1. Insight ReportThe Human Capital ReportPrepared in collaboration with Mercer

2. ContentsPreface vby Klaus Schwab World Economic ForumPART 1: MEASURING HUMAN CAPITAL 1The Human Capital Index3Appendix: Regional and income group classifications32PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES 35 Users Guide: How Country Profiles Work37List of Countries49Country Profiles50Acknowledgements539Contributors Bios540The The Human Capital Report | iii 3. World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org 2013 World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. ISBN 92-95044-52-5 ISBN 978-92-95044-52-4 4. Preface KLAUS SCHWABExecutive Chairman, World Economic ForumThe key for the future of any country and any institution lies in the talent, skills and capabilities of its people. With talent shortages projected to become more severe in much of the developed and developing world, it will be imperative to turn our attention to how these shortages can be met in the short term and prevented in the long term. For the individual, as well as for societies and economies as a whole, investing in human capital is critical; even more so in the context of shifting population dynamics and limited resources. Through the Human Capital Report, the World Economic Forum seeks to provide a holistic, long term overview on how well countries are leveraging their human capital and establishing workforces that are prepared for the demands of competitive economies. By providing a comprehensive framework for benchmarking human capital, the Report highlights countries that are role models in investing in the health, education and talent of their people and providing an environment where these investments translate into productivity for the economy. In addition, through extensive additional information on the 122 countries covered, the Report seeks to provide a fuller picture of the context within which human capital is operating in any particular country. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Patricia A. Milligan, President, North America Region and Richard A. Guzzo,Partner andCo-Leader, Workforce Sciences Institute at Mercer, as well as David E. Bloom, Clarence James Gamble Professor of Economics and Demography, Harvard School of Public Health for their invaluable contributions to this Report. We would also like to thank Saadia Zahidi, Senior Director and Charlotte Harding, Project Manager for leading this project at the World Economic Forum. We are also grateful for the support of Amey Soo at the World Economic Forum and Linda Chen and Alison Riggieri at Mercer. Finally, we are thankful to the many business leaders, faculty, international organization experts and government leaders who have provided input on this project since its inception, particularly through workshops held at our Annual Meeting in Davos and summits in China and India. Using the Report as a basis, we aim to provide a platform for a much-needed dialogue across multiple sectors and stakeholder groups on how best to invest in human capitalboth in the short and long term. Over the coming year, this discourse will take place through regional summits, industry dialogues, Global AgendaCouncils and the activities of other World Economic Forum communities. In particular, we hope to mobilize key constituents from governments and the business sector to address human capital gaps through publicprivate collaboration. It is also our hope that this first edition of the Human Capital Report will inspire further research, policy changes and new projects by business, governments, civil society and universities and serve as a call to action to transform the pace of change on an issue that is fundamental to the growth and stability of the global economy and society.The The Human Capital Report | v 5. Part 1 Measuring Human Capital 6. The Human Capital IndexINTRODUCTION A nations human capital endowmentthe skills and capacities that reside in people and that are put to productive usecan be a more important determinant of its long term economic success than virtually any other resource. This resource must be invested in and leveraged efficiently in order for it to generate returns, for the individuals involved as well as an economy as a whole.Additionally, despite high unemployment in many countries, the global economy is entering an era of talent scarcity that, if left unaddressed, will hinder economic growth worldwide. Understanding and addressing challenges related to human capital is thus fundamental to short term stability as well as the long term growth, prosperity and competitiveness of nations. The Human Capital Index explores the contributors and inhibitors to the development and deployment of a healthy, educated and productive labour force, and has generated the information contained in this Report.The Index provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups. The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for workforce planning. While the rankings are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience, the Index also seeks to serve as a basis for dialogue and action by leaders at the World Economic Forum to increase publicprivate collaboration on developing human capital. The first part of Part 1 reviews the underlying concepts employed in creating the Human Capital Index and outlines the methods used to calculate it. The second part presents the 2013 rankings and regional performance, and calls attention to notable country cases. The third part of Part 1 provides an overview of the links between human capital and the economic performance of countries and points to further areas of work. The Country Profiles contained in Part 2 of this Report give a more detailed picture of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each countrys performance compared with that of other nations. The first page of each profile contains an overview of each countrys performance in 2013 as well as a visual representation of the countries demographic and labour force structure. The second page shows information on occupation types and comparisons withthe trends in similar regional and income groups. The third and fourth pages show detailed information on variables contained in the Index as well as over 60 contextual variables on demographics, education, health, society and the workforce. MEASURING HUMAN CAPITAL The Human Capital Index is a new measure for capturing and tracking the state of human capital development around the world. It has three key features. First, the Index measures a broader set of indicators than the traditional definitions of human capital. Human capital is not a onedimensional concept, but means different things to different stakeholders. In the business world, human capital is the economic value of an employees set of skills. To the policy maker, human capital is the capacity of the population to drive economic growth. Traditionally, human capital has been viewed as a function of education and experience, the latter reflecting both training and learning by doing. But in recent years, health (including physical capacities, cognitive function and mental health) has come to be seen as a fundamental component of human capital. Additionally, the value of human capital is critically determined by the physical, social and economic context of a society, because that context determines how particular attributes a person possesses may be rewarded. The Index is thus based on four pillars: three core determinants of human capital (education, health and employment) plus those factors that allow these three core determinants to translate into greater returns. Second, the Index takes a longterm approach to human capital. In addition to providing a snapshot of the state of a countrys human capital today through measures that reflect the results of a countrys past practices, it includes indicators resulting from practices and policy decisions impacting the children of today and which will shape the future workforce. Longterm thinking around human capital often does not fit political cycles or business investment horizons; but lack of such long term planning can perpetuate continued wasted potential in a countrys population and losses for a nations growth and productivity. The Index seeks to develop a stronger consciousness around the need for such planning. Third, the Index aims to take into account the individual life course. For example, the WHO states thatThe Human Capital Report | 3 7. Part 1: Measuring Human Capitalearly childhood is the most important phase for overall development throughout the lifespan, elaborating that many challenges faced by adults, such as mental health issues, obesity, heart disease, criminality, and poor literacy 1 and numeracy, can be traced back to early childhood. The Index thus includes measures indicating quality of early childhood. Furthermore, the Index captures the extent to which investments made in earlier years in health and education are being realised in the working age population through lifelong learning and training. Finally, at the other end of the continuum, the Index takes into account the health and productivity of the older population. As a vital support to the Index, the Country Profiles included in this Report contain a wide variety of contextual factors. In particular, the Profiles call attention to population dynamics, such as youth bulges, ageing populations and shrinking workforces, which, in the context of limited resources, point to critical areas for urgent and longer term investments. THE FOUR PILLARS The four pillars of the Index are: The Education pillar contains indicators relating to quantitative and qualitative aspects of education across primary, secondary and tertiary levels and contains information on both the present workforce as well as the future workforce. The Health and Wellness pillar contains indicators relating to a populations physical and mental well being, from childhood to adulthood. The Workforce and Employment pillar is designed to quantify the experience, talent, knowledge and training in a countrys workingage population. The Enabling Environment pillar captures the legal framework, infrastructure and other factors that enable returns on human capital. The Index contains 51 indicators in total, spread across the four pillars, with 12 indicators in the Education pillar, 14 in the Health and Wellness pillar, 16 in the Workforce and Employment pillar and nine in the Enabling Environment pillar. The values for each of the indicators come from publicly available data produced by international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). In addition to hard data, the Index uses qualitative survey data from the World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey and Gallups wellness perception survey data. A full overview of the Index indicators and sources is included in Table1 and detailed descriptions are included in the section on How to Read the Country Profiles.4 | The Human Capital ReportEducation The Education pillar captures several dimensions of educationaccess to education and quality of education, impacting the future labour force, and the educational attainment of those already in the labour force. Access to education Access to education for todays children and youththe future workforceis captured using net adjusted enrolment rates for primary and net enrolment rates for secondary school, as well as through gross tertiary enrolment ratios and a measure of the education gender gap. The net enrolment rate captures all children who are enrolling at the right age for that school level. Social, in addition to economic, marginalization still denies education to many. The Education subindex from the World Economic Forums Global Gender Gap Report, which measures the gap between females and males access to the three selected stages of education, is included in this pillar as an indicator of educational inclusion. Quality of education Although access measures show exposure to learning, they do not capture the quality of these learning environments. A third of the Education pillar thus comprises qualitative indicators, such as the quality of primary education, quality of maths and science instruction, the quality of management schools, the level of access to the Internet in schools and the quality of the education system overall for meeting the needs of a competitive economy. Educational attainment Included in this subpillar are three measures of educational attainment to capture the percentage of the population (aged 25 and over) who have achieved at least primary, lower secondary or tertiary education. Health and Wellness The Health and Wellness pillar captures how various socio cultural, geographical, environmental and physiological health factors impact human capital development. Based on a lifecourse approach, it includes early development indicators, that are predictive of the health of the future workforce, and communicable and noncommunicable disease indicators that impact the productivity and capacity of the current labour force. Survival A fundamental determinant of human capital is the survival of its population. In the crudest terms, longer lives equal more productive years per capita, but are also a strong indicator of the overall health and living conditions of a population. This subpillar includes a simple measure of average life expectancy across the population, infant mortality and the health parity subindex from the World Economic Forums Global Gender Gap Index. 8. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalHealth The state of physical health of the population is captured in the Health subpillar, focusing on both children and adults. The first few years of infancy are critical for a child; nutritional deficiencies and disease at this age may impede the childs physical and cognitive development so that he or she is unable to reach his or her productive potential in adulthood. Early development indicators of longterm cognitive and physical impairment include an average of stunting (refers to low heightforage, when a child is short for his/her age but not necessarily thin; a result of chronic malnutrition) and wasting (refers to low weightforheight where a child is thin for his/her height but not necessarily short; a result of acute malnutrition) in children under five. The Health subpillar also seeks to capture the years spent in poor health in the adult, working age population by measuring the difference between this life expectancy and the number of years that a person can expect to live in full health without disease and/or injury.2 Non communicable diseases (NCDs) kill more than 36 million people each year, a quarter of whom die before the age of 60.3 We capture these losses through a measure of the proportion of the population under 60, (i.e. the population that is normally considered of economically active age), that dies prematurely from NCDs. In addition, NCDs as well as communicable diseases have adverse effects throughout the life course. The Health subpillar includes five measures of NCDs, and their impact on business. These comprise: heart diseases, cancer, mental illness, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease. This group of five NCD indicators, which measure the seriousness of their impact on business, together contribute a single weight to the Average business impact of noncommunicable diseases composite indicator. In addition, the following three communicable diseases: HIV, tuberculosis and malaria combined, carry a further single weight for the Average business impact of communicable diseases indicator. In 2008, there were more than 1.4 billion adults in the world overweight, and more than half a billion globally obese (having a body mass index of equal to or greater than 30). More of the worlds population is killed through being overweight than underweight today.4 Obesity causes lost productivity and is a substantial burden on the health resources of a nation. We thus include a measure of BMI for the adult population. Wellbeing The WHO estimates that the impact of mental health illnesses costs developed countries between three and four percent of GNP annually.5 Depression is ranked as the leading cause of disability worldwide.6 While many cases go unreported due to lack of access to care or stigma, this subpillar comprises two perceptionbased indicators reporting experiences of depression and stress. This means that the data is not reflective of those whohave received a medical diagnosis for stress or depression, but is a measure from a sample population who have experienced what they understand to be feelings of stress or depression. Services This subpillar includes three additional indicators that provide a broad view of the quality of healthcare and access to healthcare services. The qualitative measures of quality and access to healthcare were chosen because they are more closely related to individual health than are measures of expenditures on healthcare infrastructure. The final indicator in the subpillar measures the use of improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation facilities, which can reduce illnesses leading to loss of productivity and absenteeism.7 Workforce and Employment There are no standard, internationally comparable datasets that directly measure skills, talent and experience despite agreement among governments, academia and business leaders that these should be measured. Therefore, the Index relies on a number of proxy variables to seek to provide an aggregate measure for quantitative and qualitative aspects of the labour force. The Workforce and Employment pillar combines labour force participation rates to measure how many in a country are gaining experience in the workforce with indicators of the level or quality of experience gained. Participation This subpillar measures how many people are able to participate actively in the workforce as well as how successfully particular sectors of the population are able to contribute (women, youth and those aged over 65). In addition to labour force participation rates for those aged 1564, this subpillar includes a measure of the gender gap in economic participationwhether an economy is leveraging both halves of its human capital pool or not impacts the aggregate accumulation of experience. We have also included an indicator representing labour force participation of the over 65s. From a human capital stock perspective, a low labour force participation rate for the silver workforce is treated as undesirable but is particularly negative for those countries with long, healthy life expectancies that face ageing populations and shrinking workforces. Further information on statutory retirement ages is included in each countrys profile. Unemployment rates for both the youth and adult population are included. These indicators capture a subset of those in the economy who are in the labour force and are actively looking for and are available for work, and exclude those who are outside of the labour force, i.e. are not working nor looking for work. We include both adult and youth unemployment because of its greater multiplier effects in the future. With youth unemployment worseningThe Human Capital Report | 5 9. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 1: Structure of the Human Capital Index PILLAR 1: EDUCATION SubpillarIndicatorSourceAccessPrimary enrolment rate (%)UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, provided database extraction 22 August 2013, latest available data 20032012Secondary enrolment rate (%)UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, provided database extraction 22 August 2013, latest available data 20032012Tertiary enrolment ratio (%)UNESCO, Institute for Statistics, provided database extraction 22 August 2013, latest available data 20032012Education gender gapWorld Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2012Internet access in schoolsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Quality of the education systemWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Quality of primary schoolsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Quality of math and science educationWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Quality of management schoolsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Primary education attainmentUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Statistics online database,(% population age 25+)2011 or latest year availableSecondary education attainmentUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Statistics online database,(% population age 25+)2011 or latest year availableTertiary education attainmentUNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Statistics online database,(% population age 25+)2011 or latest year availableSubpillarIndicatorSourceSurvivalInfant mortality (per 1,000 live births)World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World HealthQualityAttainmentPILLAR 2: HEALTH AND WELLNESSStatistics, Mortality and Burden of Disease, Child mortality, 2011 Life expectancyWorld Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Mortality and Burden of Disease, Child mortality, 2011Survival gender gap HealthWorld Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2012Stunting and wasting (% in children under 5)World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Nutrition, Child malnutrition, latest available data 20032011Unhealthy life years (% of life expectancy)Healthy adjusted life expectancy, World Health Organisation data, 2007, taken from the Global Gender Gap Report 2012; life expectancy, as aboveDeaths under 60 from noncommunicableWorld Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World Healthdiseases (% of all NCD deaths)Statistics, Noncommunicable diseases, 2008Obesity (% of adults with BMI 30)World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Adult risk factors, 2008Business impact of noncommunicable diseases Business impact of communicable diseasesServicesWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Stress (% of respondents)Gallup, Worldview database, latest available data 20092013Depression (% of respondents)WellbeingWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Gallup, Worldview database, latest available data 20062011Water, sanitation and hygieneWorld Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory, World Health Statistics, Environmental Health, latest available data 20052011Healthcare quality Healthcare accessibility6 | The Human Capital ReportWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014 World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014(contd.) 10. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 1: Structure of the Human Capital Index (contd.) PILLAR 3: WORKFORCE AND EMPLOYMENT SubpillarIndicatorSourceParticipationLabour force participation rate, age 1564 (%)ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, (KILM), 2010Labour force participation rate, age 65+ (%)ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, (KILM), 2010Economic participation gender gapWorld Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2012Unemployment rate (%)ILO, ILOstat, latest available data 20032010Youth unemployment rate (%)ILO, Laborstat, latest available data 20032010Country capacity to attract talentWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Country capacity to retain talentWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Ease of finding skilled employeesWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Pay related to productivityWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Capacity for innovationWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Index of Economic ComplexityHausmann, R., Hidalgo, C., et al. The Atlas of Economic Complexity.TalentCambridge: Puritan Press, 2011 Firm level technology absorptionWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Scientific and technical journal articles (per 1,000 people)World Bank, World Development Indicators online database, 2009 and United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, 2009Median age of the working populationUnited Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects DEMOBASE 2010TrainingStaff trainingWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Training servicesWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014SubpillarIndicatorSourceInfrastructureMobile users (per 100 people)World Bank, World Development Indicators online database, 2011Internet users (per 100 people)World Bank, World Development Indicators online database, 2011Quality of domestic transportWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014State of cluster developmentWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Business and university R&D collaborationWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Doing Business IndexWorld Bank and International Finance Corporation, 2012Social safety net protectionWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Intellectual property protection and property rightsWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014Social mobilityWorld Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 20132014PILLAR 4: ENABLING ENVIRONMENTCollaborationLegal frameworkSocial mobilityThe Human Capital Report | 7 11. Part 1: Measuring Human Capitalglobally and with young people more than three times more likely to be unemployed than adults, the ILO warns of a scarred generation and that youth unemployment and underemployment impose heavy social and economic costs, resulting in the loss of opportunities for economic growth [...] and unutilized investment in education and training.8 Talent This subpillar contains several concepts to capture a broad, aggregate measure of talent. First, it contains a highlevel measure of the average level of experience in an economy in the form of the median age of the working age population (1564). Second, it integrates business leaders assessment of their countries ability to attract and retain talent, of their companies ability to find skilled employees and of the existence of meritbased rewards for employees. Third, it assesses whether the talent available in a country leads to economic results in the form of production, learning within firms, innovation and knowledge generation, captured through the Index of Economic Complexitycountries that make sophisticated products must possess the skills and expertise to do sotwo survey variables on firm level technology absorption and capacity for innovation, and the prevalence of scientific and technical journal articles. Training Two quantitative indicators serve as a proxy for continued training and learning. The extent of staff training indicator measures the extent to which companies invest in training and employee development and the training services indicator measures the extent to which highquality specialized training services are available. Enabling Environment The indicators included in this pillar capture whether human capital is deployed effectively or whether barriers in the environment are preventing the effective use of human capital, thereby negating the investments made in human capital development. Infrastructure This subpillar looks at three basic aspects of physical and communication infrastructure as facilitators of human capital. Physical transport, which facilitates access to workplaces and is critical to connecting industry and communities together, is measured through a survey indicator on the quality of domestic transport. The use of ICT, such as mobile phones and the Internet, can also accelerate communication and exchange across the complex networks that underpin human capital growth. These are captured through prevalence indicators for mobile phones and Internet use, respectively.8 | The Human Capital ReportCollaboration Crossindustry and crosssector learning facilitate innovation, information exchange and the development of human capital. These concepts are captured through two survey indicators from the Executive Opinion Survey. We include a measure of the extent to which universities and industry collaborate on R&D. We also include a measure of how prevalent are welldeveloped and deep clusters. Legal framework This subpillar looks at the legal environment within which people are employed or selfemployed. In particular, we include the ease of doing business in a country, using the World Banks Doing Business Index, which looks at how conducive the legal and regulatory environment is to starting and operating a local business. The protection of both physical property and intellectual property is important from a human capital perspective as it protects the knowledgethe intangible assetsof an individual as well as the assets connected with that knowledge. This is measured through a combination of two survey variables. We also include in this subpillar social safety net protection for its role in preserving skills and knowledge and reducing the attrition on human capital. Social mobility Finally, we include a measure of rigid sociocultural practices that may thwart progress in human capital development despite investments through policy instruments. The opportunity for an individual to transcend social strata may be a significant motivational factor for investment in their own and their offsprings human capital development. Therefore in countries where status is ascribed rather than achieved, the incentive for investing in human capital is reduced. CONSTRUCTION OF THE INDEX Standardizing data The indicators used in the Index are measured on different scales. To standardize the data, we used the zscore statistic as it preserves the distribution of the data, a feature most relevant for a comparative international composite index. Zscores are expressed as standard deviations from the mean. The mean is zero and has a standard deviation of one. This means that all data points above the mean are expressed as positive scores and all data below the mean are expressed as negative scores. The zscores methodology is based on an assumption of the normal distribution. A standard deviation of plus (minus) 1 represents the area 34.13% above (below) the mean (zero) and a standard deviation of plus (minus) 2 represents the area 47.72% above (below) the mean. The zscore of a data point indicates the number of standard deviations above or below the mean. So a zscore of 2 is exactly two standard deviations, or 47.72%, below the mean. 12. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 1: Country coverage of the Human Capital Indexn Countries coveredThe zscore approach is a widely used way of converting raw data that is expressed in differing formats into a common metric (standardizing). The z-score approach is widely used but, like alternative approaches, it does introduce some uncertainty. For example, z-scores are unfamiliar to many. Also, converting to z-scores can sometimes yield an extreme value, and a common approach is to delete extreme values. However, considering the further arbitrary distortions this may create, a decision was made not to prune the data at any point in order to represent the dataset in its purest form. Weights and missing data Once all underlying data is converted to zscores, a countrys score on a given pillar is determined by an unweighted average of all available scores within that pillar. A countrys score on the overall index is an unweighted average of the four pillar scores. Underlying weights are reported in Tables2a2d. Missing data is not imputed. The criterion for an indicator to be included in the Index is that it must have nonmissing data for at least 50 percent of the countries. The criterion for a country to be included in the Index is that it must have nonmissing data for at least 70 percent of each of the pillars indicators. This means a country must have data for at least: 8 out of 12 indicators in the Education pillar 10 out of 14 indicators in the Health and Wellness pillar 11 out of 16 indicators in the Workforce and Employment pillar 6 out of 9 indicators in the Enabling Environment pillar THE HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX: RANKINGS 2013 Country Coverage The Index covers 122 countries. The terms country, economy and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term covers welldefined, geographically selfcontained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Figure1 displays a world map with country coverage. Global Results The Index results are primarily reported in the context of 122 countries in Tables 3 and 4. Tables 5, 6 and 7 allow for comparisons within regional groupings and income groupings. Table A1 and Table A2 in the Appendix contain the complete list of countries by region and income group, respectively. Figures 2 through 6 display regional aggregate scores overall and by pillar.The Human Capital Report | 9 13. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 2a: Education subpillars and indicator weights SubpillarIndicatorAccessPrimary enrolment rate (%)2.08Secondary enrolment rate (%)2.08Tertiary enrolment ratio (%)2.08Education gender gap2.08Internet access in schools2.08Quality of the education system2.08Quality of primary schools2.08Quality of math and science education2.08Quality of management schools2.08Primary education attainment (% population age 25+)2.08Secondary education attainment (% population age 25+)2.08QualityAttainmentTertiary education attainment (% population age 25+) TOTAL PILLAR WEIGHTWeight2.08 25.00Table 2b: Health and wellness subpillars and indicator weights SubpillarIndicatorSurvivalInfant mortality (per 1,000 live births)1.79Life expectancy1.79Survival gender gap1.79Stunting and wasting (% in children under 5)1.79Unhealthy life years (% of life expectancy)1.79Deaths under 60 from noncommunicable diseases (% of all NCD deaths).1.79Obesity (% of adults with BMI 30)1.79Business impact of noncommunicable diseases1.79Business impact of communicable diseases1.79Stress (% of respondents)1.79Depression (% of respondents)1.79Water, sanitation and hygiene1.79Healthcare quality1.79HealthWellbeingServicesHealthcare accessibility TOTAL PILLAR WEIGHTWeight1.79 25.00Table 2c: Workforce and employment subpillars and indicator weights SubpillarParticipationIndicatorWeightLabour force participation rate, age 1564 (%)1.56Labour force participation rate, age 65+ (%)1.56Economic participation gender gap1.56Unemployment rate1.56Youth unemployment rate1.56 1.56Ease of finding skilled employees1.56Pay related to productivity1.56Capacity for innovation1.56Index of economic complexity1.56Firm level technology absorption1.56Scientific and technical journal articles1.56Median age of the working population1.56Staff training1.56Training servicesTraining1.56Country capacity to attract talent Country capacity to retain talentTalent1.56TOTAL PILLAR WEIGHT10 | The Human Capital Report25.00 14. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 2d: Enabling environment subpillars and indicator weights SubpillarIndicatorInfrastructureMobile users2.78Internet users2.78Quality of domestic transport2.78State of cluster development2.78Business and University R&D collaboration2.78Ease of Doing Business2.78Social safety net protection2.78Intellectual property protection and property rights2.78Social mobility2.78CollaborationLegal frameworkSocial mobility TOTAL PILLAR WEIGHTTOP TEN The top ten countries are dominated by the European countries, with eight of the top ten spots occupied by countries from this region. Switzerland (1) tops the rankings for the Human Capital Index, demonstrating consistently high scores across all four pillars, with top spots on Health and Wellness and Workforce and Employment, second place on Enabling Environment and fourth on Education. Within the countries from Northern and Western Europe in the top ten, four Nordic countries, Finland (2), Sweden (5), Norway (7) and Denmark (9) dominate. Finlands exemplary Education and Enabling Environment scores put it at the top of the rankings for these two pillars and seven ranks ahead of the next highestranking Nordic country. The overall strength of the Nordic region lies in the Workforce and Employment pillar, with Finland, Norway and Sweden occupying three of the top six ranks. Denmark drops out of the top ten, to 12th position in this pillar and down to 11th position for the Enabling Environment pillar. Singapore (3) is the only Asian country in the top ten due to very strong scores on the Education pillar, Workforce and Employment pillar and a strong fifth position on the Enabling Environment pillar. The Netherlands (4) is the third of the European countries in the top ten due to strong performances for Health and Wellness and for Enabling Environment. Germany (6) just edges ahead of the Netherlands on the Enabling Environment rankings in third place but holds ninth position on the Workforce and Employment pillar. Germanys relatively low place on the Education pillar (19) pulls down the countrys overall score in the Index. The United Kingdom (8) performs well on Enabling Environment but has lower scores on Health and Wellness, holding 17th position. Canada (10) is the first of the two North American countries in the Index and the only one in the top ten. Canadas overall scores are greatly enhanced by its second position on the Education pillar. Ranks for the remaining three pillars vary between 15th and 20th position.Weight25.00ASIA AND THE PACIFIC The region has a diverse spread of wealth, comprising five of the samples highincome economies, four upper middle income, nine lowermiddle economies as well as Bangladesh and Cambodia, two lowincome countries. As a region, Asia ranks third overall, behind North America and Europe and Central Asia. Singapore (3) is the highest ranked of the regions countries and the only country from the region in the top ten. Singapores excellent rank is due to its very strong scores on the Education and Workforce and Employment pillars, and good scores on Enabling Environment. Exceptionally strong scores across the qualitative education indicators and the high level of tertiary education among the adult population drive up its Education pillar ranking. Strengths on the Enabling Environments Collaboration and Legal framework subpillars include a top rank on the Doing Business Index. The Health and Wellness pillar is weakened mainly due to the burden of disease in the country. Despite the Enabling Environment being New Zealands (12) weakest pillar at 18th, the country also performs very well in some aspects, with top ten ranks across the Legal framework subpillar and a rank of 3 in Social mobility. New Zealands strengths in Education are similar to those of Singapore, but it ranks lower in the qualitative talent indicators on the Workforce and Employment pillar, including a particularly low rank (69) for the ability of the country to retain talent, or the brain drain indicator. Japans (15) strong performance in Health and Wellness is due to excellent scores in the Health and the Survival subpillars. Top rankings for life expectancy and years lived in good health help drive the strong rankings. Japans training indicators on the Workforce and Employment pillar are also strong, with top ten rankings. Enrolment rates in secondary education rank at the top while the Primary enrolment indicator gives Japan third place. However Japans relatively weaker spots in theThe Human Capital Report | 11 15. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 3: Detailed rankingsOverall index CountryRankScoreEducation RankScoreHealth and wellness RankScoreWorkforce and employment RankScoreEnabling environment RankScoreSwitzerland Finland1 21.455 1.4064 11.313 1.6011 90.977 0.8441 31.736 1.2502 11.793 1.926Singapore31.23231.348130.76221.34551.471Netherlands41.16171.10640.90181.15041.484Sweden51.111140.97720.96061.154101.351Germany61.109190.88880.87791.14931.522Norway71.104150.97060.89051.18281.373United Kingdom81.042101.031170.682101.07271.384Denmark91.024180.89130.943120.932111.330Canada100.98721.355200.548150.875171.168Belgium110.98561.191110.780210.673141.296New Zealand120.97851.204150.743170.804181.163Austria130.977250.71370.886140.88661.424Iceland140.95781.07550.900160.826201.026Japan150.948280.628100.836111.027131.302United States160.920111.027430.23941.235161.181Luxembourg170.881350.522160.704130.92891.372Qatar180.834260.684440.20671.154151.294Australia190.831130.988180.663190.675230.999Ireland200.82491.033250.516220.645191.103France210.746220.776140.744250.520240.943Malaysia220.644340.526390.301180.736221.014Korea, Rep.230.640170.899270.481230.596300.582United Arab Emirates240.610290.626700.032240.527121.320Israel250.587270.651290.457200.674320.568Barbados260.581121.007420.245290.340270.730Estonia270.571200.862220.536390.142260.745Malta280.473240.716280.473300.330370.371Spain290.465310.590120.778700.185280.679Portugal300.453370.411230.532340.243290.624Cyprus310.452160.938320.352330.252410.268Slovenia320.445210.825260.516410.106380.332Czech Republic330.387360.452360.310360.210310.576Lithuania340.360230.745410.252560.018360.462Costa Rica350.320390.382300.445280.378500.077Chile360.305490.250380.306370.194350.471Italy370.266400.378190.601750.243390.329Latvia380.248300.615480.151540.011430.237Saudi Arabia390.245550.098720.041610.099211.023Bahrain400.232480.274640.011430.099330.544Oman410.220620.032370.307780.280250.822Panama420.207660.006600.055310.301340.477China430.186580.069650.010260.516470.147Thailand440.158790.242400.281270.482480.112Kazakhstan450.124430.359690.031400.107510.061Croatia460.099380.394240.526880.378600.146Mauritius470.099500.234450.202640.143490.102Uruguay480.096670.037210.543840.340440.219Poland490.087420.376470.173630.139570.064Sri Lanka500.020510.172350.323620.127700.288Russian Federation510.010410.377620.027660.163630.201Jordan520.005440.350680.015970.481460.167Indonesia530.001610.040840.215320.262580.082Hungary540.000330.530730.064770.275620.190Greece550.011470.280340.331860.365710.291Bulgaria560.048460.282330.3331000.496740.311Brazil570.054880.497490.150450.078520.054Mexico580.057820.291560.074480.011530.022Kuwait590.059800.285580.065800.297400.281Turkey600.065770.220Ecuador610.099690.09051 760.117 0.09483 470.337 0.03445 680.181 0.244(Contd.)12 | The Human Capital Report 16. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 3: Detailed rankings (contd.)Overall index CountryRankScoreEducation RankScoreHealth and wellness RankScoreArgentina Ukraine62 630.120 0.12456 450.091 0.31631 550.362 0.078Azerbaijan640.157710.15394Macedonia, FYR650.160520.16563Philippines660.161650.011Tunisia670.16570Jamaica680.171Romania69VietnamWorkforce and employment RankScoreEnabling environment RankScore92 670.408 0.16684 960.527 0.7250.414550.016550.0440.0131150.784540.033960.473380.164780.3440.099460.1731010.499660.236810.285500.126760.246690.2790.176570.077610.048850.364830.463700.202730.176880.291570.040730.302Colombia710.202720.169790.116730.229720.296Albania720.216540.136540.083710.2071050.874Armenia730.218600.042710.0351130.678640.201Lebanon740.220320.548770.099960.4581040.870Peru750.227840.323820.204500.003810.377Trinidad and Tobago760.233530.1641211.043530.008560.047Georgia770.258740.191660.0051020.514760.321India780.270630.0201120.868490.005670.239Botswana790.291850.386860.270930.416590.090Lao PDR800.297830.320910.407590.097800.364Kenya810.306900.5031030.603350.226790.347Morocco820.336930.590590.061990.485770.328Moldova830.337640.014530.0921100.6541020.801Guatemala840.3411050.968810.196460.035650.234Serbia850.343590.053520.1151180.945890.596South Africa860.361920.589980.5331050.588420.265Ghana870.363910.505990.533600.099750.317Bhutan880.370890.498830.208740.231850.545Mongolia890.400760.198800.1391060.610920.651El Salvador900.405950.612920.409680.175820.425Suriname910.420870.423670.0101090.640900.607Kyrgyz Republic920.440780.233750.0731120.6731000.781Nicaragua930.446940.594780.100890.386940.704Iran, Islamic Rep.940.487680.051870.2741191.059880.564Dominican Republic950.499970.732850.223910.401910.641Cambodia960.505990.8391020.596420.104930.688Namibia970.539980.8171000.5601080.620610.160Paraguay980.5461020.906570.072940.4331080.916Bolivia990.552860.4091130.878690.185970.736Honduras1000.5601030.947890.335900.397870.561Venezuela1010.564750.194740.0681140.7461201.250Senegal1020.6021121.202900.404510.0061010.794Malawi1030.6291010.8971070.723520.0071060.890Tanzania1040.6801000.8701170.957580.0871030.805Madagascar1050.7251070.9971090.749440.0841181.238Uganda1060.7271081.0361180.959650.147990.767Cameroon1070.728960.6871110.850790.2951131.082Lesotho1080.7511101.0841010.588950.4381070.894Cte dIvoire1090.7591141.302950.418720.2081141.107Bangladesh1100.7821040.9591040.6061030.5431101.019Egypt1110.7901131.206970.5211160.878860.555Pakistan1120.8371111.1661150.9201040.545950.718Benin1130.8651091.0441060.689980.4811191.244Nigeria1140.8781161.4111201.034810.328980.740Algeria1150.9541060.991930.4131211.3451121.066Ethiopia1160.9611151.3801080.7491110.6601111.056Mozambique1170.9661171.4741140.916820.3371151.135Mali1181.0341201.7471100.8261070.6141090.949Burkina Faso1191.0771211.8171160.943870.3741171.173Guinea1201.2721181.4821191.0261170.9111221.667Mauritania1211.2971191.744Yemen1221.3951221.972105 1220.666 1.134122 1201.404 1.320121 1161.373 1.153The Human Capital Report | 13 17. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 4: Rankings by pillarEducation Rank CountryHealth and wellnessScoreRank CountryScore1 Finland1.60162 Oman0.0321 Switzerland0.97762 Russian Federation0.0272 Canada1.35563 India0.0202 Sweden0.96063 Macedonia, FYR0.0133 Singapore1.34864 Moldova0.0143 Denmark0.94364 Bahrain0.0114 Switzerland1.31365 Philippines0.0114 Netherlands0.90165 China5 New Zealand1.20466 Panama0.0065 Iceland0.90066 Georgia0.0056 Belgium1.19167 Uruguay0.0376 Norway0.89067 Suriname0.0107 Netherlands1.10668 Iran, Islamic Rep.0.0517 Austria0.88668 Jordan0.0158 Iceland1.07569 Ecuador0.0908 Germany0.87769 Kazakhstan0.0319 Ireland1.03370 Tunisia0.0999 Finland0.84470 United Arab Emirates0.03210 United Kingdom1.03171 Azerbaijan0.15310 Japan0.83671 Armenia0.03511 United States1.02772 Colombia0.16911 Belgium0.78072 Saudi Arabia0.04112 Barbados1.00773 Vietnam0.17612 Spain0.77873 Hungary0.06413 Australia0.98874 Georgia0.19113 Singapore0.76274 Venezuela0.06814 Sweden0.97775 Venezuela0.19414 France0.74475 Kyrgyz Republic0.07315 Norway0.97076 Mongolia0.19815 New Zealand0.74376 Ecuador0.09416 Cyprus0.93877 Turkey0.22016 Luxembourg0.70477 Lebanon0.09917 Korea, Rep.0.89978 Kyrgyz Republic0.23317 United Kingdom0.68278 Nicaragua0.10018 Denmark0.89179 Thailand0.24218 Australia0.66379 Colombia0.11619 Germany0.88880 Kuwait0.28519 Italy0.60180 Mongolia0.13920 Estonia0.86281 Jamaica0.28520 Canada0.54881 Guatemala0.19621 Slovenia0.82582 Mexico0.29121 Uruguay0.54382 Peru0.20422 France0.77683 Lao PDR0.32022 Estonia0.53683 Bhutan0.20823 Lithuania0.74584 Peru0.32323 Portugal0.53284 Indonesia0.21524 Malta0.71685 Botswana0.38624 Croatia0.52685 Dominican Republic0.22325 Austria0.71386 Bolivia0.40925 Ireland0.51686 Botswana0.27026 Qatar0.68487 Suriname0.42326 Slovenia0.51687 Iran, Islamic Rep.0.27427 Israel0.65188 Brazil0.49727 Korea, Rep.0.48188 Vietnam0.29128 Japan0.62889 Bhutan0.49828 Malta0.47389 Honduras0.33529 United Arab Emirates0.62690 Kenya0.50329 Israel0.45790 Senegal0.40430 Latvia0.61591 Ghana0.50530 Costa Rica0.44591 Lao PDR0.40731 Spain0.59092 South Africa0.58931 Argentina0.36292 El Salvador0.40932 Lebanon0.54893 Morocco0.59032 Cyprus0.35293 Algeria0.41333 Hungary0.53094 Nicaragua0.59433 Bulgaria0.33394 Azerbaijan0.41434 Malaysia0.52695 El Salvador0.61234 Greece0.33195 Cte dIvoire0.41835 Luxembourg0.52296 Cameroon0.68735 Sri Lanka0.32396 Philippines0.47336 Czech Republic0.45297 Dominican Republic0.73236 Czech Republic0.31097 Egypt0.52137 Portugal0.41198 Namibia0.81737 Oman0.30798 South Africa0.53338 Croatia0.39499 Cambodia0.83938 Chile0.30699 Ghana0.53339 Costa Rica0.382100 Tanzania0.87039 Malaysia0.301100 Namibia0.56040 Italy0.378101 Malawi0.89740 Thailand0.281101 Lesotho0.58841 Russian Federation0.377102 Paraguay0.90641 Lithuania0.252102 Cambodia0.59642 Poland0.376103 Honduras0.94742 Barbados0.245103 Kenya0.60343 Kazakhstan0.359104 Bangladesh0.95943 United States0.239104 Bangladesh0.60644 Jordan0.350105 Guatemala0.96844 Qatar0.206105 Mauritania0.66645 Ukraine0.316106 Algeria0.99145 Mauritius0.202106 Benin0.68946 Bulgaria0.282107 Madagascar0.99746 Tunisia0.173107 Malawi0.72347 Greece0.280108 Uganda1.03647 Poland0.173108 Ethiopia0.74948 Bahrain0.274109 Benin1.04448 Latvia0.151109 Madagascar0.74949 Chile0.250110 Lesotho1.08449 Brazil0.150110 Mali0.82650 Mauritius0.234111 Pakistan1.16650 Jamaica0.126111 Cameroon0.85051 Sri Lanka0.172112 Senegal1.20251 Turkey0.117112 India0.86852 Macedonia, FYR0.165113 Egypt1.20652 Serbia0.115113 Bolivia0.87853 Trinidad and Tobago0.164114 Cte dIvoire1.30253 Moldova0.092114 Mozambique0.91654 Albania0.136115 Ethiopia1.38054 Albania0.083115 Pakistan0.92055 Saudi Arabia0.098116 Nigeria1.41155 Ukraine0.078116 Burkina Faso0.94356 Argentina0.091117 Mozambique1.47456 Mexico0.074117 Tanzania0.95757 Romania0.077118 Guinea1.48257 Paraguay0.072118 Uganda0.95958 China0.069119 Mauritania1.74458 Kuwait0.065119 Guinea1.02659 Serbia0.053120 Mali1.74759 Morocco0.061120 Nigeria1.03460 Armenia0.042121 Burkina Faso1.81760 Panama0.055121 Trinidad and Tobago1.04361 Indonesia0.040122 Yemen1.97261 Romania0.048122 Yemen1.13414 | The Human Capital ReportRank CountryScoreRank CountryScore0.010 18. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 4: Rankings by pillar (contd.)Workforce and employment Rank CountryScoreRank CountryEnabling environment ScoreRank CountryScoreRank CountryScore1 Switzerland1.73662 Sri Lanka0.1271 Finland1.92662 Hungary0.1902 Singapore1.34563 Poland0.1392 Switzerland1.79363 Russian Federation0.2013 Finland1.25064 Mauritius0.1433 Germany1.52264 Armenia0.2014 United States1.23565 Uganda0.1474 Netherlands1.48465 Guatemala0.2345 Norway1.18266 Russian Federation0.1635 Singapore1.47166 Tunisia0.2366 Sweden1.15467 Ukraine0.1666 Austria1.42467 India0.2397 Qatar1.15468 El Salvador0.1757 United Kingdom1.38468 Ecuador0.2448 Netherlands1.15069 Bolivia0.1858 Norway1.37369 Jamaica0.2799 Germany1.14970 Spain0.1859 Luxembourg1.37270 Sri Lanka0.28810 United Kingdom1.07271 Albania0.20710 Sweden1.35171 Greece0.29111 Japan1.02772 Cte dIvoire0.20811 Denmark1.33072 Colombia0.29612 Denmark0.93273 Colombia0.22912 United Arab Emirates1.32073 Vietnam0.30213 Luxembourg0.92874 Bhutan0.23113 Japan1.30274 Bulgaria0.31114 Austria0.88675 Italy0.24314 Belgium1.29675 Ghana0.31715 Canada0.87576 Jamaica0.24615 Qatar1.29476 Georgia0.32116 Iceland0.82677 Hungary0.27516 United States1.18177 Morocco0.32817 New Zealand0.80478 Oman0.28017 Canada1.16878 Philippines0.34418 Malaysia0.73679 Cameroon0.29518 New Zealand1.16379 Kenya0.34719 Australia0.67580 Kuwait0.29719 Ireland1.10380 Lao PDR0.36420 Israel0.67481 Nigeria0.32820 Iceland1.02681 Peru0.37721 Belgium0.67382 Mozambique0.33721 Saudi Arabia1.02382 El Salvador0.42522 Ireland0.64583 Turkey0.33722 Malaysia1.01483 Romania0.46323 Korea, Rep.0.59684 Uruguay0.34023 Australia0.99984 Argentina0.52724 United Arab Emirates0.52785 Romania0.36424 France0.94385 Bhutan0.54525 France0.52086 Greece0.36525 Oman0.82286 Egypt0.55526 China0.51687 Burkina Faso0.37426 Estonia0.74587 Honduras0.56127 Thailand0.48288 Croatia0.37827 Barbados0.73088 Iran, Islamic Rep.0.56428 Costa Rica0.37889 Nicaragua0.38628 Spain0.67989 Serbia0.59629 Barbados0.34090 Honduras0.39729 Portugal0.62490 Suriname0.60730 Malta0.33091 Dominican Republic0.40130 Korea, Rep.0.58291 Dominican Republic0.64131 Panama0.30192 Argentina0.40831 Czech Republic0.57692 Mongolia0.65132 Indonesia0.26293 Botswana0.41632 Israel0.56893 Cambodia0.68833 Cyprus0.25294 Paraguay0.43333 Bahrain0.54494 Nicaragua0.70434 Portugal0.24395 Lesotho0.43834 Panama0.47795 Pakistan0.71835 Kenya0.22696 Lebanon0.45835 Chile0.47196 Ukraine0.72536 Czech Republic0.21097 Jordan0.48136 Lithuania0.46297 Bolivia0.73637 Chile0.19498 Benin0.48137 Malta0.37198 Nigeria0.74038 Philippines0.16499 Morocco0.48538 Slovenia0.33299 Uganda0.76739 Estonia0.142100 Bulgaria0.49639 Italy0.329100 Kyrgyz Republic0.78140 Kazakhstan0.107101 Tunisia0.49940 Kuwait0.281101 Senegal0.79441 Slovenia0.106102 Georgia0.51441 Cyprus0.268102 Moldova0.80142 Cambodia0.104103 Bangladesh0.54342 South Africa0.265103 Tanzania0.80543 Bahrain0.099104 Pakistan0.54543 Latvia0.237104 Lebanon0.87044 Madagascar0.084105 South Africa0.58844 Uruguay0.219105 Albania0.87445 Brazil0.078106 Mongolia0.61045 Turkey0.181106 Malawi0.89046 Guatemala0.035107 Mali0.61446 Jordan0.167107 Lesotho0.89447 Ecuador0.034108 Namibia0.62047 China0.147108 Paraguay0.91648 Mexico0.011109 Suriname0.64048 Thailand0.112109 Mali0.94949 India0.005110 Moldova0.65449 Mauritius0.102110 Bangladesh1.01950 Peru0.003111 Ethiopia0.66050 Costa Rica0.077111 Ethiopia1.05651 Senegal0.006112 Kyrgyz Republic0.67351 Kazakhstan0.061112 Algeria1.06652 Malawi0.007113 Armenia0.67852 Brazil0.054113 Cameroon1.08253 Trinidad and Tobago0.008114 Venezuela0.74653 Mexico0.022114 Cte dIvoire1.10754 Latvia0.011115 Macedonia, FYR0.78454 Macedonia, FYR0.033115 Mozambique1.13555 Azerbaijan0.016116 Egypt0.87855 Azerbaijan0.044116 Yemen1.15356 Lithuania0.018117 Guinea0.91156 Trinidad and Tobago0.047117 Burkina Faso1.17357 Vietnam0.040118 Serbia0.94557 Poland0.064118 Madagascar1.23858 Tanzania0.087119 Iran, Islamic Rep.1.05958 Indonesia0.082119 Benin1.24459 Lao PDR0.097120 Yemen1.32059 Botswana0.090120 Venezuela1.25060 Ghana0.099121 Algeria1.34560 Croatia0.146121 Mauritania1.37361 Saudi Arabia0.099122 Mauritania1.40461 Namibia0.160122 Guinea1.667The Human Capital Report | 15 19. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 5: Rankings by regionAsia and the Pacific RankCountryEurope and Central Asia ScoreRankCountryLatin America and the Caribbean ScoreRankCountryScore3 Singapore 12 New Zealand1.232 0.9781 Switzerland 2 Finland1.455 1.40626 Barbados 35 Costa Rica0.581 0.32015 Japan0.9484 Netherlands1.16136 Chile0.30519 Australia0.8315 Sweden1.11142 Panama0.20722 Malaysia0.6446 Germany1.10948 Uruguay23 Korea, Rep.0.6407 Norway1.10457 Brazil0.05443 China0.1868 United Kingdom1.04258 Mexico0.05744 Thailand0.1589 Denmark1.02461 Ecuador0.09950 Sri Lanka0.02011 Belgium0.98562 Argentina0.12053 Indonesia0.00113 Austria0.97768 Jamaica0.17166 Philippines0.16114 Iceland0.95771 Colombia0.20270 Vietnam0.20217 Luxembourg0.88175 Peru0.22778 India0.27020 Ireland0.82476 Trinidad and Tobago0.23380 Lao PDR0.29721 France0.74684 Guatemala0.34188 Bhutan0.37027 Estonia0.57190 El Salvador0.40589 Mongolia0.40028 Malta0.47391 Suriname0.42094 Iran, Islamic Rep.0.48729 Spain0.46593 Nicaragua0.44696Cambodia0.50530 Portugal0.45395 Dominican Republic0.499110 112Bangladesh Pakistan0.782 0.83731 Cyprus0.45298 Paraguay0.54632 Slovenia0.44599 Bolivia0.55233 Czech Republic0.38734 Lithuania0.36037 Italy0.26638 Latvia0.24845 Kazakhstan0.12446 Croatia0.09949 Poland0.08751 Russian Federation0.01054 Hungary0.01156 Bulgaria0.04860 Turkey0.06563 Ukraine0.12464 Azerbaijan0.15765 Macedonia, FYR0.16069 Romania0.17672 Albania0.21673 Armenia0.21877 Georgia0.25883 Moldova0.33785 Serbia 92 Kyrgyz Republic0.343 0.440Index include gender gap indicators for education and the workforce, the countrys ability to attract talent, and reported depression in the Wellbeing subpillar. Australia (19) and Malaysia (22) have almost identical scores on the Workforce and Employment and Enabling Environment pillars, but their performance within the pillars varies. Australia ranks poorly on its labour force participation of those over the age of 65, whereas Malaysia, the highest of the regions uppermiddle income countries, ranks very low for the Economic participation gender gap indicator. Malaysia performs well on most of the qualitative talent and training indicators in the Workforce and Employment pillar. Australia performs well16 | The Human Capital Report0.560 0.5640.00055 Greece100 Honduras 101 Venezuela0.096on the majority of indicators in Enabling Environment, in particular those concerning the legal framework. Australia also performs well on the Educational attainment of the population over 25 indicator. The Republic of Korea (23) has its strongest performance on the Education pillar, with a rank of 17. Koreas enrolment rates for tertiary education take the top spot overall and the educational attainment of the adult population has consistently strong ranks. Despite good scores across the qualitative indicators, overall Quality of the education system was particularly low at 52nd position. Koreas scores on the Enabling Environment pillar are pulled down by low scores on the Social mobility 20. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 5: Rankings by region (contd.)Middle East and North Africa RankCountryNorth America Score18 Qatar 24 United Arab Emirates0.834 0.61025 Israel 39 Saudi ArabiaRankCountry10 Canada 16 United StatesSubSaharan Africa ScoreCountryScore47 Mauritius 79 Botswana0.099 0.2910.58781 Kenya0.3060.24586 South Africa0.36140 Bahrain0.23287 Ghana0.36341 Oman0.22097 Namibia0.53952 Jordan0.005102 Senegal0.60259 Kuwait0.059103 Malawi0.62967 Tunisia0.165104 Tanzania0.68074 Lebanon0.220105 Madagascar0.72582 Morocco0.336106 Uganda0.727111 Egypt0.790107 Cameroon0.728115 Algeria0.954108 Lesotho0.751121 Mauritania 122 Yemen1.297 1.395109 Cte dIvoire0.759113 Benin0.865114 Nigeria0.878116 Ethiopia0.961117 Mozambique0.966118 Mali1.034119 Burkina Faso 120 Guinea1.077 1.272and Social safety net protection indicators. Korea also has a notably low score on the Business impact of noncommunicable diseases indicator, in the Health and Wellness pillar. Chinas (43) positions across the four pillars vary greatly from the 26th rank on the Workforce and Employment pillar to 65th on the Health and Wellness pillar, the latter due in part to weak scores across the Health and Services subpillars. Chinas overall scores are boosted by good performance on the Talent subpillar of indicators, such as the Attraction and Retention of talent. The countrys highest scores are from the Labour force participation of the 15 to 64 age group and Pay relating to productivity measures indicators. Thailand (44) also has a hugely varied distribution of rankings across the pillars, ranging from 27th on Workforce and Employment to 79th in Education. Thailand ranks 94th on the Enrolment in primary school indicator, and the majority of the education indicators are in the bottom half of the sample countries. Thailands very low levels of unemployment yield two topfive rankings for these indicators. Good performances on the qualitative talent indicators are also strong points. Sri Lankas (50) scores are boosted by good performances on the Health and Wellness pillar, but it performs poorly on the labour force participation indicators (103). India (78) performs well on the Workforce and Employment pillar (49) while holding only 112th position for Health and Wellness. Indias high prevalence of stunting and wasting, low scores in sanitation and hygiene and0.987 0.920Ranksecondtobottom rank on the health gender gap indicator are some of the variables driving down the scores for India. Indias Collaboration subpillar scores boost its ranking on the Enabling Environment pillar. Indonesias (53) ranks vary between 32nd on the Workforce and Employment pillar to 84th on the Health and Wellness pillar. A relatively low unemployment rate and good labour force participation of the over 65s, as well as a good performance on some of the qualitative talent indicators, support Indonesias strong overall performance on the Workforce and Employment pillar. Paradoxically, the countrys strongest performance overall is on the Wellbeing subpillar, with top and second rankings for the Depression and Stress indicators respectively. The Philippines (66) follows a similar profile to Indonesia with a 38th ranking on the Workforce and Employment pillar and 96th on Health and Wellness. The Philippines has top scores for the education and health gender gap indicators as well as a strong 15th rank for economic participation. Ranks below 100 on Wellbeing subpillar indicators pull down the aggregate Health and Wellness scores. Vietnam holds 70th position and Lao PDR holds 80th position. Bhutans (88) strong labour force participation and in particular low unemployment rates drive strong scores on the Workforce and Employment pillar. However, weak scores in technology absorption and training pull down the overall ranking to 74th spot. Mongolias (89) lowest performance is on the Workforce and Employment pillar, where the countryThe Human Capital Report | 17 21. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 6: Rankings by income group*Low incomeLowermiddle incomeRank CountryScoreUppermiddle incomeHigh incomeRank CountryScoreRank CountryScore0.020 0.00122 Malaysia 35 Costa Rica0.644 0.3201 Switzerland 2 Finland1.455 1.40681 Kenya 92 Kyrgyz Republic0.306 0.44050 Sri Lanka 53 Indonesia96 CambodiaRank CountryScore0.50563 Ukraine0.12442 Panama0.2073 Singapore1.232103 Malawi0.62966 Philippines0.16143 China0.1864 Netherlands1.161104 Tanzania0.68070 Vietnam0.20244 Thailand0.1585 Sweden1.111105 Madagascar0.72573 Armenia0.21845 Kazakhstan0.1246 Germany1.109106 Uganda0.72777 Georgia0.25847 Mauritius0.0997 Norway1.104110 Bangladesh0.78278 India0.27052 Jordan0.0058 United Kingdom1.042113 Benin0.86580 Lao PDR0.29754 Hungary0.0009 Denmark1.024116 Ethiopia0.96182 Morocco0.33656 Bulgaria0.04810 Canada0.987117 Mozambique0.96683 Moldova0.33757 Brazil0.05411 Belgium0.985118 Mali1.03484 Guatemala0.34158 Mexico0.05712 New Zealand0.978119 Burkina Faso 120 Guinea1.077 1.27287 Ghana0.36360 Turkey0.06513 Austria0.97788 Bhutan0.37061 Ecuador0.09914 Iceland0.95789 Mongolia0.40062 Argentina0.12015 Japan0.94890 El Salvador0.40564 Azerbaijan0.15716 United States0.92093 Nicaragua0.44665 Macedonia, FYR0.16017 Luxembourg0.88198 Paraguay0.54667 Tunisia0.16518 Qatar0.83499 Bolivia0.55268 Jamaica0.17119 Australia0.831100 Honduras0.56069 Romania0.17620 Ireland0.824102 Senegal0.60271 Colombia0.20221 France0.746107 Cameroon0.72872 Albania0.21623 Korea, Rep.0.640108 Lesotho0.75174 Lebanon0.22024 United Arab Emirates0.610109 Cte dIvoire0.75975 Peru0.22725 Israel0.587111 Egypt0.79079 Botswana0.29126 Barbados0.581112 Pakistan0.83785 Serbia0.34327 Estonia0.571114 Nigeria0.87886 South Africa0.36128 Malta0.473121 Mauritania 122 Yemen1.297 1.39591 Suriname0.42029 Spain0.46594 Iran, Islamic Rep.0.48730 Portugal0.45395 Dominican Republic0.49931 Cyprus0.45297 Namibia0.53932 Slovenia0.445101 Venezuela 115 Algeria0.564 0.95433 Czech Republic0.38734 Lithuania0.36036 Chile0.30537 Italy0.26638 Latvia0.24839 Saudi Arabia0.24540 Bahrain0.23241 Oman0.22046 Croatia0.09948 Uruguay0.09649 Poland0.08751 Russian Federation0.01055 Greece0.01159 Kuwait 76 Trinidad and Tobago0.059 0.233*Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita: high income, uppermiddle income, lowermiddle income and low income.18 | The Human Capital Report 22. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalTable 7: Rankings by BRICS, OECD and ASEAN groupingOverall index CountryRankBRICSScoreEducation Rank0.169ScoreHealth and wellness Rank0.173ScoreWorkforce and employment Rank0.306ScoreEnabling environment Rank0.167Score0.030China430.186580.069650.010260.516470.147Russian Federation510.010410.377620.027660.163630.201Brazil570.054880.497490.150450.078520.054India780.270630.0201120.868490.005670.239South Africa860.361920.589980.5331050.588420.265OECD0.7130.7660.5990.5860.899Switzerland11.45541.31310.97711.73621.793Finland21.40611.60190.84431.25011.926Netherlands41.16171.10640.90181.15041.484Sweden51.111140.97720.96061.154101.351Germany61.109190.88880.87791.14931.522Norway71.104150.97060.89051.18281.373United Kingdom81.042101.031170.682101.07271.384Denmark91.024180.89130.943120.932111.330Canada100.98721.355200.548150.875171.168Belgium110.98561.191110.780210.673141.296New Zealand120.97851.204150.743170.804181.163Austria130.977250.71370.886140.88661.424Iceland140.95781.07550.900160.826201.026Japan150.948280.628100.836111.027131.302United States160.920111.027430.23941.235161.181Luxembourg170.881350.522160.704130.92891.372Australia190.831130.988180.663190.675230.999Ireland200.82491.033250.516220.645191.103France210.746220.776140.744250.520240.943Korea, Rep.230.640170.899270.481230.596300.582Israel250.587270.651290.457200.674320.568Estonia270.571200.862220.536390.142260.745Spain290.465310.590120.778700.185280.679Portugal300.453370.411230.532340.243290.624Slovenia320.445210.825260.516410.106380.332Czech Republic330.387360.452360.310360.210310.576Chile360.305490.250380.306370.194350.471Italy370.266400.378190.601750.243390.329Poland490.087420.376470.173630.139570.064Hungary540.000330.530730.064770.275620.190Greece550.011470.280340.331860.365710.291Mexico580.057820.291560.074480.011530.022Turkey600.065770.220510.117830.337450.181ASEAN0.1090.0430.0800.3690.102Singapore31.23231.348130.76221.34551.471Malaysia220.644340.526390.301180.736221.014Thailand440.158790.242400.281270.482480.112Indonesia530.001610.040840.215320.262580.082Philippines660.161650.011960.473380.164780.344Vietnam700.202730.176880.291570.040730.302Lao PDR800.297830.320910.407590.097800.364Cambodia960.505990.8391020.596420.104930.688The Human Capital Report | 19 23. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 2: Regional performance on the Human Capital Index1.0 0.8 0.6Pillar score0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 North AmericaEurope and Central AsiaAsia and the PacicLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSource: Human Capital Index 2013. Scores are weighted by population; population data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, rev. 2012.scores 106th. Although Mongolia takes the top spot for the Economic participation gender gap indicator, Mongolia is in last position for the Training services indicator. Mongolia shows a stronger performance on the Education pillar where its primary and tertiary enrolment rates are both in the top 40 rankings. Iran (94) is the lowest of the uppermiddle income economies represented in the Asia and Pacific region. Iran has a wide distribution of ranks across the four pillars, from 68th for Education to 119th for Workforce and Employment. Strong enrolment rates push up Irans scores for the former pillar, whereas bottom five positions for the Economic participation gender gap and Labour force participation (1564) indicators contribute to driving down the aggregate scores for the latter pillar. Cambodia (96) is followed by Bangladesh (110) and Pakistan (112). EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Europe and Central Asia holds the second highest overall rank of the six regions in the Index, with a top performance on Health and Wellness and second position on Enabling Environment. Twothirds of the regions countries are highincome economies that dominate the top half of the global rankings across all categories. With eight of the top ten in the region and thirteen in the top 20, the Europe and Central Asia region has only fifteen of its countries outside the top 50. Switzerland (1) and Finland (2) hold the highest ranks on the Index. In addition to investment in human capital20 | The Human Capital Reportacross health, education and employment, both countries are able to leverage strong returns through creating an efficient, effective ecosystem or enabling environment. Switzerland and Finland hold the top four spots across all pillars with the exception of Finland on the Health and Wellness pillar where Finland ranks ninth place. The Netherlands (4), Sweden (5), Germany (6) and Norway (7) follow next. Sweden, in tenth spot, trails Germany (third) on the Enabling Environment pillar, mainly due to Germanys more advanced scores on the Cluster development and Internal infrastructure indicators. However Swedens second position globally for Health and Wellness, due to low impact of NCDs, nudges the country ahead in the overall rankings. Norways Education and Workforce and Employment pillars are similar to Denmarks, however Norway fares better than its neighbour on the unemployment indicators. The UK (8) leads Denmark (9) on all but the Health and Wellness pillar. The UKs Health subpillar scores are held back due to obesity and wellbeing indicators. Belgium (11), Austria (13) and Iceland (14) have good overall performances on the Health and Wellness pillar, due to excellent healthcare systems and, in particular for Iceland, high scores on the communicable and noncommunicable disease indicators. Belgium and Iceland both post very strong scores in Education, which supports their overall rankings. Austrias 25th position on the Education pillar is the weakest performance of the three countries on any of the pillars, but its ICT and physical infrastructure ensures 24. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 3: Regional performance on the Education pillar1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6Pillar score0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 North AmericaEurope and Central AsiaAsia and the PacicLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSource: Human Capital Index 2013. Scores are weighted by population; population data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, rev. 2012.a strong overall ranking on the Enabling Environment pillar at sixth spot, ahead of Belgium in the 14th and Iceland in 20th positions. Luxembourg (17) ranges from ninth position on the Enabling Environment pillar, due to strengths in Legal infrastructure and Social mobility, to 35th on Education, where enrolment rates and qualitative measures of education have a lower performance. Irelands (20) strengths lie in Education, in contrast to Frances (21) performance, which places it 13 positions below Ireland on this pillar. Estonia (27) has a consistent performance across all pillars except for Workforce and Employment, which has the country in 39th spot. Estonia has excellent scores on the Tertiary attainment and Internet access in schools indicators, helping to drive up the overall results for this pillar, although high rates of unemployment are a weak factor. Maltas (28) strength is on the Education pillar, while Infrastructure and Collaboration indicators weaken performance on the Enabling Environment pillar. Spain (29) and Portugal (30) share similar ranks for Enabling Environment, but within this pillar they demonstrate different strengths and weaknesses. Spain performs very well on the Health and Wellness pillar with a 12th spot ranking; however a very poor 70th rank on the Workforce and Employment pillar due to low labour force participation and high unemployment brings the overall scores down significantly. Spains participation and access measures for education are strong but qualitativemeasures are low in comparison. Portugals rankings are supported by the countrys performance on the Health and Wellness pillar, however the Education pillar is Portugals main weakness, in particular the relatively low levels of educational attainment in the current workforce. Cyprus (31) has strong scores on the qualitative education indicators. Below average scores in wellbeing reduce the performance on the Health and Wellness pillar and several weak indicator scores result in the lowest performance for Cyprus on the Enabling Environment pillar. Slovenia (32) has a varied performance across the pillars, with Education in 21st position due to high levels of educational attainment of the adult population, and Workforce and Employment in 41st position, where unemployment impacts profoundly on the overall scores. The Czech Republic (33) has a notably homogenous performance across all pillars with a rank of 36 for all pillars, with the exception of a stronger performance on Enabling Environment, in particular for the group of infrastructurerelated variables. Lithuania (34) and its neighbour Latvia (38) both demonstrate similar scores on the Workforce and Employment pillars. Italys (37) main strengths lie in the health of its population. With a rank of 19 in the Health and Wellness pillar, Italy has some of the top rankings in several indicators. However Italys lowest performance is the Workforce and Employment pillar, where it ranked at 75th, due to low levels of staff training and low perceptions of the use of technology within business. A notableThe Human Capital Report | 21 25. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 4: Regional performance on the Health and Wellness pillar0.6 0.4 0.2Pillar score0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Europe and Central AsiaNorth AmericaLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaAsia and the PacicSub-Saharan AfricaSource: Human Capital Index 2013. Scores are weighted by population; population data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, rev. 2012.strength for Italy is its perceived top position in the State of cluster development indicator. Croatias (46) performance in the legal and regulatory environment, brain drain concerns, an inability to attract talent and low scores on innovation contributed to its ranking. Kazakhstan (45), Poland (49) and the Russian Federation (51) have almost identical scores on the Education pillar, despite varying scores on the current access to education indicators. For the latter two countries this was their strongest performing pillar. Poland also leads the health rankings for the three countries with a rank of 47th on the Health and Wellness pillar, however Kazakhstans higher rankings on the remaining two pillars have ensured its higher overall position on the Human Capital Index. Excellent scores on the Participation sub pillar drive a higher overall rank on the Workforce and Employment pillar. However, business leaders still indicate an inability of the country to source the required talent. Poland leads Russia in the Workforce and Employment pillar, especially in indicators of the Talent and Training subpillars. However, Russia has a stronger performance on the Participation subpillar. Hungarys (54) overall scores are driven by excellent results on the Education pillar, in particular rankings of first and fifth for primary and secondary attainment among the population over 25 years of age, while the Wellbeing indicators and obesity and noncommunicable disease indicators supress performance on the Health and Wellness pillar. Greece (55) and Bulgaria (56)22 | The Human Capital Reportfollow next. Both hold similar aggregate scores on the Education and the Health and Wellness pillars, although within these groups Greece outperforms Bulgaria on the access to education indicators and Bulgaria leads Greece significantly on the health gender gap and stress indicators. Both countries have low scores across the Participation subpillar in the Workforce and Employment pillar. Turkey (60) is the last of the Europe and Central Asia countries in the upper half of the overall Index rankings. Strengths on the Collaboration and Legal framework sub pillars of the Enabling Environment pillar push this pillar to a rank of 45, and generally sound performances across the Health and Wellness pillar offset weaker performances on the Education and Workforce and Employment pillars, the latter being due to low levels of labour force participation and a significant gender gap in economic participation. Ukraines (63) performance is varied across the categories with 45th position on the Education pillars in contrast to its 96th rank on Enabling Environment. Tertiary enrolment and gender parity in education support the 45th ranking while very low Social mobility, Legal infrastructure and Cluster development scores are behind the low Enabling Environment pillar score. Azerbaijan (64)s weakest pillar is Health and Wellness, especially the Survival and the Health subpillars, and it has one of the worlds lowest scores in the gender gap indicator. Macedonia, FYR (65), Romania (69) and Albania (72) follow next. Armenias (73) overall rank is reduced as a result of a very low score in the Workforce 26. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 5: Regional performance on the Workforce and Employment pillar1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6Pillar score0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 North AmericaAsia and the PacicEurope and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanSub-Saharan AfricaMiddle East and North AfricaSource: Human Capital Index 2013. Scores are weighted by population; population data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, rev. 2012.and Employment pillar at 113, where unemployment is among the highest in the world and levels of employee training are low. Georgia (77) also has a weak performance on the Workforce and Employment pillar due to poor rankings on both unemployment and training indicators. A high proportion of years lived in good health and a low prevalence of stunting and wasting in children support stronger scores for the Health and Wellness pillar, where the country ranks 66th overall. Moldova (83) and Serbia (85) perform significantly better on the Education and Health and Wellness pillars than on the Workforce and Enabling pillar. The education levels of the current workforce boost the pillars aggregate scores although performance is weaker on the qualitative measures. Moldova has one of the lowest labour force participation rates in the world, despite aboveaverage rankings on the economic participation gender gap indicators and the two unemployment indicators. Serbias lowest scores are on the qualitative talent indicators, while low scores for staff training and high unemployment also bring down the overall score for the Workforce and Employment pillar for the country. The Kyrgyz Republic (92) is the lowest performing of the Europe and Central Asia countries. Rankings of 78 and 75 for Education and Health and Wellness respectively are offset by lower rankings on the other two pillars. Very weak scores on the Enabling Environments Legal framework and the Collaborative subpillars negate the top 50 rankings achieved on some of the infrastructure indicators. TheKyrgyz Republic scores its highest aggregate rankings on the Wellbeing subpillar within the Health and Wellness pillar. MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA The Middle East and North Africa region has a very diverse profile of countries in terms of wealth. The region comprises 15 countries; of which, seven are high income, four are uppermiddle income and four are lower middle income. The region ranks fourth on Health and Wellness, holds second to last place on the Education and Enabling Environment pillars and is in last place on Workforce and Employment. Qatar (18) has a broad range of ranks across the four pillars, from the seventh spot on the Workforce and Employment pillar to 44th position on the Health and Wellness pillar. Qatars high ranking on the Workforce and Employment pillar is due to top rankings on both unemployment indicators and Country capacity to retain talent as well as top ten rankings on the Staff training, Capacity to attract talent, Pay related to productivity and Labour force participation (1564) indicators. Other high scores for education quality and collaboration on the Enabling Environment pillar are also important contributing factors. The United Arab Emirates (24) also benefits from high qualitative Education pillar rankings and Israels (25) high educational attainment rates help drive its overall scores. The UAEs rankings are pulled down by shortfalls on theThe Human Capital Report | 23 27. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalFigure 6: Regional performance on the Enabling Environment pillar1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6Pillar score0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.2 North AmericaEurope and Central AsiaAsia and the PacicLatin America and the CaribbeanMiddle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSource: Human Capital Index 2013. Scores are weighted by population; population data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Population Prospects, rev. 2012.Health and Wellness pillar with a last place ranking for Deaths under 60 from noncommunicable diseases and a weak performance for Obesity. The Collaboration indicators of the Enabling Environment pillar are also helping to push up the overall scores for the UAE. Israels Life expectancy, Business impact of noncommunicable diseases and health services indicators are strong performers for the country. Saudi Arabias (39) pillar scores ranges from a 21st rank on Enabling Environment to a weaker 72nd spot on Health and Wellness. The country scores well on all indicators of the former, with the exception of Internet access, where usage rates are outside the top 50 rankings. Conversely, Saudi Arabia achieves the top spot for mobile phone use. Bahrains (40) strength is also on the Enabling Environment pillar, with a strong performance on the Legal framework and Social mobility subpillars. Deaths under 60 from NCDs and Obesity are weak points, both ranking below 100. In contrast to a number of other countries in the region, Oman (41) has a relatively strong performance on the Health and Wellness pillar, with a rank of 37. Despite a relatively low life expectancy, Oman ranks highly in healthy life years and healthcare services. Omans Enabling Environment pillar is in a strong 25th position in part due to good scores in ICT usage and Intellectual property rights and property protection. Weaker scores in labour force participation and the education gender gap measure pull down the countrys overall scores.24 | The Human Capital ReportJordan (52) and Kuwait (59) both rank low on the Workforce and Employment pillar. Although Kuwait has good rankings for the unemployment indicators it has significantly lower scores on the qualitative measures. Jordan fares better, in this group, in particularly with the countrys level of technology absorption, but the countrys labour force participation rate among the 1564 age group is the lowest in the sample and the economic gender gap measure puts the country in the bottom ten for this indicator. A good overall performance (46th) on the Health and Wellness pillar boosts Tunisias (67) overall rankings. High rankings for the business impact of both communicable and noncommunicable disease indicators help push up the scores on this pillar. Compared to a number of other countries in the region, Tunisia has very low rankings in labour force participation, economic gender gap and unemployment rates, placing Tunisia in 101st place in the Workforce and Employment pillar. Lebanon (74) performs well on the Education pillar with a rank of 32nd, significantly higher than its 96th rank for Workforce and Employment and 104th rank for Enabling Environment. With the exception of Internet access in schools, the qualitative measures for Lebanons education perform well, at a 13th spot or above. Poor rankings on the Infrastructure, Legal frameworks and Collaboration subpillars push down scores on the Enabling Environment pillar. 28. Part 1: Measuring Human CapitalMoroccos (82) Health and Wellness pillar is the countrys strongest, ranking 59th, boosted by strong performances on the Stunting and wasting in children, Depression and Business impact of noncommunicable diseases indicators. Morocco is the highest ranked of the North African countries, significantly ahead of its neighbour Algeria (115) in all pillars, particularly Health and Wellness, where very low scores on the business impact of disease indicators distinctly separate the countries. Algerias qualitative measures for education, talent and training impact the overall results significantly and contribute to the overall lower ranking. The Enabling Environment and Health and Wellness pillars help the low performance of Egypt (111). Stronger results on the Survival gender gap and the Water, sanitation and hygiene indicators are offset by poor results on Obesity and the two qualitative healthcare indicators. Likewise, the better ranking on the State of cluster development indicator is pulled down by the other Collaborative indicator, Business and university R&D collaboration. Mauritania (121) and Yemen (122) are the lowest ranking countries in the region and in the Index overall, occupying the bottom four pillar spots in all but two instances. Mauritania has marginally better qualitative education results. Yemen has slightly better scores on the Enabling Environment pillar due to its domestic transport and social safety net indicators, although the collaboration variables reduce the overall pillar score to 116th. Mauritania scores well on the Depression indicator, helping to boost the countrys score to 105th on this pillar. NORTH AMERICA North America is the highest performing of the six regions and is comprised of only two highincome economies. Canada (10) ranks the highest of the North America region, due to a very strong performance on the Education pillar. The second overall rank raises the aggregate Human Capital Index score from the other three pillars, which rank between 15th for Workforce and Employment to 20th for Health and Wellness. Canada has the highest tertiary attainment levels of all the countries in the Index. Canadas qualitative measures are significantly higher than that of the United States (16). Within the Enabling Environment pillar, the United States demonstrates superior collaboration, as it does on the talent group of indicators in the Workforce and Employment pillar. However it is on the Health and Wellness pillar where the greatest difference in performance lies, with Canada scoring higher than the United States on the access and quality of its healthcare, on wellbeing and on the impact of noncommunicable disease indicators.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA Twentyone countries are represented in the Sub Saharan Africa region, which scores at the bottom of the six regions overall, with the lowest scores for each pillar, except for the Workforce and Employment pillar where it ranks fifth, ahead of the Middle East and North Africa region. Mauritius, Botswana, South Africa and Namibia are from the uppermiddle income category of economies. There are six countries from the lower middle income group and the remainder are all low income economies. Mauritius (47) is the highestranking county in the region and the only country from the region in the top 50. Good performances on Education and Enabling Environment, and in particular Health and Wellness where the country is ranked 45th, mean that the country is significantly ahead of the regions second and third placed countries, Botswana (79) and Kenya (81). A lower 64th position on the Workforce and Employment pillar is due to low levels of labour force participation and a low ranking on the youth unemployment indicator. Botswana ranks well on the Enabling Environment pillar with a 59th spot, in comparison with 85th to 93rd on the other three pillars. Better scores in the Legal framework subpillar help lift the lower scores in the Collaboration subpillar. In contrast, Kenya does well in terms of Collaboration but poorly on Legal framework. Botswana shares the top spot in the education gender gap measure and 40th in economic participation but has a much lower rank for the Survival gender gap indicator. Kenya does well overall on the talent indicators, with a globally high rank for Ease of finding skilled employees. South Africa (86) ranks 42nd on the Enabling Environment pillar, its highest pillar score by a significant margin, and has rankings of 92nd to 105th on the other pillars. In particular, its Collaboration and Legal framework subpillars have strong results but the Infrastructure scores are pulled down by a 104th place rank for the Domestic transport indicator. South Africas very poor scores for unemployment, youth unemployment and labour force participation drive down the rankings for the Workforce and Employment pillar. Despite good scores for staff training, South Africa has one of the lowest scores on the Ease of finding skilled employees and Pay relating to productivity indicators. Ghana (87) has stronger scores across the Workforce and Employment and Enabling Environment pillars than it does on the Education and Health and Wellness pillars. Strong labour force participation rates across the population maintain its ranking despite some weaknesses on the talent and training indicators. Ghanas Domestic transport indicator performs better than the ICT element within the Infrastructure subpillar. Namibias (97) ranking on the Enabling Environment pillar (61) tops that of the other three pillars, where it ranks between 98th and 108th, by a significant margin. SenegalThe Human Capital Report | 25 29. Part 1: Measuring Human Capital(102) has a strong 51st spot on the Workforce and Employment pillar that boosts its overall ranking, despite being in 112th position on the Education pillar. Senegal has some of the lowest educational attainment rates within the adult population of any country in the Index and enrolment levels among children today are very low. N