world history unit9 french revolution
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It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities
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The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI
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Marie Marie AntoineAntoine
tte tte and the and the Royal Royal
ChildrenChildren
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Queen Marie Queen Marie Antionette Antionette
Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”
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Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789Map, 1789
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Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates
1
1
1
Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.
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Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
Number of RepresentativesNumber of Representativesin the Estates Generalin the Estates General
300
300
648
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Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789
Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!
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““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their
credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”
Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.
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““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”
by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789June 20, 1789
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Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
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Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789
Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.18 died.
Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.
Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.
Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].
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National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791
August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789
(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)
Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!
Fraternité!Fraternité!
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The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)
The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED
& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.
Citizen!Citizen!
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Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols
CockadeCockade
Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock
La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté
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The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of
the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,
17891789
V Liberty!Liberty!
V Property!Property!
V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!
V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.
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The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of
the Citizen the Citizen 1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with
men?men?
2.2. What about free blacks in the colonies?What about free blacks in the colonies?
3.3. How could slavery be justified if all men How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?were born free?
4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?and Jews include equal political rights?
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March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.
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How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?
1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.
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2.2. Print Print MoneyMoney
2.2. Print Print MoneyMoney
V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands
as security.as security.
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New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &
StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.
V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district
assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the
department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO
voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.
V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!
Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]
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Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
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Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution
& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791
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The French Constitution of The French Constitution of 1791:1791:
A Bourgeois Government A Bourgeois Government (similar to the one found in (similar to the one found in
Britain)Britain)V The king got the The king got the vetoveto [which prevented [which prevented
the passage of laws for 4 years].the passage of laws for 4 years]. He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their
own actions.own actions.
V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.
Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.
V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.
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The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:
A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment
V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..
1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.
Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..
GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!
GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!
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The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts
to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791
Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].lover].
Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.
Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border
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French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:
ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!V The French armies The French armies were ill-prepared for were ill-prepared for the conflict w/Austria.the conflict w/Austria.
V ½ of the officer corps ½ of the officer corps had emigrated (they had emigrated (they were nobles).were nobles).
V Many men disserted.Many men disserted.
V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.
V French troops often French troops often broke ranks and fled broke ranks and fled in disorder.in disorder.
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The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution
The National Convention:The National Convention:
Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793
Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]
The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799
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The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House
They held their meetings in They held their meetings in the library of a former the library of a former
Jacobin monastery in Paris.Jacobin monastery in Paris.
Started as a debating Started as a debating society.society.
Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.
Created a vast network of Created a vast network of clubs.clubs.
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The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working
ClassClass Small Small
shopkeepers.shopkeepers.
Tradesmen.Tradesmen.
Artisans.Artisans.
They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their
middle class middle class representatives in representatives in
government!government!
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The National The National ConventionConvention
(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on
September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.
The The Year IYear I of the French of the French Republic.Republic.
The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity
it offered French assistance to it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who any subject peoples who
wished to overthrow their wished to overthrow their governments.governments.When France sneezes, When France sneezes,
all of Europe catches all of Europe catches cold!cold!
When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches
cold!cold!
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Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig
♦ For the radicals, the king was a For the radicals, the king was a traitor.traitor.
♦ The moderates felt that the The moderates felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and Revolution had gone far enough and
didn’t want to execute the king didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].[maybe exile him].
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Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)
The trial of the The trial of the king was hastened king was hastened by the discovery in by the discovery in a secret cupboard a secret cupboard
in the Tuilieres of a in the Tuilieres of a cache of cache of
documents.documents.
They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’
knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of
foreign foreign intervention.intervention.
The National The National Convention votedConvention voted
387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.
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Marie Antoinette Died in Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793October, 1793
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Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety
RevolutionaRevolutionary ry
Tribunals.Tribunals. 300,000 300,000
arrested.arrested. 16,000 – 16,000 –
50,000 50,000 executed.executed.
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Maximillian RobespierreMaximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)
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The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers
An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!
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Legislation Passed by Legislation Passed by the the
National ConventionNational Convention1.1. Law of General MaximumLaw of General Maximum September 5, 1793.September 5, 1793.
Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790
figures.figures. Prices would be strictly enforced.Prices would be strictly enforced.
Hoarders rooted out and punished.Hoarders rooted out and punished. Food supplies would be secured by the army!Food supplies would be secured by the army!
2.2. Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects September 17, 1793.September 17, 1793.
This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyonenot expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the
republic could be placed under arrest!republic could be placed under arrest!
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The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror
Terror is nothing Terror is nothing other than justice, other than justice,
prompt, severe, prompt, severe, inflexible.inflexible. -- Robespierre-- RobespierreLet terror be Let terror be
the order of the order of the day!the day! The Revolutionary The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris Tribunal of Paris alone executed alone executed
2,639 victims in 15 2,639 victims in 15 months.months.
The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 100,000!was over 100,000!
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The Guillotine:The Guillotine:An “Enlightenment An “Enlightenment
Tool”?Tool”?Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;
By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have re-conquered our rights.We have re-conquered our rights.
Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the CountryAnd let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrument
Become forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.
Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentsagents
Fill your divine sack with heads ofFill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. tyrants.
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Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed
28%
31%
25%
8%
7%
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Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization
(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwith
real or potential counter-real or potential counter-revolution.revolution.
Religion was associated with Religion was associated with thethe
Ancien RégimeAncien Régime and and superstitioussuperstitious
practices.practices.
Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..
Therefore, religion had no Therefore, religion had no place in aplace in a
rational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!
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The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram
1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::
abolished Sundays & religious abolished Sundays & religious holidays.holidays.
months named after seasonal months named after seasonal features.features.
7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.decades.
the yearly calendar was dated the yearly calendar was dated fromfrom
the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]
The Convention symbolically The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the divorced the state from the
Church!!Church!!
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The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period
Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21
Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20
Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20
Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19
Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18
Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20
Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19
Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19
Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18
Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18
Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17
Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21
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A New Republican Calendar A New Republican Calendar YearYearI 1792 – 1793
II 1793 – 1794
III 1794 – 1795
IV 1795 – 1796
V 1796 – 1797
VI 1797 – 1798
VII 1798 – 1799
VIII 1799 – 1800
IX 1800 – 1801
X 1801 – 1802
XI 1802 – 1803
XII 1803 – 1804
XIII 1804 – 1805
XIV 1805
The Gregorian System returned in 1806.
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The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram2.2. The public exercise of religion The public exercise of religion
waswasbanned.banned.
3.3. The Paris Commune supported The Paris Commune supported the:the:
e destruction of religious & royal destruction of religious & royal statues.statues.
e ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress.e encouragement of the clergy to encouragement of the clergy to
give up their vocations.give up their vocations.
4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of “Temple of
Reason.”Reason.”
5.5. The deportation of priests denounced The deportation of priests denounced byby
six citizens.six citizens.
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The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,
Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.
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Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization
ProgramProgram
It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).
Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention tohe persuaded the Convention toreaffirm the principle of religiousreaffirm the principle of religious
toleration.toleration.
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The The Radical’s Radical’s
Arms:Arms:
No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!
No King!No King!No No
Constitution!Constitution!
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The “The “Thermidorean Thermidorean ReactionReaction,” 1794,” 1794
July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a
speech illustrating new speech illustrating new
plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.he alienated members of the CPS & he alienated members of the CPS &
CGS. CGS. many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his
implications.implications. July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests
Robespierre.Robespierre.
July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!
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The Arrest of Robespierre
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The Revolution The Revolution ConsumedConsumed
Its Own LeadersIts Own Leaders
Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, Execution,
17931793
Robespierre Lies Robespierre Lies WoundedWoundedBefore the Before the
Revolutionary Tribunal Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.be guillotined, 1794.
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The “Cultural The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by Revolution”Brought About by
the Conventionthe Convention It was premised upon Enlightenment It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.principles of rationality.
The metric system of weights and The metric system of weights and measuresmeasures
Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.
It replaced weights and measures that It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.had their origins in the Middle Ages.
The abolition of slavery within France The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French in 1791 and throughout the French
colonies in 1794.colonies in 1794. The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and
enacted shared inheritance laws [even enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an for illegitimate offspring] in an
attempt to eradicate inequalities.attempt to eradicate inequalities.
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Napoleon as “First Consul”
Napoleon as “First Consul”
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Napoleon’s Major Reforms
• Establishment of a national bank and central monetary system
• Nationalized the Educational System
• Napoleonic Code
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Napoleon Established the
Banque de France, 1800
Napoleon Established the
Banque de France, 1800
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Concordat of 1801Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic
Church that had developed after the
confiscation of Church property and the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy.
But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his
regime.
Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic
Church that had developed after the
confiscation of Church property and the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy.
But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his
regime.
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Code Napoleon, 1804Code Napoleon, 1804
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The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
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Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
$15,000,000$15,000,000
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Napoleonic EuropeNapoleonic Europe
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“Napoleon on His Imperial
Throne”
1806
By Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
“Napoleon on His Imperial
Throne”
1806
By Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
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Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
Napoleon’s Empire in 1810
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RussiaRussia
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Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!
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Napoleon Abdicates!Napoleon Abdicates!
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Napoleon in Exile on Elba
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
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Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
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Napoleon’s 100 DaysNapoleon’s 100 Days
1815: Napoleon’s“100 Days”Napoleon’s“100 Days”
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Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo
(June 18, 1815)
Dukeof
Wellington
Dukeof
Wellington
Prussian General Blücher
Prussian General Blücher
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Napoleon on His Way to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
Napoleon on His Way to His
Final Exile on
St. Helena
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Europe in 1812Europe in 1812
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The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9,
1815)
The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9,
1815)
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Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna
Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna
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Main ObjectivesMain Objectives
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Key Players at Vienna
Key Players at Vienna
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Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Europe After the Congress of Vienna