Chapter 10 Section 3 Nationalism, Unification, and Reform: Italy, Germany, France, Austria, Russia

The Breakdown of the Conservative Concert of Europe: The Crimean War Five Great Powers of Europe? Sparked by Russian interest in weak Ottoman Empire

Ottomans were the “Old, Sick man of Europe” Russian invades Balkans France and Great Britain declare war on Russia Russia’s ally Austria abandons Russia Russia is crushed and This marks the end of European Cooperation

Creates a Major Opportunity for Change

Change 1: Italian Unification: Risorgimento “Rising Again” Italian Unification

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1. ____________________ (Thought)a. Early Italian Nationalistb. “Young Italy” Organization

i. Young Italian Nationalists (Under 40)ii. DREAM: United Republic with Universal Male Suffrage

iii. TOO radical for Middle Classiv. FAIL

2. Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmonta. Liberal King _________________ (Face)

b. Prime Minister _______________ (Mind)i. DRIVE AUSTRIA OUT OF N. ITALY

1. Allied with Napoleon III2. Napoleon Bails, Italy gets little to nothing3. War inspired revolts, and territories joining Italy

c. __________________ (Body)

i. Superpatriot1. Wants to invade France2. Cavour Sends Him to Liberate S. Italy on a “Suicide Mission”

ii. Leader of ________________________1. Volunteer Nationalist Army2. Liberated Southern Italy, which voted to join Sardinia

a. Garibaldi and King Emmanuel Rode Together at Naples1. Symbolized the unifying of North and South2. Unification of Nationalist and Monarch

Change 2: German Unification1. Napoleonic Wars Encourage Unification

i. Occupation by Napoleon was detested and inspired nationalism in German people

2. German Dualism or is it “Duel” ism i. Increase in rivalry between _______________ and __________________________

ii. Zollverin: Economic trade union in German Confederation

a. Industrial Prussia benefited tremendouslyi. Encouraged Unification Under Prussia Leadership

b. Agrarian Austria was excluded

3. Monarch’s Rivalry with Reichstag (German Parliament) i. Conservative King William I (Hohenzollern family)

1. Revamp and Strengthen Military2. Proposed military budget was rejected by parliament

ii. Liberal Middle Class Reichstag (Parliament)

1. Commercial Society over Military Society2. More Rights and Supremacy over King3. Less Spending on Military

4. King William I Hires Otto Von Bismarck as Prime Minister Engineer Behind German Unification ____________________: Bismarck’s Political Philosophy

o Real and Practical Politicso Blatantly Ignored Reichstago What Budget? What Consent?o Collected Taxes and Increased Spending on Military Advancements

BISMARCK’S PATH TO UNIFICATION: BLOOD AND IRON

i. Uses War to Unify Germany

ii. 1864: ____________ Wars a. Allied with Austria against Denmarkb. Over Territories of Schleswig and Holsteinc. VICTORY: Prussia gets Schleswig, Austria gets Holsteind. USED TO PROVOKE AUSTRIA

iii. 1866: 7 Weeks War| _______________ War a. Manufactured dispute over Holstein

i. Causes Austria to declare warii. Sign Non-Aggression Pact with France

b. Modernized and Industrialized Prussia quickly and easily defeats Austriac. Leads to Formation of North German Confederationd. Lenient and Forgiving Peace Terms For Austria

***PARLIAMENT/MIDDLE CLASS shift focus away from Liberalism to support Conservative Monarchy in pursuing NATIONALISM***

iv. 1870 _________________ War 1. Bismarck picks fight with France

i. Alters EMS telegram to insult French2. France declares war3. Prussia crushes, captures Napoleon III, lay siege to Paris

v. German Confederation is Formed 1. Southern German States join German Confederation2. William I is proclaimed ________________3. French and German Relations are Strained for 75+ Years

France’s 2 nd Republic turns into Empire under Napoleon III

1. Explain why Louis Napoleon was overwhelmingly chosen to become president and later Emperor Napoleon III by describing impact of the following:

Name Recognition?

Protected and Promoted Middle Class Values and Interests such as?

2. In what ways was Napoleon III’s empire similar to his grandfather’s (Napoleon) and in what ways was it different?

Austria becomes Austria-Hungary

1. In comparison to the other major European powers, what makes the Austrian Empire so unique?

2. What significant change to the Austrian Empire occurred as a result of defeat against the Prussians and growing Nationalism among the Hungarian Magyars?

3. What forces kept these two states unified together?

Russia is well Russia

1. Imagine and describe the impact of the defeat in the Crimean War to Russia and its people.

2. Once again Russia was lagging behind Europe, therefore what policies did Alexander II enact to try and modernize Russia?

3. Assess who is to blame for the failed policies of Alexander II?