world trade center chemicals of potential concern and selected

World Trade Center Health Program

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

World Trade Center Chemicals of Potential Concern and Selected Other Chemical AgentsSummary of Cancer Classifications by the National Toxicology Program and International Agency for Research on Cancer

World Trade Center Health Programii World Trade Center Health Program iii

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

DisclaimerMention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring or-ganizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites.

Ordering InformationTo receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at

Telephone: 1–800–CDC–INFOTTY: 888–533–8573E-mail: [email protected]

or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh.

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DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2012–1115

February 2012

Safer • Healthier • PeopleTM

World Trade Center Health Programii World Trade Center Health Program iii

Acknowledgments

This summary of cancer classifications for agents identified by the Environmental Pro-tection Agency as Contaminants of Potential Concern and select other agents was re-searched and developed by members of the World Trade Center Health Program Can-cer Working Group:

Paul J. Middendorf, PhD, CIH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Robert E. McCleery, MSPH, CIH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Appreciation is expressed to the following individuals for their review of this summary for the WTC Health Program:

Richard Niemeier, PhD National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

John Piacentino, MD, MPH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Elizabeth Whelan, PhD National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

World Trade Center Health Program v

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiiAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viI. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1II. National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens . . . . . . . . . . 5III. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs . . . . . . . . . 7IV. Summary of Cancer Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 1. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 1—Carcinogenic to Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 2. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to Humans . . . . . . 25

Table 3. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select other Agents as IARC Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans . . . . . . . 33

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

World Trade Center Health Programvi World Trade Center Health Program 1

Abbreviations

ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryCOPC chemicals of potential concernEPA Environmental Protection AgencyIARC International Agency for Research on CancerNL not listedNTP National Toxicology ProgramNYCDOHMH New York City Department of Health and Mental HygienePAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonRoC National Toxicology Program Report on Cancersyn synonymTEQ dioxin toxic equivalentWTC World Trade Center

World Trade Center Health Programvi World Trade Center Health Program 1

I. Introduction

The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010, Public Law 111-347, Title XXXIII of the Public Health Service Act, 124 Stat. 3623 (codified at 42 United States Code section 300mm–300mm-61), requires the Administrator of the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program to

“periodically conduct a review of all available scientific and medical evidence, in-cluding findings and recommendations of Clinical Centers of Excellence, published in peer-reviewed journals to determine if, based on such evidence, cancer or a certain type of cancer should be added to the applicable list of WTC-related health conditions.” 42 U.S.C. sec. 300mm-22(a)(5)(A).

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) presented the first periodic review of cancer for the WTC Health Program in July 2011. This review includ-ed findings from the peer-reviewed scientific and medical literature about exposures and cancer resulting from the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks [NIOSH 2011]. The Exposure section of the first periodic review provided an initial list of agents detected in the area around the World Trade Center (WTC) during the disaster response and recov-ery periods. The Contaminants of Potential Concern (COPC) Committee of the World Trade Center Indoor Air Task Force Working Group1 developed the initial list from the chemicals identified in air sample testing results included in four databases [COPC Committee 2003]. The committee used this list to select COPCs and set health-based benchmarks for indoor environments. The four data sources were the

•Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 2 database of environmental sampling results, which contains more than 200,000 records on sampling results for 137 agents2;

•New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) public health inves-tigation database, which includes results from Lower Manhattan samples of six minerals, 354 air samples from residential buildings, and 32 samples of fibers col-lected outdoors and analyzed by phase contrast microscopy3;

1 http://www.tera.org/peer/WTC/COPC%20-%20Benchmark%20Report%20with%20appendices.pdf. Note that this is a large database assembled by the USEPA and centralizes exposure measurements from many different entities.

2 Only confirmed compounds were included in this list. Measurements for the dioxin and furan compounds were considered one contaminant in this tally and were screened by means of a TEQ analysis. TEQ is a dioxin toxic equivalent, calculated relative to the most toxic form of dioxin (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin). Measurements for asbestos were not differentiated by the asbestos minerals, although measurements used different analytical methods and counted different subsets of fiber types and sizes. All measurements for polychlorinated biphenyls were considered one contaminant, although the studies reported concentrations under several different groupings of congeners (e.g., total polychlorinated biphenyls, Aroclors).

3 These data are described in a 2002 report: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), New York

World Trade Center Health Program2 World Trade Center Health Program 3

•New York City Department of Education findings from sampling in schools, which involved samples collected both indoors and outdoors from six schools between September 2001 and June 2002 and includes more than 30,000 records of air sampling results for more than 70 agents; and

•Chatfield and Kominsky’s4 survey of indoor air quality.

A total of 287 chemicals or chemical groups were identified from the report [COPC Committee 2003], and each of them was checked against (1) the United States National Toxicology Program (NTP) 12th Report on Carcinogens (RoC)5 [NTP 2011] and (2) the United Nations International Agency on Research on Cancer (IARC) list of agents and documented in the IARC monographs, Volumes 1–102 [IARC 2006]. The list and cancer designations of these chemicals were provided in Appendix E of the First Peri-odic Review of Scientific and Medical Evidence Related to Cancer for the World Trade Center Health Program [NIOSH 2011].

In addition to the agents identified by the COPC Committee [COPC 2003], several other agents of potential concern have been included because of the potential for wide-spread exposure. In particular, the fires at the WTC site produced over an extended period of time substantial amounts of combustion products from building materials, including wood and plastics. Also, a large number of trucks, many of which run on diesel fuels, were used at the WTC site. These trucks likely produced large quantities of diesel particulates, which were discharged into the air at and around the WTC site. Be-cause of the potential exposure of rescue and recovery workers, as well as workers and residents in area buildings, to soot, biomass fuel, and diesel particulates, these are in-cluded with the COPC agents identified by EPA. Tables 1, 2, and 3 (Section IV) provide the cancer classifications of NTP and IARC and expand upon the information provided in the first periodic report by providing a summary of the basis for the IARC classifica-tion. NTP and IARC do not address decomposition products from plastics as a group; they are addressed only as individual compounds. Therefore, the individual compounds from thermal decomposition of plastics that were identified by the COPC Committee are included in the tables.

A summary of the studies cited in the IARC monographs is provided in Section IV. Hyperlinks to the NTP Report on Carcinogens and the IARC monographs are provided as well. The agents identified as COPC and other select agents are grouped according to their IARC designation as Group 1, 2A, or 2B. Agents categorized by IARC as Group 3

City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYCDOHMH) [2002]. Final Technical Report of the Public Health Investigation to Assess Potential Exposures to Airborne and Settled Surface Dust in Residential Areas of Lower Manhattan. September 2002.

4 These data are described in a 2001 report: Chattfield EJ, Kominsky JR [2001]. Summary Report: Characterization of Particulate Found in Apartments After Destruction of the World Trade Center. Report Requested by “Ground Zero” Elected Officials Task Force.

5 http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/?objectid=03C9AF75-E1BF-FF40-DBA9EC0928DF8B15


or Group 4 are not summarized because they are not expected to contribute to potential cancer outcomes among the rescue and recovery workers and the survivors. Descrip-tions of uncategorized agents are not available in the IARC Monographs. A total of 63 agents are included from the original list of 287 COPCs, and the additional three agents (soot, biomass fuel, and diesel) have been added.

World Trade Center Health Program 5

II. National Toxicology Program 12th Report on Carcinogens

The NTP RoC [NTP 2011] considers evidence such as data from traditional cancer epidemiology studies, clinical studies, and studies of tissues or cells (from humans ex-posed to the substances in question) that can be useful for evaluating whether a relevant cancer mechanism is operating in people. The RoC does not present quantitative assess-ments of the risks of cancer associated with these substances. Thus, listing of substances in the RoC indicates only a potential hazard and does not establish the exposure con-ditions that would pose cancer risks to individuals in their daily lives. The criteria for listing an agent, substance, mixture, or exposure circumstance in the RoC are as follows:

Known to be a human carcinogen (Category A)There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans and indi-cates a causal relationship between exposure to the agent, substance, or mixture, and human cancer.

Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (Category B)There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, and indicates that causal interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations, such as chance, bias, or confounding factors, could not adequately be excluded; or

There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental ani-mals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combi-nation of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset;

or

There is less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the agent, substance, or mixture belongs to a well-defined, struc-turally related class of substances whose members are listed in a previous RoC as either known to be a human carcinogen or reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, or there is convincing relevant information that the agent acts through mechanisms indicating it would likely cause cancer in humans.

The NTP RoC identifies and discusses agents, substances, mixtures, or exposure cir-cumstances that may pose a hazard to human health by virtue of their carcinogenicity. The RoC serves as a meaningful and useful compilation of data on the following:

•Carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and biologic mechanisms of the listed substance in humans and/or animals;


•Potential for human exposure to these substances; and •Federal regulations to limit exposures.

NTP conclusions regarding carcinogenicity in humans or experimental animals are based on scientific judgment, with consideration given to all relevant information. Relevant information includes but is not limited to dose–response, route of exposure, chemical structure, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, sensitive subpopulations, genetic effects, or other data relating to mechanism of action or factors that may be unique to a given substance. For example, there may be substances for which there is evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals, but there are compelling data indicating that the agent acts through mechanisms which do not operate in humans and would therefore not reasonably be anticipated to cause cancer in humans.


III. International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs

The categorization of the carcinogenic potential of an agent is a matter of scientific judgment that reflects the strength of the evidence derived from studies in humans and in experimental animals and from mechanistic and other relevant data. IARC working groups consider the body of evidence as a whole to reach an overall evaluation of the carcinogenicity of the agent to humans. The working groups also strive to achieve a broad consensus evaluation but not necessarily unanimity.

IARC classifies the evidence relevant to carcinogenicity from studies in humans accord-ing to the following categories: (1) sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity; (2) limited evidence of carcinogenicity; (3) inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity; and (4) evi-dence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity. In addition to the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies, the IARC working groups consider mechanistic and other evidence judged to be relevant to an evaluation of carcinogenicity and of sufficient importance to affect the overall evaluation. This may include data on pre-neoplastic lesions, tumor pathology, genetic and related effects, structure–activity relationships, metabolism and toxicokinetics, physicochemical parameters, and analogous biological agents. This information is not summarized in the Tables I, II, and III but can be found in the monographs by means of the hyperlinks provided.

The working groups make scientific judgments to classify agents based on the strength of the evidence as a whole, and they classify them according to the five categories below. Agents that have not been reviewed are not listed by IARC.

Group 1—Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in hu-mans. Exceptionally, an agent may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that carcinogenicity acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimen-tal animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mecha-nism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in


this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. An agent may be assigned to this category if it clearly belongs, based on mechanis-tic considerations, to a class of agents for which one of more members have been classified in Group 1 or in Group 2A.

Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenic-ity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenic-ity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent for which there is inad-equate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, together with supporting evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data, may be placed in this group. An agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data.

Group 3—Not Classifiable as to Its Carcinogenicity to HumansThis category is used most commonly for agents for which the evidence of carci-nogenicity is inadequate in humans and inadequate or limited in experimental animals. Exceptionally, agents for which the evidence of carcinogenicity is inad-equate in humans but sufficient in experimental animals may be placed in this category when there is strong evidence that the mechanism of carcinogenicity in experimental animals does not operate in humans. Agents that do not fall into any other group are also placed in this category. An evaluation in Group 3 is not a determination of non-carcinogenicity or overall safety. It often means that further research is needed, especially when exposures are widespread or the cancer data are consistent with differing interpretations.

Group 4—Probably Not Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is evidence suggesting lack of carci-nogenicity in humans and in experimental animals. In some instances, agents for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans but evidence sug-gesting lack of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, consistently and strongly supported by a broad range of mechanistic and other relevant data, may be classi-fied in this group.


IV. Summary of Cancer Classifications

Table 1. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 1—Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in ex-perimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

World Trade Center Health Program10

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C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

ham

ster

Intra

trach

eal

inst

illat

ion

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

resp

irato

ry tu

mor

s

mou

sega

vage

or d

iet

lung

, for

esto

mac

h, li

ver,

lym

phor

etic

ular

tiss

ue, e

soph

agus

, an

d to

ngue

rats

gava

ge o

r die

tlu

ng, f

ores

tom

ach,

live

r, ly

mph

oret

icul

ar ti

ssue

, eso

phag

us,

and

tong

uem

ouse

oral

lym

phom

asm

ouse

(tr

ansg

enic

)ga

vage

sple

nic

lym

phom

as a

nd fo

rest

omac

h

mou

se

(tran

sgen

ic)

diet

fore

stom

ach

tum

ors

rat

inje

ctio

n in

lung

mal

igna

nt lu

ng tu

mor

sha

mst

ers

inha

latio

nM

ales

: pol

yps,

pap

illom

as, s

quam

ous-

cell

carc

inom

as o

f upp

er

resp

. tra

ct a

nd u

pper

dig

estiv

e tra

ctha

mst

erap

plic

atio

n to

bu

ccal

pou

ch

muc

osa

Mal

es: f

ores

tom

ach

papi

llom

as

rat

subc

utan

eous

tra

chea

l gra

ftssq

uam

ous

cell

carc

inom

as

rat

intra

mam

illar

ybe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt m

amm

ary

glan

d tu

mor

sm

ouse

intra

colo

nic

inst

illat

ion

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

in v

ario

us o

rgan

s, n

ot c

olon

ic tu

mor

s

Ber

ylliu

m1

A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/B

eryl

lium

.pdf

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol5

8/m

ono5

8-6.

pdf

hum

an

lung

can

cer

rats

inha

latio

nm

alig

nant

and

ben

ign

lung

tum

ors

rats

intra

trach

eal

inst

illat

ion

lung

tum

ors

- ade

nom

as a

nd a

deno

carc

inom

as

rats

inha

latio

nlu

ng tu

mor

s - a

deno

carc

inom

asra

tsin

hala

tion

mal

igna

nt e

pith

elia

l lun

g tu

mor

sra

tin

tratra

chea

l in

still

atio

nlu

ng a

deno

carc

inom

as a

nd a

deno

mas

; mal

igna

nt lu

ng tu

mor

s

rabb

itIV

inje

ctio

nos

teos

arco

mas

rabb

itim

plan

tatio

n or

in

ject

ion

into

bo

ne

oste

osar

com

as

1,3-

But

adie

ne1

A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/B

utad

iene

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

7/m

ono9

7.pd

fhu

man

le

ukem

ia a

nd n

on-H

odgk

in ly

mph

oma

mou

sein

hala

tion

Mal

es: l

ymph

oma

and

neop

lasm

s of

the

hear

t, lu

ng, f

ores

tom

-ac

h, li

ver,

Har

deria

n gl

and,

pre

putia

l gla

nd a

nd k

idne

ym

ouse

inha

latio

nFe

mal

es: l

ymph

omas

and

neo

plas

ms

of th

e he

art,

lung

, for

e-st

omac

h, li

ver,

Har

deria

n gl

and,

ova

ry a

nd m

amm

ary

glan

dra

tin

hala

tion

Mal

es: p

ancr

eatic

exo

crin

e ad

enom

as a

nd c

arci

nom

as a

nd

inte

rstit

ial-c

ell t

umor

s of

the

test

is(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

rat

inha

latio

nFe

mal

es: t

hyro

id fo

llicu

lar-c

ell t

umor

s, u

terin

e sa

rcom

as,

Zym

bal g

land

car

cino

mas

and

ben

ign

and

mal

igna

nt m

amm

ary

tum

ors

Cadm

ium

and

co

mpo

unds

1A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/C

adm

ium

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol5

8/m

ono5

8-7E

.pdf

hum

an

lung

can

cer

mou

seor

alin

adeq

uate

for e

valu

atio

nra

tor

alM

ales

: leu

kem

ia, i

nter

stiti

al c

ell t

umor

s of

the

test

is, p

rolif

era-

tive

lesi

ons

of th

e pr

osta

teCd

chl

orid

e, C

d su

lfide

/sul

fate

, Cd

sulfa

te

and

Cd o

xide

fum

e an

d du

stm

ouse

inha

latio

nso

me

grou

ps e

xpos

ed to

cad

miu

m o

xide

fum

e or

dus

t had

in

crea

sed

inci

denc

es o

f lun

g tu

mor

sha

mst

erin

hala

tion

no in

crea

se in

the

inci

denc

e of

lung

tum

ors

rat

inha

latio

nm

alig

nant

lung

tum

ors

Cd s

ulfid

era

tin

trape

riton

eal

mal

igna

nt tu

mor

s w

ithin

the

perit

onea

l cav

ity.

Cd c

hlor

ide,

Cd

sulfi

dera

tin

tratra

chea

l in

still

atio

nm

alig

nant

pul

mon

ary

tum

ors

Cd c

hlor

ide,

Cd

sulfi

de/s

ulfa

te,

Cd-c

onta

inin

g ra

t liv

er fe

rriti

n ra

tsu

bcut

aneo

us

inje

ctio

nlo

cal s

arco

mas

Cd p

owde

r, Cd

chl

orid

e an

d Cd

sul

fide

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Cd c

hlor

ide

rat

subc

utan

eous

tum

ors

of th

e pr

osta

teCd

chl

orid

e m

ouse

subc

utan

eous

test

icul

ar in

ters

titia

l tum

ors

Cd p

owde

r, Cd

chl

orid

e, C

d su

lfide

ra

tsu

bcut

aneo

us

inje

ctio

nlo

cal s

arco

mas

; tes

ticul

ar in

ters

titia

l tum

ors

Cd c

hlor

ide

ra

tin

ject

ion

into

pr

osta

tem

alig

nant

pro

stat

ic tu

mor

s

Chro

miu

m V

I1

A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/C

hrom

ium

Hex

aval

entC

ompo

unds

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol4

9/m

ono4

9-6.

pdf

hum

an

lung

can

cer;

sino

nasa

l can

cer

Calc

ium

chr

omat

em

ouse

inha

latio

nlu

ng a

deno

mas

bor

derli

ne s

igni

fican

tra

tin

tratra

chea

l in

still

atio

nlu

ng tu

mor

s

ham

ster

intra

trach

eal

inst

illat

ion

no lu

ng tu

mor

s

rat

intra

bron

chia

llu

ng tu

mor

sra

tin

trapl

eura

llo

cal t

umor

sm

ouse

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l tum

ors

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l tum

ors

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Chro

miu

m T

rioxi

de (c

hrom

ic a

cid)

mou

sein

hala

tion

low

inci

denc

e of

lung

ade

nom

as a

t hig

her d

ose;

nas

al p

apill

o-m

as a

t low

er d

ose

rat

intra

bron

chia

l im

plan

tatio

nfe

w lu

ng tu

mor

s

Sodi

um d

ichr

omat

era

tin

hala

tion

lung

tum

ors,

ben

ign

and

mal

igna

ntra

tin

tratra

chea

l in

still

atio

nlu

ng tu

mor

s, b

enig

n an

d m

alig

nant

rat

intra

bron

chia

lno

incr

ease

of l

ocal

tum

ors

rat

intra

pleu

ral

no in

crea

se o

f loc

al tu

mor

sra

tin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nno

incr

ease

of l

ocal

tum

ors

Bariu

m c

hrom

ate

rat

intra

bron

chia

lno

incr

ease

of l

ocal

tum

ors

rat

intra

pleu

ral

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

city

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

city

Lead

chr

omat

era

tin

trabr

onch

ial

no in

crea

se o

f loc

al tu

mor

sra

tsu

bcut

aneo

usm

alig

nant

tum

ors

at th

e si

te o

f inj

ectio

nra

tin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nm

alig

nant

tum

ors

at th

e si

te o

f inj

ectio

n

Basi

c le

ad c

hrom

ate

rat

subc

utan

eous

loca

l sar

com

as(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Zinc

chr

omat

esra

tin

trabr

onch

ial

bron

chia

l car

cino

mas

rat

intra

perit

onea

llo

cal t

umor

sra

tsu

bcut

aneo

uslo

cal s

arco

mas

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

Stro

ntiu

m c

hrom

ate

rat

intra

bron

chia

l im

plan

tatio

nhi

gh in

cide

nce

of b

ronc

hial

car

cino

mas

rat

intra

pleu

ral

loca

l sar

com

asra

tin

tram

uscu

lar

loca

l sar

com

asFo

rmal

dehy

de1

A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/F

orm

alde

hyde

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol8

8/m

ono8

8-6.

pdf

hum

an

naso

phar

ynge

alhu

man

st

rong

but

not

suf

ficie

nt e

vide

nce

for l

euke

mia

hum

an

limite

d ev

iden

ce fo

r sin

onas

al c

ance

rra

tin

hala

tion

squa

mou

s-ce

ll ca

rcin

omas

of t

he n

asal

cav

ities

rat

drin

king

wat

erM

ales

: for

esto

mac

h pa

pillo

mas

rat

drin

king

wat

erM

ales

and

Fem

ales

: gas

troin

test

inal

leio

myo

sarc

omas

rat

drin

king

wat

erne

gativ

era

tdr

inki

ng w

ater

Mal

es: l

ymph

omas

and

leuk

emia

s an

d te

stic

ular

inte

rstit

ial-c

ell

aden

omas

mou

sesk

inco

ncom

itant

exp

osur

e to

dim

ethy

lben

z[a]

anth

race

ne re

duce

d la

tenc

y of

ski

n tu

mor

s(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

rat

drin

king

wat

erco

ncom

itant

exp

osur

e to

N-m

ethy

l-N'-n

itro-

N-n

itros

ogua

nidi

ne

incr

ease

d in

cide

nce

of a

deno

carc

inom

as o

f the

gla

ndul

ar

stom

ach

ham

ster

inha

latio

nco

ncom

itant

sub

cuta

neou

s in

ject

ion

of N

-nitr

osod

ieth

ylam

ine

incr

ease

d tra

chea

l tum

ors

Nick

el c

ompo

unds

1A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/N

icke

l.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol4

9/m

ono4

9-7.

pdf

hum

an

lung

and

nas

al c

ance

rsN

icke

l Mon

oxid

era

tin

hala

tion

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

city

ham

ster

inha

latio

nin

adeq

uate

for a

sses

smen

t of c

arci

noge

nici

tym

ouse

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

rat

intra

pleu

ral

loca

l sar

com

asra

tin

trape

riton

eal

loca

l sar

com

asra

tin

trare

nal i

njec

-tio

nno

rena

l tum

ors

rat

intra

trach

eal

inst

illat

ion

sign

ifica

nt in

cide

nce

of lu

ng c

arci

nom

as

Nic

kel T

rioxi

dera

tin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nin

adeq

uate

for a

sses

smen

t of c

arci

noge

nici

ty

rat

intra

cere

bral

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

city

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Nic

kel h

ydro

xide

ra

tin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nlo

cal s

arco

mas

Nic

kel s

ubsu

lfide

rat

inha

latio

nbe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt lu

ng tu

mor

rat

intra

trach

eal

inst

illat

ion

mal

igna

nt lu

ng tu

mor

s (a

deno

carc

inom

as, s

quam

ous-

cell

car-

cino

mas

and

mixe

d tu

mor

s)m

ouse

subc

utan

eous

in

ject

ion

sarc

omas

rat

subc

utan

eous

in

ject

ion

rhab

dom

yosa

rcom

as a

nd fi

brou

s hi

stio

cyto

mas

mou

sein

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nlo

cal s

arco

mas

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

ham

ster

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

rabb

itin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

nlo

cal s

arco

mas

rat

intra

pleu

ral

loca

l sar

com

asra

tin

trape

riton

eal

mes

othe

liom

asra

tin

trare

nal

inje

ctio

nre

nal-c

ell n

eopl

asm

s

rat

intra

test

icul

arhi

gh in

cide

nce

of s

arco

mas

, inc

ludi

ng rh

abdo

myo

sarc

omas

rat

intra

ocul

arey

e ne

opla

sms

(incl

udin

g re

tinob

last

omas

, mel

anom

as, a

nd

glio

mas

)(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

rat

intra

-art

icul

arsa

rcom

as (i

nclu

ding

rhab

dom

yosa

rcom

as a

nd fi

brou

s hi

stio

cyto

-m

as)

rat

retro

perit

onea

l fa

tfib

rous

his

tiocy

tom

as

rat

impl

anta

tion

het-

erot

opic

trac

heal

tra

nspl

ant

carc

inom

as a

nd s

arco

mas

rat

preg

nant

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

city

Nic

kel d

isul

fide

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

high

inci

denc

es o

f loc

al tu

mor

s w

ere

indu

ced

rat

intra

rena

l inj

ec-

tion

high

inci

denc

es o

f loc

al tu

mor

s w

ere

indu

ced

Nic

kel m

onos

ulfid

era

tin

tram

uscu

lar

inje

ctio

ncr

ysta

lline

form

indu

ced

loca

l tum

ors,

but

the

amor

phou

s fo

rm

did

not

rat

intra

rena

l inj

ec-

tion

crys

talli

ne fo

rm in

duce

d lo

cal t

umor

s, b

ut th

e am

orph

ous

form

di

d no

tN

icke

l fer

rosu

lfide

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

loca

l sar

com

as

Nic

kel s

ulfa

te

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

did

not i

nduc

e lo

cal t

umor

s

rat

intra

perit

onea

l in

duce

d m

alig

nant

tum

ors

in th

e pe

riton

eal c

avity

Nic

kel c

hlor

ide

rat

intra

perit

onea

l m

alig

nant

tum

ors

in th

e pe

riton

eal c

avity

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Nic

kel a

ceta

tera

tin

trape

riton

eal

mal

igna

nt tu

mor

s in

the

perit

onea

l cav

itym

ouse

intra

perit

onea

l lu

ng a

deno

carc

inom

as w

ere

indu

ced

in 1

stu

dy; i

ncre

ased

in

cide

nce

of p

ulm

onar

y ad

enom

as in

two

stud

ies

Nic

kel c

arbo

nyl

rat

inha

latio

na

few

lung

car

cino

mas

in

trave

nous

in

ject

ion

incr

ease

d in

cide

nce

of n

eopl

asm

s in

sev

eral

org

ans

Nic

kelo

cene

rat

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

som

e lo

cal t

umor

s

ham

ster

intra

mus

cula

r in

ject

ion

som

e lo

cal t

umor

s

Qua

rtz

1A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/S

ilica

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol6

8/m

ono6

8-6.

pdf

hu

man

inha

latio

nlu

ng c

ance

rra

tin

hala

tion

aden

ocar

cino

mas

and

squ

amou

s-ce

ll ca

rcin

omas

of t

he lu

ngra

tin

tratra

chea

lad

enoc

arci

nom

as a

nd s

quam

ous-

cell

carc

inom

as o

f the

lung

rat

intra

pleu

ral

thor

acic

and

abd

omin

al m

alig

nant

lym

phom

as, p

rimar

ily o

f the

hi

stio

cytic

type

(MLH

T)ra

tin

trape

riton

eal

thor

acic

and

abd

omin

al m

alig

nant

lym

phom

as, p

rimar

ily o

f the

hi

stio

cytic

type

(MLH

T)ha

mst

erin

tratra

chea

lno

pul

mon

ary

tum

or

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

ham

ster

intra

trach

eal

no p

ulm

onar

y tu

mor

from

1:1

mix

ture

qua

rtz/

ferr

ic o

xide

mou

selu

ng a

ssay

no in

crea

se in

lung

tum

or in

a s

train

A m

ouse

lung

ade

nom

a as

say

mou

sein

hala

tion

no in

crea

se in

lung

tum

or in

a li

mite

d st

udy

Soot

11

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

kht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/S

oots

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

kht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol3

5/vo

lum

e35.

pdf

hum

anTh

e ca

rcin

ogen

icity

of s

oot i

s de

mon

stra

ted

by n

umer

ous

case

re

port

s, d

atin

g ba

ck o

ver 2

00 y

ears

, of s

kin

canc

er, p

artic

u-la

rly o

f the

scr

otum

, am

ong

chim

ney

swee

ps.

Coho

rt s

tudi

es

of m

orta

lity

amon

g ch

imne

y-sw

eeps

in S

wed

en a

nd D

enm

ark

have

sho

wn

a si

gnifi

cant

ly in

crea

sed

risk

of lu

ng c

ance

r. Su

ppor

ting

evid

ence

for a

n as

soci

atio

n w

ith lu

ng c

ance

r was

pr

ovid

ed b

y tw

o ea

rlier

epi

dem

iolo

gica

l stu

dies

in th

e G

erm

an

Dem

ocra

tic R

epub

lic a

nd th

e UK

. The

pot

entia

lly c

onfo

und-

ing

and

inte

ract

ive

effe

cts

of s

mok

ing

coul

d no

t be

eval

uate

d;

how

ever

, cig

aret

te s

mok

ing

is n

ot b

elie

ved

to h

ave

serio

usly

bi

ased

thes

e es

timat

es. I

n ad

ditio

n to

lung

can

cer,

stat

istic

ally

si

gnifi

cant

exc

ess

mor

talit

y fro

m e

soph

agea

l can

cer,

prim

ary

liver

can

cer a

nd le

ukem

ia, w

as fo

und

amon

g ch

imne

y sw

eeps

in

one

stu

dy.

Sulfu

ric A

cid

1A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/S

trong

Inor

gani

cAci

dMis

ts.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l54/

mon

o54-

6.pd

fhu

man

inha

latio

nna

sal,

lary

ngea

l, an

d lu

ng c

ance

r(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

Spec

ies

Rou

te o

f ad

min

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Viny

l chl

orid

e1

A

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/V

inyl

Hal

ides

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

7/m

ono9

7-8.

pdf

hum

anin

hala

tion

angi

osar

com

as o

f the

live

r and

hep

atoc

ellu

lar c

arci

nom

ara

tin

hala

tion

hepa

tic a

ngio

sarc

omas

rat

inha

latio

nm

amm

ary,

skin

, ren

al, a

nd n

asal

tum

ors

rat

inha

latio

nZy

mba

l gla

nd a

nd h

epat

ocel

lula

r car

cino

mas

rat

oral

hepa

tic a

nd e

xtra

hepa

tic a

ngio

sarc

omas

, hep

atoc

ellu

lar

carc

inom

am

ouse

inha

latio

nhe

patic

ang

iosa

rcom

asm

ouse

inha

latio

nm

amm

ary

and

lung

tum

ors

ham

ster

sin

hala

tion

angi

osar

com

ashu

man

no

stro

ng e

pide

mio

logi

c lin

k fo

r can

cers

of t

he b

rain

, lym

phat

ic

tissu

e, h

emat

opoi

etic

tiss

ue, o

r mel

anom

ara

tssu

bcut

aneo

usno

hep

atic

ang

iosa

rcom

as in

duce

dra

tsin

trape

riton

eal

no h

epat

ic a

ngio

sarc

omas

indu

ced

rats

trans

plac

enta

lno

ang

iosa

rcom

as o

r liv

er-c

ell t

umor

s de

velo

ped

in th

e of

fspr

ing

ham

ster

sin

hala

tion

mam

mar

y, gl

andu

lar s

tom

ach,

and

ski

n tu

mor

s1 As

foun

d in

occ

upati

onal

exp

osur

e of

chi

mne

y sw

eeps

.

Tabl

e 1

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 1

—Ca

rcin

ogen

ic to

hum

ans


Table 2. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 2A—Probably Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used when there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some cases, an agent may be classified in this category when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenic-ity in humans and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence that the carcinogenesis is mediated by a mechanism that also operates in humans. Exceptionally, an agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. An agent may be assigned to this cat-egory if it clearly belongs, based on mechanistic considerations, to a class of agents for which one of more members have been classified in Group 1 or in Group 2A.


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

Ben

zyl C

hlor

ide

2AN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp://

mon

ogra

phs.i

arc.f

r/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

mon

o71-

19.p

dfm

ouse

cuta

neou

ssk

in tu

mor

sm

ouse

subc

utan

eous

loca

l ski

n tu

mor

sm

ouse

gava

gefo

rest

omac

h tu

mor

sra

tga

vage

Mal

es: f

ew n

eopl

asm

s of

fore

stom

ach

Bio

mas

s fu

el,

(prim

arily

w

ood,

indo

or

emis

sion

s fr

om

hous

ehol

d co

mbu

stio

n)

2AN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

kN

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

kht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

5/m

ono9

5-6A

.pdf

hum

anCa

se-c

ontro

l stu

dy fo

und

sign

ifica

ntly

in

crea

sed

lung

can

cer a

nd w

hen

expa

nded

fo

und

sign

ifica

nt th

reef

old

incr

ease

d ris

k fo

r sq

uam

ous–

cell

carc

inom

a an

d ad

enoc

ar-

cino

ma

of th

e lu

ng; i

n an

othe

r cas

e co

ntro

l st

udy

a si

gnifi

cant

20–

30%

incr

ease

d ris

k fo

r lun

g ca

ncer

was

foun

d am

ong

thos

e w

ho c

ooke

d or

hea

ted

with

woo

d. H

owev

er,

info

rmat

ion

on th

e ef

fect

of d

urat

ion

and

inte

nsity

of e

xpos

ure

was

lack

ing. (C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 2.

Sum

mar

y of

cla

ssifi

catio

n ba

sis

for C

OPC

and

sel

ect o

ther

age

nts

as

IAR

C G

roup

2A—

Prob

ably

car

cino

geni

c to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

hum

anOn

e st

udy

of n

asop

hary

ngea

l car

cino

ma

amon

g Ch

ines

e re

port

ed a

sta

tistic

ally

si

gnifi

cant

five

fold

incr

ease

d ris

k as

soci

-at

ed w

ith c

urre

nt u

se o

f woo

d as

fuel

—no

ex

posu

re-re

spon

se re

latio

nshi

p pr

esen

ted.

mou

sein

hala

tion

Incr

ease

d in

cide

nce

of lu

ng a

deno

carc

ino-

mas

—no

t obs

erve

d in

rat

mou

sein

hala

tion

No

tum

or fo

rmat

ions

mou

sede

rmal

incr

ease

d in

cide

nce

of b

enig

n sk

in p

apil-

lom

as in

two

tum

or in

itiat

ion–

prom

otio

n st

udie

s by

der

mal

app

licat

ion

mou

sede

rmal

non-

stat

istic

ally

sig

nific

ant i

ncre

ase

in th

e in

cide

nce

of s

kin

carc

inom

as in

fem

ale

Dib

enz[

a,h]

anth

race

ne2A

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

yclic

Arom

atic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l92/

mon

o92-

10.p

dfm

ouse

derm

alTh

e m

ajor

ity o

f the

se s

tudi

es e

xhib

ited

sig-

nific

ant c

arci

noge

nic

activ

ity.

mou

sesu

bcut

aneo

usra

tsu

bcut

aneo

usm

ouse

intra

perit

onea

lm

ouse

intra

pulm

onar

y im

plan

tatio

nra

tin

trapu

lmon

ary

impl

anta

tion

rat

intra

mam

mar

y(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

rat

intra

trach

eal

Engi

ne E

xhau

st,

dies

el2A

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

kht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

iese

lExh

aust

Part

icul

ates

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol4

6/vo

lum

e46.

pdf

hum

anlu

ng c

ance

r inc

reas

ed s

igni

fican

tly w

ith

dura

tion

of e

xpos

ure

in o

ne s

tudy

and

w

ith in

crea

sed

likel

ihoo

d of

exp

osur

e in

a

seco

nd c

ohor

t stu

dy; i

n 2

case

-con

trol s

tud-

ies

mod

est i

ncre

ases

in lu

ng c

ance

r wer

e ob

serv

ed—

one

sign

ifica

nt.

hum

anBl

adde

r can

cer w

as e

leva

ted

but n

ot s

igni

fi-ca

ntly

in 3

coh

ort s

tudi

eshu

man

3 of

4 c

ase-

cont

rol s

tudi

es o

f bla

dder

can

cer

show

ed a

sig

nific

antly

incr

ease

d ris

k of

bla

d-de

r can

cer

Ethy

lene

D

ibro

mid

e2A

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

kht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ibro

moe

than

e.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

mon

o71-

28.p

dfra

tor

alsq

uam

ous-

cell

carc

inom

as o

f the

fore

stom

-ac

h; h

eman

gios

arco

mas

in m

ales

mou

seor

alsq

uam

ous-

cell

carc

inom

as o

f the

fore

stom

-ac

h; a

lveo

lar/

bron

chio

lar l

ung

tum

ors

in

fem

ales

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

rat

inha

latio

nad

enom

as a

nd c

arci

nom

as o

f the

nas

al c

av-

ity, h

eman

gios

arco

mas

, mam

mar

y gl

and

tu-

mor

s, s

ubcu

tane

ous

mes

ench

ymal

tum

ors,

al

veol

ar/b

ronc

hial

lung

tum

ors;

per

itone

al

mes

othe

liom

as in

mal

esm

ouse

inha

latio

nad

enom

as a

nd c

arci

nom

as o

f the

nas

al

cavi

ty, h

eman

gios

arco

mas

, mam

mar

y gl

and

tum

ors,

sub

cuta

neou

s m

esen

chym

al tu

mor

s,

alve

olar

/bro

nchi

al lu

ng tu

mor

sm

ouse

cuta

neou

ssk

in a

nd lu

ng tu

mor

sLe

ad (I

norg

anic

)2A

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/L

ead.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol8

7/in

dex.

php

Lead

pho

spha

tera

tIP

and

/or s

ubcu

tane

ous

rena

l can

cers

Le

ad o

xide

rat

inha

latio

ndi

d no

t pro

duce

tum

ors

in m

ales

Lead

ace

tate

rat

oral

aden

omas

and

ade

noca

rcin

omas

in th

e ki

dney

mou

seor

alre

nal t

umor

s ex

pose

d du

ring

preg

nanc

y an

d la

ctat

ion

ra

tor

albr

ain

glio

mas

rat

oral

adre

nal g

land

, tes

tes,

and

pro

stat

e in

mal

es

and

adre

nal g

land

in fe

mal

esLe

ad s

ubac

etat

em

ouse

oral

rena

l can

cer

rat

oral

6 st

udie

s: re

nal c

ance

rra

tor

albr

ain

glio

mas

mou

seIP

inje

ctio

nlu

ng tu

mor

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

mou

seor

alne

gativ

eha

mst

eror

alne

gativ

eN

itrat

e io

n (in

gest

ed)

2AN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

4/m

ono9

4-6F

.pdf

ing

este

d ni

trate

or n

itrite

und

er c

ondi

tions

th

at re

sult

in e

ndog

enou

s ni

trosa

tion

is p

rob-

ably

car

cino

geni

c in

hum

ans

Po

lych

lorin

ated

B

iphe

nyls

2AB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

hlor

inat

edBi

phen

yls.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

supp

l7/s

uppl

7.pd

f

hum

ansk

inm

elan

oma

of th

e sk

inhu

man

M

ales

: can

cers

of t

he d

iges

tive

syst

em a

nd

of th

e Iy

mph

atic

and

hem

atop

oiet

ic ti

ssue

shu

man

Fe

mal

es: c

ance

r of t

he li

ver a

nd b

iliar

y pa

ssag

es a

nd Iy

mph

atic

and

hem

atop

oiet

ic

tissu

eshu

man

M

ales

: PCB

mix

ture

s co

ntai

ning

up

to 4

2%

chlo

rine

had

been

use

d, n

o si

gnifi

cant

ex-

cess

of c

ance

r dea

ths

was

not

edra

tsor

alAr

oclo

r 125

4 - l

ow, s

tatis

tical

ly n

onsi

gnifi

-ca

nt in

cide

nce

of s

tom

ach

aden

ocar

cino

ma

hum

anFe

mal

es: h

emat

olog

ical

neo

plas

ms (Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

mou

seor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver n

eopl

asm

sra

tor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver n

eopl

asm

s,

hepa

toce

llula

r ade

nom

as a

nd c

arci

nom

as,

inte

stin

al m

etap

lasi

aTe

trac

hlor

o-

ethy

lene

2AB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

etra

chlo

roet

hyle

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l63/

volu

me6

3.pd

fhu

man

cons

iste

ntly

pos

itive

ass

ocia

tion

with

eso

ph-

agea

l and

cer

vica

l can

cer a

nd n

on-H

odgk

ins

lym

phom

am

ouse

oral

sign

ifica

nt in

crea

se in

the

inci

denc

e of

hep

a-to

cellu

lar c

arci

nom

asra

tor

alin

adeq

uate

for a

n ev

alua

tion

of

carc

inog

enic

itym

ouse

inha

latio

nhe

pato

cellu

lar a

deno

mas

and

car

cino

mas

w

as s

igni

fican

tly in

crea

sed

rat

inha

latio

nm

onon

ucle

ar-c

ell l

euke

mia

was

sig

nific

antly

in

crea

sed,

and

non

sign

ifica

nt in

crea

se in

un

com

mon

ly o

ccur

ring

rena

l-cel

l ade

nom

as

and

aden

ocar

cino

mas

was

obs

erve

d in

mal

e ra

tsm

ouse

topi

cal a

pplic

atio

ndi

d no

t pro

duce

ski

n tu

mor

s

Tric

hlor

o-

ethy

lene

2AB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

richl

oroe

thyl

ene.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol6

3/m

ono6

3-6.

pdf

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of a

dmin

istr

atio

nTy

pe o

f can

cer/

Tum

or/P

rom

otin

g ac

tivity

hum

an

liver

and

bili

ary

tract

can

cer;

non-

Hod

gkin

’s

lym

phom

am

ouse

oral

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

live

r tum

ors

mou

sein

hala

tion

lym

phom

asm

ouse

inha

latio

nliv

er a

nd lu

ng tu

mor

s

hum

anco

hort

stu

dies

—oc

curr

ence

of c

ance

r of t

he

kidn

ey w

as n

ot e

leva

ted

ham

ster

inha

latio

nno

incr

ease

in tu

mor

inci

denc

em

ice

topi

cal a

pplic

atio

n or

sub

cu-

tane

ous

inje

ctio

nTC

E an

d pr

opos

ed m

etab

olite

tric

hlor

oeth

yl-

ene

oxid

e di

d no

t inc

reas

e in

cide

nce

of s

kin

tum

ors

or lo

cal s

arco

ma

rat

oral

Mal

es: r

enal

-cel

l tum

ors

rat

oral

inte

rstit

ial t

estic

ular

tum

ors

rat

inha

latio

nin

ters

titia

l tes

ticul

ar a

nd re

nal-c

ell t

umor

s1 N

L =

not l

isted

Tabl

e 2

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

A—Pr

obab

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Table 3. Summary of Classification Basis for COPC and Select Other Agents as IARC Group 2B—Possibly Carcinogenic to HumansThis category is used for agents for which there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in hu-mans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It may also be used when there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. In some instances, an agent for which there is inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, together with support-ing evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data, may be placed in this group. An agent may be classified in this category solely on the basis of strong evidence from mechanistic and other relevant data.


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

Acry

loni

trile

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

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hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/A

cryl

onitr

ile.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

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onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

mon

o71-

7.pd

fra

tin

hala

tion

glia

l cel

l tum

ors

of th

e ce

ntra

l ner

vous

sy

stem

rat

inha

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l gla

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arci

nom

ara

tin

hala

tion

mal

igna

nt m

amm

ary

tum

ors

rat

inha

latio

nbe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt h

epat

ocel

lula

r tum

orhu

man

4

coho

rt s

tudi

es—

no s

igni

fican

t exc

ess

risk

for a

ny ty

pe o

f can

cer w

hen

all e

xpos

ed

wor

kers

wer

e co

mpa

red

with

une

xpos

ed, o

r w

ith a

n ex

tern

al c

ompa

rison

pop

ulat

ion

rat

inha

latio

nex

trahe

patic

ang

iosa

rcom

asAn

timon

y tr

ioxi

de2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

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ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol4

7/vo

lum

e47.

pdf

rat

inha

latio

nFe

mal

es: l

ung

tum

ors

(sci

rrho

us a

nd

squa

mou

s—ce

ll ca

rcin

omas

and

bro

nchi

o-lo

alve

olar

tum

ors)

Ben

zene

Hex

achl

orid

e (s

yn: l

inda

ne)

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/L

inda

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

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onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/su

ppl7

/Sup

pl7-

88.p

df

mou

seor

alliv

er tu

mor

s; ly

mph

oret

icul

ar n

eopl

asm

s(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3.

Sum

mar

y of

cla

ssifi

catio

n ba

sis

for C

OPC

and

sel

ect o

ther

age

nts

as

IAR

C G

roup

2B—

Poss

ibly

car

cino

geni

c to

hum

ans


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

oral

a fe

w th

yroi

d tu

mor

sB

enz[

a]an

thra

cene

2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

yclic

Arom

atic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

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onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l92/

mon

o92-

10.p

dfm

ouse

po

sitiv

e in

initi

atio

n-pr

omot

ion

stud

ies

on

mou

se s

kin.

Ben

zo[b

]fluo

rant

hene

2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

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hs.n

ih.g

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tp/r

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wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

yclic

Arom

atic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l92/

mon

o92-

10.p

dm

ouse

derm

alsi

gnifi

cant

car

cino

geni

c ac

tivity

mou

seIP

inje

ctio

nsi

gnifi

cant

car

cino

geni

c ac

tivity

rat

intra

pulm

onar

y im

plan

-ta

tion

sign

ifica

nt c

arci

noge

nic

activ

ity

Ben

zo[k

]fluo

rant

hene

2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

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.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

yclic

Arom

atic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l92/

mon

o92-

10.p

dfm

ouse

derm

alsi

gnifi

cant

car

cino

geni

c ac

tivity

mou

seIP

inje

ctio

nsi

gnifi

cant

car

cino

geni

c ac

tivity

rat

intra

pulm

onar

y im

plan

-ta

tion

sign

ifica

nt c

arci

noge

nic

activ

ity

Bro

mod

ichl

orom

etha

ne

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

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wel

fth/p

rofil

es/B

rom

odic

hlor

omet

hane

.pdf

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

1/m

ono7

1-73

.pdf

rat

oral

gav

age

incr

ease

d th

e in

cide

nces

of a

deno

mat

ous

poly

ps a

nd a

deno

carc

inom

as o

f the

larg

e in

test

ine

and

of tu

bule

-cel

l ade

nom

as a

nd

aden

ocar

cino

mas

of t

he k

idne

ym

ouse

oral

gav

age

Mal

es: t

ubul

e-ce

ll ad

enom

as a

nd a

deno

car-

cino

mas

of t

he k

idne

y; F

emal

es: h

epat

ocel

-lu

lar a

deno

mas

and

car

cino

mas

Carb

on te

trac

hlor

ide

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/C

arbo

nTet

rach

lorid

e.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

volu

me7

1.pd

fm

ouse

oral

liver

tum

ors,

incl

udin

g he

pato

cellu

lar

carc

inom

asm

ouse

intra

rect

alliv

er tu

mor

s, in

clud

ing

hepa

toce

llula

r ca

rcin

omas

rat

oral

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

live

r tum

ors

rat

subc

utan

eous

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

live

r tum

ors;

mam

-m

ary

aden

ocar

cino

mas

rat

inha

latio

nbe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver t

umor

sCo

balt

sulfa

te a

nd

Solu

ble

Coba

lt2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/C

obal

tSul

fate

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol8

6/m

ono8

6-6E

.pdf

m

ouse

inha

latio

nal

veol

ar/b

ronc

hiol

ar n

eopl

asm

s(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

inha

latio

nal

veol

ar/b

ronc

hiol

ar n

eopl

asm

s; a

dren

al

pheo

chro

moc

ytom

as in

fem

ale

rats

Chlo

rdan

e2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

9/m

ono7

9-17

.pdf

mou

seor

alin

crea

sed

inci

denc

es o

f hep

atoc

ellu

lar n

eo-

plas

ms

(incl

udin

g ca

rcin

omas

)ra

t

thyr

oid

folli

cula

r-cel

l ade

nom

as a

nd c

arci

no-

mas

rat

M

ales

: mar

gina

lly in

crea

sed

the

inci

denc

e of

live

r ade

nom

asm

ouse

in

initi

atio

n–pr

omot

ion

stud

ies

incr

ease

d in

cide

nces

of h

epat

ocel

lula

r tum

ors

4-Ch

loro

anili

ne2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol5

7/m

ono5

7-21

.pdf

mou

sedi

ethe

man

gios

arco

mas

mou

sega

vage

Mal

es: h

eman

gios

arco

mas

of t

he s

plee

n an

d liv

erm

ouse

gava

geM

ales

: hep

atoc

ellu

lar a

deno

mas

and

car

ci-

nom

asra

tdi

etM

ales

: sar

com

as o

f the

spl

een

and

sple

nic

caps

ule

rat

gava

gesa

rcom

as o

f the

spl

een

and

sple

nic

caps

ule

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

Chlo

rofo

rm2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/C

hlor

ofor

m.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l73/

mon

o73-

10.p

dfm

ouse

oral

rena

l tub

ular

tum

ors

mou

sein

hala

tion

rena

l tub

ular

tum

ors

rat

oral

rena

l tub

ular

tum

ors

Chry

sene

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

2/m

ono9

2-10

.pdf

mou

sene

wbo

rnpo

sitiv

e re

spon

se in

2 o

f 3 s

tudi

esm

ouse

initi

atio

n-pr

omot

ion

posi

tive

resp

onse

in 1

of 3

stu

dies

rat

pulm

onar

y im

plan

tatio

npo

sitiv

e re

spon

seD

DT

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ichl

orod

iphe

nyltr

ichl

oroe

than

e.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l53/

mon

o53-

9.pd

f

mou

seor

alliv

er-c

ell t

umor

s in

clud

ing

carc

inom

as; l

ung

carc

inom

as, m

alig

nant

lym

phom

asra

tor

alliv

er tu

mor

sha

mst

eror

alin

crea

sed

inci

denc

e of

adr

enoc

ortic

al a

d-en

omas

mic

esu

bcut

aneo

us in

ject

ion

liver

tum

ors

mou

seor

alM

ales

: hep

atob

last

omas

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

1,4-

Dic

hlor

oben

zene

2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ichl

orob

enze

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l73/

mon

o73-

13.p

dfm

ouse

oral

aden

omas

and

car

cino

mas

of t

he li

ver

rats

di

d no

t pro

mot

e he

patic

foci

in a

two-

stag

e m

odel

of c

arci

noge

nesi

sra

tor

alM

ales

: ren

al tu

bula

r car

cino

mas

3,3'

-Dic

hlor

oben

zidi

ne

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ichl

orob

enzi

dine

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

9/m

ono9

9-10

.pdf

mou

seor

allu

ng (a

lveo

lar-c

ell a

deno

mas

and

ade

noca

r-ci

nom

as)

rat

oral

Zym

bal-g

land

tum

ors

(ade

nom

as a

nd c

arci

-no

mas

), liv

er tu

mor

s (n

eopl

astic

nod

ules

or

hepa

toce

llula

r car

cino

mas

), la

rge

inte

stin

e tu

mor

s (a

deno

mat

ous

poly

ps o

r ade

noca

rci-

nom

as),

skin

tum

ors

(bas

al c

ell a

deno

mas

an

d ca

rcin

omas

), an

d or

al c

avity

tum

ors

(squ

amou

s ce

ll pa

pillo

mas

and

car

cino

mas

)ra

tor

alM

ales

: pre

putia

l gla

nd tu

mor

s (c

arci

nom

as),

smal

l int

estin

e tu

mor

s (a

deno

carc

inom

as)

and

lung

tum

ors

dog

oral

blad

der t

umor

s(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

oral

Fem

ales

: clit

oral

gla

nd tu

mor

s (a

deno

mas

an

d ca

rcin

omas

) and

mam

mar

y gl

and

tu-

mor

s (a

deno

carc

inom

as)

rat

subc

utan

eous

Zy

mba

l-gla

nd tu

mor

sra

tsu

bcut

aneo

us

Mal

es: s

kin,

pre

putia

l gla

nd a

nd fo

rest

om-

ach

tum

ors

rat

subc

utan

eous

Fe

mal

es: m

amm

ary

glan

d tu

mor

sp,

p'-D

ichl

orod

iphe

nyl-

dich

loro

etha

ne (T

DE)

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol5

3/m

ono5

3-9.

pdf

m

ouse

oral

liver

tum

ors

in m

ales

and

lung

tum

ors

in

both

M&

Fra

tor

alM

ales

: thy

roid

tum

ors

p,p'

-Dic

hlor

odip

heny

l-di

chlo

roet

hyle

ne (D

DE)

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:IA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l53/

mon

o53-

9.pd

fm

ouse

oral

high

inci

denc

e of

live

r tum

ors

in m

ale

and

fem

ale

mic

e in

two

stud

ies

ham

ster

oral

incr

ease

d in

cide

nce

of n

eopl

astic

live

r no

dule

s(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

1,2-

Dic

hlor

oeth

ane

(s

yn: E

thyl

ene

dich

lorid

e)

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ichl

oroe

than

e.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

mon

o71-

21.p

dfhu

man

ly

mph

atic

, hem

atop

oiet

ic, s

tom

ach,

pan

cre-

atic

can

cers

mou

seor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt lu

ng tu

mor

s an

d m

a-lig

nant

lym

phom

asm

ouse

oral

Mal

es: h

epat

ocel

lula

r car

cino

ma

mou

seor

alFe

mal

es: m

amm

ary

and

uter

ine

aden

ocar

-ci

nom

asm

ouse

inha

latio

nliv

er, l

ung,

and

mam

mar

y gl

and

tum

ors

rat

oral

hem

angi

osar

com

asra

tor

alM

ales

: car

cino

mas

of t

he fo

rest

omac

hm

ice

two-

stag

e m

ouse

-ski

n as

say

not a

ctiv

e as

an

initi

ator

of s

kin

carc

inog

e-ni

city

rat

inha

latio

nliv

er, l

ung,

and

mam

mar

y gl

and

tum

ors

rat

oral

Fem

ales

: ben

ign

and

mal

igna

nt m

amm

ary

tum

ors

2,4-

Din

itrot

olue

ne2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol6

5/m

ono6

5-9.

pdf

mou

seor

alM

ales

: ren

al tu

bula

r epi

thel

ium

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

mou

seor

alno

tum

orig

enic

effe

ct re

port

edra

tor

alM

ales

: int

egum

enta

ry s

yste

mra

tor

alhe

pato

cellu

lar c

arci

nom

asra

tor

alFe

mal

es: fi

broa

deno

mas

of t

he m

amm

ary

glan

d2,

6-D

initr

otol

uene

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol6

5/vo

lum

e65.

pdf

ra

tor

alM

ales

: hep

atoc

ellu

lar n

eopl

astic

nod

ules

an

d ca

rcin

omas

in 2

stu

dies

1,

4-D

ioxa

ne2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ioxa

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l71/

mon

o71-

25.p

dfm

ouse

oral

hepa

toce

llula

r ade

nom

asra

tsor

alna

sal c

avity

, liv

er s

ubcu

tane

ous

tissu

es,

mam

mar

y gl

and,

and

per

itone

al m

esot

he-

liom

asgu

inea

pig

oral

liver

and

gal

l bla

dder

rat

inha

latio

nno

incr

ease

in tu

mor

sm

ouse

IP in

ject

ion

Mal

es: l

ung

tum

ors

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

pr

omot

ing

activ

ity in

two-

stag

e liv

er fo

ci

assa

yEt

hylb

enze

ne2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

7/m

ono7

7-10

.pdf

mou

sein

hala

tion

lung

ade

nom

as in

mal

es a

nd li

ver a

deno

-m

as in

fem

ales

rat

inha

latio

nM

ales

: inc

reas

ed in

cide

nce

of re

nal t

ubul

e ad

enom

as a

nd c

arci

nom

as; F

emal

es: r

enal

ad

enom

as a

fter s

tep-

sect

ioni

ngra

tor

alco

uld

not b

e ev

alua

ted

Hep

tach

lor

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

9/m

ono7

9-17

.pdf

mou

seor

alin

crea

sed

inci

denc

es o

f hep

atoc

ellu

lar n

eo-

plas

ms

(incl

udin

g ca

rcin

omas

)ra

t

thyr

oid

folli

cula

r-cel

l ade

nom

as a

nd

carc

inom

asm

ouse

In

initi

atio

n–pr

omot

ion

stud

ies

incr

ease

d in

cide

nces

of h

epat

ocel

lula

r tum

ors

Hex

achl

orob

enze

ne

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/H

exac

hlor

oben

zene

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

9/m

ono7

9-18

.pdf

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

mou

seor

alliv

er-c

ell t

umor

sra

tor

alliv

er-c

ell t

umor

sra

tor

alre

nal t

ubul

ar tu

mor

sha

mst

eror

alliv

er-c

ell t

umor

s; li

ver h

eman

gioe

ndot

helio

-m

as a

nd th

yroi

d fo

llicu

lar-c

ell a

deno

mas

rat

perin

atal

para

thyr

oid

aden

omas

in m

ales

and

adr

enal

ph

eoch

rom

ocyt

omas

in fe

mal

esH

exac

hlor

oeth

ane

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/H

exac

hlor

oeth

ane.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

3/m

ono7

3-15

.pdf

mou

seor

alliv

er tu

mor

sra

tor

alM

ales

: ren

al tu

bula

r tum

ors

rat

pr

omot

ing

activ

ity in

two-

stag

e liv

er in

itia-

tion-

prom

otio

n as

say

Inde

no[1

,2,3

-cd]

pyre

ne2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/P

olyc

yclic

Arom

atic

Hyd

roca

rbon

s.pd

fIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l32/

volu

me3

2.pd

fm

ouse

subc

utan

eous

inje

ctio

na

com

plet

e ca

rcin

ogen

and

an

initi

ator

for

skin

car

cino

gene

sis

-loca

l sar

com

asM

ethy

lene

chl

orid

e (s

yn: d

ichl

orom

etha

ne)

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/D

ichl

orom

etha

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l32/

volu

me3

2.pd

f(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

mou

seor

alno

incr

ease

rat

oral

inco

nclu

sive

mou

sein

hala

tion

incr

ease

d in

cide

nces

of b

enig

n an

d m

alig

-na

nt lu

ng a

nd li

ver t

umor

sra

tin

hala

tion

Fem

ales

: ben

ign

mam

mar

y tu

mor

sra

t

Mal

es: i

ncid

ence

of m

amm

ary

glan

d ad

eno-

mas

and

fibr

oade

nom

as w

as in

crea

sed

ham

ster

inha

latio

nne

gativ

em

ouse

IP in

ject

ion

nega

tive

lung

ade

nom

aM

irex

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/M

irex.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol2

0/vo

lum

e20.

pdf

mou

seor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver t

umor

sra

tor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver t

umor

sm

ouse

subc

utan

eous

inje

ctio

nliv

er tu

mor

s w

ere

also

foun

d in

mal

es o

f one

of

the

two

stra

ins

of m

ice;

sug

gest

ed th

at it

pr

oduc

ed re

ticul

um-c

ell s

arco

mas

in m

ales

of

bot

h st

rain

sN

apht

hale

ne2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/N

apht

hale

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l82/

mon

o82-

8.pd

fm

ouse

inha

latio

nFe

mal

es: l

ung

aden

omas

per

tum

or-b

earin

g m

ouse

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

inha

latio

nne

urob

last

omas

of t

he o

lfact

ory

epith

eliu

m

and

aden

omas

of t

he n

asal

resp

irato

ry

epith

eliu

mra

tor

alst

udie

s to

o lim

ited

mou

seIP

inje

ctio

nst

udie

s to

o lim

ited

rat

subc

utan

eous

inje

ctio

nst

udie

s to

o lim

ited

mou

sein

hala

tion

bron

chio

lo-a

lveo

lar a

deno

mas

in fe

mal

e m

ice;

-inc

reas

e in

mal

es b

ut n

ot s

igni

fican

tN

icke

l met

allic

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/N

icke

l.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol4

9/m

ono4

9-7.

pdf

mou

sein

hala

tion

inad

equa

te fo

r ass

essm

ent o

f car

cino

geni

c-ity

rat

inha

latio

nin

adeq

uate

for a

sses

smen

t of c

arci

noge

nic-

itygu

inea

pig

inha

latio

nin

adeq

uate

for a

sses

smen

t of c

arci

noge

nic-

ityra

tin

tram

uscu

lar i

njec

tion

sarc

omas

ham

ster

intra

mus

cula

r inj

ectio

nsa

rcom

asra

tin

trapl

eura

lsa

rcom

asra

tsu

bcut

aneo

ussa

rcom

asra

tin

trape

riton

eal

sarc

omas

and

car

cino

mas

rat

intra

trach

eal i

nstil

latio

nsi

gnifi

cant

num

bers

of s

quam

ous-

cell

carc

i-no

mas

and

ade

noca

rcin

omas

of t

he lu

ng(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

intra

rena

l inj

ectio

nno

sig

nific

ant i

ncre

ase

in lo

cal k

idne

y tu

mor

sN

itrob

enze

ne2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/N

itrob

enze

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l65/

mon

o65-

11.p

dfm

ouse

inha

latio

nal

veol

ar-b

ronc

hiol

ar n

eopl

asm

s an

d th

yroi

d fo

llicu

lar-c

ell a

deno

mas

rat

inha

latio

nM

ales

: hep

atoc

ellu

lar n

eopl

asm

s, th

yroi

d fo

lIicu

lar-c

ell a

deno

mas

and

ade

noca

rcin

o-m

as, r

enal

tubu

lar-c

ell a

deno

mas

rat

inha

latio

nFe

mal

es: h

epat

ocel

lula

r neo

plas

ms

and

endo

met

rial s

trom

al p

olyp

s w

ere

incr

ease

dra

t

Mal

es: h

epat

ocel

lula

r neo

plas

ms

wer

e in

crea

sed.

N-N

itros

o-D

i-n-

prop

ylam

ine

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/N

itros

amin

es.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l17/

volu

me1

7.pd

fra

tor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt tu

mor

s of

the

liver

, ki

dney

, eso

phag

us, a

nd re

spira

tory

trac

tra

tsu

bcut

aneo

us in

ject

ion

beni

gn a

nd m

alig

nant

tum

ors

of th

e liv

er,

kidn

ey, e

soph

agus

, and

resp

irato

ry tr

act

ham

ster

subc

utan

eous

inje

ctio

nbe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt tu

mor

s of

the

liver

, ki

dney

, eso

phag

us, a

nd re

spira

tory

trac

t(C

ontin

ued)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

Pent

achl

orop

heno

l 2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

1/m

ono7

1-34

.pdf

mou

seor

alM

ales

: hep

atoc

ellu

lar a

deno

mas

and

car

ci-

nom

as; a

dren

al p

heoc

hrom

ocyt

omas

mou

seor

alFe

mal

es: h

epat

ocel

lula

r ade

nom

as; a

dren

al

pheo

chro

moc

ytom

as; m

alig

nant

vas

cula

r tu

mor

s of

the

liver

and

spl

een

rat

oral

mes

othe

liom

as o

f the

tuni

ca v

agin

alis

Styr

ene

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/S

tyre

ne.p

dfIA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l82/

mon

o82-

9.pd

fm

ouse

inha

latio

nM

ales

: pul

mon

ary

aden

omas

; Fem

ales

: pu

lmon

ary

aden

omas

; car

cino

mas

in th

e hi

gh-d

ose

grou

pm

ouse

oral

gav

age

2 st

udie

s ne

gativ

em

ouse

oral

gav

age

2 st

udie

s in

adeq

uate

for a

n ev

alua

tion

of

the

carc

inog

enic

ity o

f sty

rene

rat

gava

geno

relia

ble

evid

ence

for a

n in

crea

se in

tu-

mor

inci

denc

e in

4 s

tudi

esra

tdr

inki

ng w

ater

no re

liabl

e ev

iden

ce fo

r an

incr

ease

in tu

-m

or in

cide

nce

in 1

stu

dyra

tin

hala

tion

no re

liabl

e ev

iden

ce fo

r an

incr

ease

in tu

-m

or in

cide

nce

in 2

stu

dies

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

Tita

nium

Dio

xide

2BN

L

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol9

3/m

ono9

3-7F

.pdf

rat

inha

latio

nin

2 s

tudi

es: l

ung

tum

ors

in b

oth

sexe

s in

on

e st

udy

and

anot

her i

n fe

mal

es o

nly

rat

intra

trach

eal i

nstil

latio

nin

crea

ses

in th

e in

cide

nce

of lu

ng tu

mor

sm

ouse

intra

trach

eal i

nstil

latio

nno

incr

ease

s

Toxa

phen

e2B

B

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

oxap

hene

.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

9/m

ono7

9-19

.pdf

mou

seor

alhe

pato

cellu

lar a

deno

mas

and

car

cino

mas

rat

oral

thyr

oid

folli

cula

r-cel

l ade

nom

as a

nd c

arci

no-

mas

; pitu

itary

ade

nom

as in

fem

ales

2,4-

Tolu

ened

iisoc

yana

te

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

olue

neD

iisoc

yana

tes.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

1/m

ono7

1-37

.pdf

mou

sega

vage

Fem

ales

: hem

angi

omas

and

hem

angi

osar

-co

mas

and

hep

atoc

ellu

lar a

deno

mas

rat

gava

geM

ales

: sub

cuta

neou

s fib

rom

as a

nd fi

bros

ar-

com

as; p

ancr

eatic

aci

nar-c

ell a

deno

mas

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

rat

gava

geFe

mal

es: p

ancr

eatic

isle

-cel

l ade

nom

as,

neop

last

ic n

odul

es o

f the

live

r and

mam

-m

ary

glan

d fib

road

enom

asm

ouse

inha

latio

nno

trea

tmen

t-rel

ated

tum

or; s

tudy

resu

lts

not f

ully

repo

rted

rat

inha

latio

nno

trea

tmen

t-rel

ated

tum

or; s

tudy

resu

lts

not f

ully

repo

rted

2,6-

tolu

ene

diis

ocya

nate

2BB

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

olue

neD

iisoc

yana

tes.

pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

1/m

ono7

1-37

.pdf

rat

gava

geM

ales

: sub

cuta

neou

s fib

rom

as a

nd fi

bros

ar-

com

asra

tga

vage

Mal

es: p

ancr

eatic

aci

nar-c

ell a

deno

mas

rat

gava

geFe

mal

es: p

ancr

eatic

isle

t-cel

l ade

nom

as,

neop

last

ic n

odul

es o

f the

live

r, an

d m

am-

mar

y gl

and

fibro

aden

omas

mou

sega

vage

Fem

ales

: hem

angi

omas

and

hem

angi

o-sa

rcom

as, h

epat

ocel

lula

r ade

nom

as; n

o tu

mor

s ob

serv

ed in

mal

e m

ice

mou

sein

hala

tion

No

treat

men

t-rel

ated

tum

or—

stud

y re

sults

no

t ful

ly re

port

edra

tin

hala

tion

No

treat

men

t-rel

ated

tum

or—

stud

y re

sults

no

t ful

ly re

port

ed2,

4,6-

Tric

hlor

ophe

nol

2BB

(Con

tinue

d)

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


Cate

gory

Sum

mar

y of

IAR

C fin

ding

s on

can

cer

Agen

tIA

RC

NTP

1Sp

ecie

sR

oute

of

adm

inis

trat

ion

Type

of c

ance

r/Tu

mor

/Pro

mot

ing

activ

ity

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/ntp

.nie

hs.n

ih.g

ov/n

tp/r

oc/t

wel

fth/p

rofil

es/T

richl

orop

heno

l.pdf

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol7

1/m

ono7

1-34

.pdf

mou

seor

albe

nign

and

mal

igna

nt li

ver t

umor

sra

tor

alm

onon

ucle

ar c

ell l

euke

mia

Vana

dium

Pen

toxi

de2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:N

ot a

pplic

able

IARC

hyp

erlin

k:ht

tp:/

/mon

ogra

phs.

iarc

.fr/E

NG

/Mon

ogra

phs/

vol8

6/m

ono8

6-10

.pdf

m

ouse

inha

latio

nal

veol

ar/b

ronc

hiol

ar n

eopl

asm

sra

tin

hala

tion

Mal

es: a

lveo

lar/

bron

chio

lar n

eopl

asm

sVi

nyl a

ceta

te2B

NL

NTP

hyp

erlin

k:IA

RC h

yper

link:

http

://m

onog

raph

s.ia

rc.fr

/EN

G/M

onog

raph

s/vo

l63/

mon

o63-

19.p

dfm

ouse

inha

latio

nno

trea

tmen

t-rel

ated

incr

ease

in tu

mor

in

cide

nce

rat

inha

latio

nin

crea

sed

inci

denc

e of

nas

al c

avity

tum

ors

rat

drin

king

wat

er

in u

tero

and

life

: No

treat

men

t-rel

ated

in-

crea

se in

tum

or in

cide

nce

1 NL

= n

ot li

sted

Tabl

e 3

(Con

tinue

d). S

umm

ary

of c

lass

ifica

tion

basi

s fo

r CO

PC a

nd s

elec

t oth

er a

gent

s as

IA

RC

Gro

up 2

B—Po

ssib

ly c

arci

noge

nic

to h

uman

s


References

COPC (Contaminants of Potential Concern) Committee [2003]. World Trade Center indoor environment assessment: selecting contaminants of potential concern and set-ting health-based benchmarks [http://epa.gov/WTC/reports/contaminants_of_con-cern_benchmark_study.pdf]. Date accessed: June 14, 2011.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization) [2006]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: pream-ble. Lyon, France.

NIOSH [2011]. First periodic review of scientific and medical evidence related to cancer for the World Trade Center Health Program. NIOSH Publication No. 2011–197 [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-197/pdfs/2011-197.pdf/]. Date accessed: November 7, 2011.

NTP (National Toxicology Program) [2011]. 12th Report on carcinogens [http://ntp-server.niehs.nih]. Date accessed: June 14, 2011.

To receive NIOSH documents or more information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at

1–800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) TTY: 1–888–232–6348 E-mail: [email protected]

or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh.

For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to NIOSH eNews by visiting www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews.

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012–115

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world trade center chemicals of potential concern and selected

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