World Production of Edible Mushrooms

& Edible Mushrooms of

Pakistan

1

2

Presented to: Dr. A.R. Niazi

Presented by:Jannat Iftikhar (B11-16)

M. Awais (B11-24)Fiza Ayub (B11-25)

MUSHROOM CULTIVATION

Mushrooms

• The large, macroscopic,spore-bearing, fruitingbodies of fungi aregenerally referred to asmushrooms.

• Of the estimated 1.5million species of fungi,about 69,000 produce thefruiting bodies we callmushrooms.

3

Mycophagy

• Mycophagy, the act of consuming mushrooms, datesback to ancient times.

• First reliable evidence of mushroom consumption datesto several hundred years BC in China.

• Ancient Romans and Greeks, particularly the upperclasses, used mushrooms for culinary purposes.

• The Greeks regarded them as providing strength forwarriors in battles.

• The more ancient Aztecs and the Egyptian pharaohsconsidered the edible fungus to be the food of the gods.

4

Edible Mushrooms

• Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and ediblefruiting bodies of several species of macrofungi.

• Edible mushrooms are consumed by humansas comestibles for their nutritional value andmedicinal value.

• 2000 species from more than 30 genera are

• regarded as prime edible mushrooms.

• These mushrooms are wild but now many of thespecies are cultivated commercially.

5

Wild Edible Mushrooms

6

7

Russula cyanoxantha Suillus luteus

Laccaria laccata Calvatia gigantea

8

Morchella esculenta Tuber aestivum

Macrolapiota procera Armillaria mellae

9

Hydnum repandum Cantherellus cibarius

Craterallus tubaeformis Craterellus cornucopoides

10

Boletus spp. Lactarius deliciosus

Lepista nuda Coprinus comatus

Cultivated Edible Mushrooms

11

12

Volveriella volvaceae Lentinus edodesPleurotus sp

Flammulina velutipes Auricularia auricula Tremella fuciformis

13

Agrocybe aegerita Hysizygus tessulatus

Pholiota nameko Agaricus bisporus

Mushroom Production

• People have harvested mushrooms from the wild forthousands of years for food and medicines.

• Chinese first cultivated Lentinula edodes around 1100AD.

• White button mushroom was fist cultivated in France in1650.

• Commercial production began in the United States in the1880s.

• Agaricus is the leading mushroom crop worldwide (30%)

• Pleaurotus ranks second(25%)

• Lentinula is third most cultivated mushroom worldwide(10%) 14

• Roughly 2000 mushroom species from more than 30genera are regarded as prime edible (Chang, 1991).

• But only 30 have been domesticated and 10 are growncommercially. Button, oyster, and shiitake mushroomsmake up about 70% of the world’s production.

• During the past 30 years, mushroom production worldwideincreased twenty-fold, with much of that increaseoccurring in the 1980s and 1990s.

• Asian countries continue to dominate world productionand consumption.

15

The Global Mushroom Production

• Global Scenario About the mushroom marketing, StanHughes said “Mushroom growers have mystified me foryears. They put so much effort into growing and so littleinto selling”.

• For effective and efficient marketing, especially export, itis necessary to understand the global trade vis-à-vis thesources of supply, potential regions of demand andconsumption patterns.

16

The Global Mushroom Production as per FAO Statistics

• The global mushroom production as per FAO Statisticswas estimated at about 2.18 to 3.41 million tons overperiod of last ten years (1997-2007).

• Since there was an increase of about 56% worldmushroom production in last decades and estimates canbe put on current production to be around 3.5 milliontons.

17

Major Mushroom Producing Countries• China, USA, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, France, Italy,

Ireland, Canada and UK are the leading producers.

• The three major mushroom producing countries as FAOdata China is leading in mushroom production accounts70% of the total.

18

• USA is second followed by Europeans countries.

• Production in European countries is confined toGermany, Italy, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Polandand others

• In Asian countries the scenario is different and otherspecies are also cultivated for commercial production.

• World mushroom production (FAO Stat) is continuouslyincreasing from 0.30 to 3.41 million tons over period ofabout last 50 years from 1961 to 2010.

19

Mushroom Market in Different Countries1. USA:

• Largest consumer.

• Larges importer of canned mushroom.

• The amount of imported canned mushroom by US is 64867 tons in 2007-08.

• US export is relatively less as compared to the imports.

• It was 7212 and 708 tons in 2007-08.

• 8119 tons and 1281 tons in 2008-09 respectively.

• Canada is importer.

20

2. China:

• Annual production of China is 15,68,532 metric tons and its import is 17,732 tons.

• Global producer of the mushrooms and exporter of canned mushroom since 2004.

• China is also largest consumer of mushrooms.

• 95% of their production is used within the country only 5% is exported.

21

3. India:

• Indian production of edible mushrooms is about 250,000 tons annually.

• Himalaya International has, mushroom production capacity and its production is anticipated to 9,000 metric tons of canned mushroom annually.

• Other smaller units are also present with production capacity of 200-500 tons per acre.

• Punjab, Gujrat, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and other places in the country.

22

4. Indonesia:

• The annual production of Indonesia is 18,392 metric tons per annually (2007).

• A single mushroom growing company ETIRA grows 12775 tons of fresh mushrooms annually for canning and export.

• It is principle exporter of USA.

23

5. European Union Countries:

• Largest producer.

• Spain, Italy. France, Poland, The Netherlands.

• Poland has become the largest volume producer of freshmushrooms in Europe, growing 238000 tons of mushroomsannually.

• German production was about 62,000 tons in 2012.

• The Netherlands production was 250,000 tons.

• Poland, 238,000 tons.

• Spain, 98,000 tons.

• France, 108,000 tons.24

6. Canada:

• Its annual production was 73,257 tons (FAO,2007).

• Mushroom production is located principally in two provinces, Ontario and British Columbia.

• They accounts for 57% and 37% respectively.

25

Global Consumption

• In 2007, global consumption amounted to 3.3 milliontons.

• China, the EU countries and the United States were theleading global consumers of mushrooms.

• Other major consumers included Canada, Japan, Russia,Australia, and India.

26

27

Source: Mushroom Industry Report (94003) August 31, 2011

Global Trade

• Poland, Netherland, Ireland, China, Belgium, Lithuania,Canada and USA are the major mushroom exportingcountries.

• While countries like UK, Germany, France, Netherland,Belgium, Russian Federation and Japan import themushroom from above said exporting countries.

28

Global Trade

• Global exports of canned mushrooms amounted to458,137 tons in 2008.

• China accounting for 87 per cent of total export volumein 2008, (4,05,112 metric tons).

• Other major global exporters in 2008 included Indonesia(18,392 metric tons) and India.

• Global exports of fresh mushrooms averaged around43,730 tons during 2004–07 before falling to 34802 tonsin 2008.

• Canada and the United States were the largest globalexporters of fresh mushrooms in 2008, togetheraccounting for nearly 80 per cent of the total export.

29

Global Trade

• Global imports of canned mushrooms amounted to292,267 tons in 2008, up by 12 per cent from 260,944tons in 2004.

• America and Russia accounts the largest share of globalimport.

• Global imports of fresh mushrooms amounted to 90,879tons in 2008, up by 42 per cent from 63,618 tons in 2004.

• Russia (69,726 metric tons) and the United Statestogether were the most important global import marketsin 2008.

• Canada, Norway, Malaysia, and Ukraine were othermajor markets.

30

• China is the largest producer and consumer ofmushrooms in the world (15,68,523 metric tonsproduction + 17,732 metric tons imports).

• Followed by USA (3, 59,630 metric tons production +68,123 metric tons imports) and Netherland (2,40,000metric tons production + 7,884 metric tons imports)respectively.

31

• Netherland is the largest producer and consumer.

• Poland is largest exporter.

• UK largest importer.

• France and Spain are also the larger producers as well asconsumers.

• From outside, China is largest consumer and producer aswell.

32

Yield of Edible Mushrooms

33

Common name Scientific name World productionTonns/year

Portobello Agaricus bisporus One million

Paddy straw mushroom Volveriella volvacea 60,000

Enoki Flamulina velutipes 40,000

Land fish mushroom Morchella esculenta

Yield of Edible Mushrooms

34

Common name Scientific name World productionTonns/year

Shiitake Lentinula edodes 150,000

Oyester mushroom Pleaurotus ostreatus 20,000

Nameko Pholiota nameko 15,000

Ear fungus Auricularia auricula 12,000

Truffles Tuber melanosporum 8000

Edible Mushrooms of Pakistan• 56 edible species of mushrooms are reported from Pakistan.

• 44 from KPK and Azad Kashmir.

• Five from Punjab.

• Four from Balochistan.

• Three from Sindh

35

KPK & Azad Kashmir • M. esculenta• M. miyabearus• M. semilibra• M. smithiana• M. vulgaris• P. ostreatus• Truffles• Termitomyces

macrocarpus• T. mammiformis• T. microcarpus• Volveriella volvacea• V. speciosa

36

• Agaricus bisporus• Agaicus sylvaticus• Armillaria melae• Boletus edulis• Bovista nigescens• Cantherallus citsarius• Coprinus comatus• Calvatia gigantean• Morchella conica• M. crassipes• M. delicosus• M. elata

Punjab

37

• Agaricus bisporus

• Agaricus silvaticus

• Coprinus comatus

• C. atromentarius

• Lycoperdon

• Pleurotus cornucopiae

• P. dryinus

• P. ostreatus

• Podaxis pitillaris

• Volveriella volvacea

• V. speciosa

• V. bombycina

Sindh

• Lycoperdon

• Calvatia gigentea

• Phellorina inguinance

• Podaxis pistillaris

38

Balochistan

• Agaricus rodmani

• Phellorina inguinance

• Lycoperdon sp.

• Podaxis pistillaris

39

• The best quality mushrooms available in Pakistan are

Oyster mushroom

The white mushroom

The phoenix ( grey) mushroom

Pink oyster mushroom

40

• Pakistan exported 97.0 thousand kg mushrooms during theyear 1999-2000 having value of US $ 0.69 million (GOP, 2000).

• About 90 tons of mushrooms are exported to Europe fromPakistan every year. (Khan et al.)

• Mushrooms earned $6.904 million foreign exchange forPakistan.

• About 18-25 thousand kilogram of morels (Morochellaesculenta), which are found in Swat and Kaghan areas of Pakistan are annually exported to some European countries (Alam et. al., 2001).

41

Conclusion

42

References

• Bryce Kendrick, The Fifth Kingdom, Pub., 01-Jan-2000.• Sultana et. al., diversity of edible mushrooms in Pakistan, Pakistan J.

agric. Res. Vol. 20 NO. 1-2, 2007.• Behari Lal Dhar, Changing Global Scenerio in Mushroom Industry,

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP8) 2014.

• G.C. Wakchaure, Production and Marketing of Mushrooms: Global and National Scenario, may 19, 2014.

• Tom Harrington and Maria Cullen, Assessment of wild edible fungal production in Irish woodlands, © COFORD 2008.

• Danny L. Barney, Growing Mushrooms Commercially — Risks and Opportunities, 2000.

• Khan et al., Impact Of Sawdust Using Various Woods For Effective Cultivation Of Oyster Mushroom, Pak. J. Bot., 44(1): 399-402, 2012.

• Muhammad Zeeshan Farid & Dr Amjad Farooq, Mushroom farming: the fungal goldmine, The Express Tribune, October 1st, 2012.

• Mushroom Industry Report (94003) August 31, 2011.43

44

Thank you

45

Any question???