World of Matter

What is matterMatter is something that occupies space and has mass.

Matter Non – Matter

Matter is made up of small particles

Every substance is made up on small particles (called molecules). Each particle has the same properties as the original substance.

A chemical bond holds the particles together. The strength of the bond between the particles determines many properties of that substance.

Particles of matter are in motion

If you add a few drops of potassium permanganate to water you will observe that the color of the entire solution will change even if you don’t stir the solution.

This is because particles of matter are always in motion.Particles of a solid vibrate in their place while those of liquid and gas can move about more freely.

There is gap between particlesThere is a lot of gap in between two particles of a substance.

When you add potassium permanganate to water, the particles of potassium permanganate occupy the space between the water particles.

Water molecule

Potassium permanganate molecule

Solid Liquid Gas

There is very little empty space between particles in a solid.

Gases have the maximum amount of empty space between particles

Properties of Matter

Matter is made up on small particles.Particles of matter are held together by a chemical bond.Every particle of matter has the same properties.Particles of matter are in constant motion.There is gap between the particles of matter.

States of matter

Plasma – Highly excited gas which has lost its electrons

SolidLiquid

GasPlasma

States of matter

SolidHas a fixed shape

Has fixed volume

Very hard to compressLittle empty space between

particlesParticles vibrate in their place

Strong chemical bonds hold the particles together

LiquidNo fixed shape

Takes the shape of the container

Has fixed volume

Can be compressed a bitLittle empty space between

particlesParticles can move about freely

within the liquidChemical bonds in liquids are

weaker than in solids

GasNo fixed shape

No fixed volumeTakes the volume of the

containerEasily compressible

Large empty space between particles

Particles have high energy and more about randomly

Gases have the weakest chemical bonds amongst the

three

Viscosity

Viscosity describes a liquid’s resistance to flow.

Honey is more viscous then kerosene which is more viscous then water.

Honey Kerosene Water

120

90

60

30

0

2 4 6 8 100

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

Time (s)

-30

Changing the state of matter

Boiling Point

Melting Point

What happens on heating Matter is made up on small particles which are in

constant motion.

When you heat matter, the particles of matter absorb the heat energy and begin moving faster (in other words they gain kinetic energy).

As more energy is provided the chemical bond between the particles become weaker and hence there is change is the state of matter.

Latent heat is the heat absorbed or released when matter undergoes a change of state without a change in it temperature.

Latent heat of fusion – Melting Latent heat of vaporization – Boiling

Changing the state of matter

SOLIDS

LIQUIDS

GASES

PLASMAS

+E+E

+EEACH ADDITION OF ENERGY CREATES

A CHANGE IN STATE

Conversion from on state to another

LIQUID

condensation

evaporationsublimation

deposition

melting

freezing

De-ionization

IonizationPLASMAGAS

SOLID

EvaporationEvaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the surface of a liquid.

Rate of evaporation depends up on surface area, temperature, flow of air and concentration of the substance in air (humidity)

When the molecules collide, they transfer energy to each other. Sometimes during the transfer a molecule near the surface ends up with enough energy to escape.

Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules.

Sublimation

Some substances like ammonium chloride, camphor, dry ice (solid CO2) and naphthalene on heating transition directly from solid state to gaseous state.

This direct transition from solid state to gaseous state is known as sublimation.

Take some ammonium chloride in a china dish. Place an inverted glass funnel over it. Heat the dish gently.

Ammonium chloride converts directly from solid state to gaseous state.

Ammonium chloride vapours

Cotton plug

Inverted funnel

Ammonium chloride solidified

China dish

Burnner

CONDENSE INTO LIQUIDS

MATTER

SOLID LIQUIDS GASES

MELT INTO LIQUIDSSUBLIMATE INTO GASES

EVAPORATE INTO GASESFREEZE INTO SOLIDS

CAN BE CONVERTED

INTO

CAN BE CONVERTED

INTO