortalize Mughal grandeur in monumental buildings like the Taj Mahal, new capital city in Delhi, large scale renovations in Agra and Lahore and luxurious court adorned with a peacock throne (made in

THE MUGHAL CULTURE…

• ten million rupees). Shahjahan spent more than 28 million on his buildings. Despite the large investments on war and imperial structures, Shahjahan was able to amass wealth worth ninety one million rupees (half in cash and half in jewels, gold and silver).

What architectural achievement are

the Mughals famous for?

HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI

THE TAJ MAHAL

ANOTHER VIEW OF TAJ

DIWAN-I-KHAS, DELHI

LAL QILA, DELHI

FATEHPUR SIKRI

SHALIMAR BAGH, KASHMIR

MUGHAL PAINTINGS

MUGHAL PAINTINGS

MUGHAL PAINTINGS

MUGHAL ART

MUGHAL JEWELLRY

What were the chief products traded by the

Mughals Empire?

Textilesclothing products

Influence of Indian Cotton and Textiles on England/Britain

• The British East India Company received its charter in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company was founded two years later.

• These agencies bought textiles in India for silver and gold, then exchanged them for spices grown in the Malay Islands, and sold the spices in Europe and Asia.

• Soon Indian textiles were exported directly to Europe, where they became highly fashionable.

– The popularity of Indian textiles is evidenced in the number of words that have made their way into English: calico, pajama, gingham, dungaree, chintz, and khaki.

• India was a primary producer of cotton, which the BEIC later directly imported to England to feed the new weaving machinery developed during the Industrial Revolution.

• Impact on England/Britain– As a result England was able to take control of the textile industry and make huge profits

• Impact on India– As a result of the demand for cotton, Indian landowners put more land under the plow and

increased production

Who was the first European

to sail to India?

Vasco Da Gama Portugal

Da Gama’s route to India

After Da Gama’s trip, which three

European countries set up trading posts in

Mogul India?

Portugal, England, and the Netherlands ()

England

Netherlands

Trading-post empires are those empires in the earlier centuries (13-15th) which traded vast goods and set up trading posts. Trading posts were built by European traders along the coasts of Africa and Asia as a base for trade with the interior. Trading posts (or 'Factories') were islands of European law and sovereignty, but European authority seldom extended very fat beyond the fortified post.

Competing for Trade on the Indian Ocean

• the Mughals faced hostilities from the European trading companies that aimed to monopolies the sea trade.

• the European trading companies used naval military forces and coercion to gain supremacy on the sea trade. – The Mughals were handicapped by their lack of an effective navy.

• The long term objective of the Europeans, regardless of country, was to deny Indian ships access to Southeast Asia, and take over all trade to Southeast Asia for themselves.

• The English and Dutch were granted 21-year permission of monopoly in the “East Indies by the Mughal government which encouraged the establishment of coastal posts for trade.

Which European country was MOST influenced by the Mughal Empire’s textile industry? (they copied it)

England

Moguls

• The British helped the decline of the Mogul Empire in India.

• Sir Robert Clive became the chief representative of the British East India Company.

• He was instrumental in getting the British East India control of Indian trade by taking Bengal. The B.E.I.C. could now tax the lands surrounding the city of Calcutta.

• The Indians practiced guerilla warfare against the British.

• The British moved inland. Trade brought money to the British. The British were in India to stay.

The Decline of the Mughal Empire• The Mughal Emperors lost effective power in favor of the British

in 1764.• In 1804, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II formally accepted

the protection of the British East India Company.– The once glorious and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 by

the British and only the guards of the Red Fort were allowed to remain and serve the Mughal leader, who was now called the King Of Delhi. The British used the East India Company as a cover to pretend they served the Mughal for a few decades

– In 1857, even these courtesies were disposed. A rebellion by Indian soldiers in the British Army, who declared their allegiance to the Mughal, lead to the disestablishment of the Mughal Empire and British direct rule of India as a colony

Great Britain

British Empire in India and the world

INDIA (5b)

Mughal Empire:

Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers established an empire in northern India. The Mughal Empire traded with European nations. The Mughal Empire was located in North India.

Contributions of Mughal rulers

Spread of __________ into India

Art and architecture—_________________ Arrival of European trading ______________ Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

Trade with European nations

Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing Coastal ports on the Indian subcontinent.

Southern India Much of southern India remained independent and continued international trade

Southern India traded ______, ________ and ______

Key Question Review

The Taj Mahal was a white marble tomb built in 1630-53 in Agra (which was the seat of the Mughal Empire) by Shah Jehan for his wife. It is considered to be among the great buildings of the world.

Safavid

• The Safavid Dynasty started with Shah Ismail.

• He was a descendant of Safi al-Din who had been the leader of a Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea.

• Under Ismail, the Safavid took control of much of Iran and Iraq

Safavid

• Shah Abbas, who ruled from 1588 to 1629, brought the Safavids to their highest point of glory.

• He usurped the throne from his father and imprisoned him. He later killed the man who helped him get the throne.

• He attacked the Ottoman Turks, with European help – they saw the Safavids as allies – to regain lost lands from the Ottomans.

• The Safavids could not keep territorial gains, but a treaty was signed in 1612 returning Azerbaijan to the Safavids.

Safavid

• The Safavid Empire went from Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea east to India; along the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the southern border of Russia.

• When Shah Abbas died, religious orthodoxy, a pressure to conform to traditional religious beliefs, increased. Women were to give up freedom for a life of seclusion and the wearing of the veil.

Safavid

• Isfahan was the Safavid capital.• While under Shah Hussein, it was

taken by Afghan peoples.• Persia sank into a period of anarchy –

lawlessness and disorder.• The role of the shah was that of a

king.• The social structure was Shah,

bureaucracy and landed classes, then the common people.

• The official religion was Shia Islam because the Shiites supported the shahs at first.

Safavid

• Isfahan was the jewel of the Safavid Empire, and it is still that for modern-day Iran.

• Silk weaving flourished, but carpet weaving flourished more – Persian rugs are still prized today.

• Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous artist of this time. He made beautiful works about simple subjects such as oxen plowing, hunters, and lovers. They used soft colors and flowing movement in painting.