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Page 1: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Page 2: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference
Page 3: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference on Trade & Employment, and was outcome of failure of negotiating governments to create International Trade org. (ITO).

डबू्ल्यटीओ को पहले टर ेड्स एंड टैरिफ पि सामान्य समझौते के रूप में कहाजाता था, जो 1948 में अस्तित्व में आता है, यह व्यापाि औि िोजगाि पिसंयुक्त िाष्ट्र समे्मलन के दौिान बातचीत की गई थी, औि अंतिााष्ट्र ीय व्यापािसंगठन (आईटीओ) बनाने के ललए सिकािों की बातचीत की लिफलता कापरिणाम था।

Page 4: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Due to non-approval by US congress regarding ITO, GATT Agreement was signed on 30th October 1947 by 23 nations in Geneva and it took effect from 1st Jan 1948. / ITO के संबंध मेंअमेरिकी कांगे्रस द्वािा मंजूिी नही ं लमलने के कािण, 30 अकू्टबि 1947 को जेनेिा में 23 देशों द्वािा GATT समझौते पि हिाक्षि लकए गए औियह 1 जनििी 1948 से प्रभािी हुआ।

GATT was merely an agreement whereas WTO is a body or Organisation. The original GATT text is still in effect under WTO framework, subject to the modification of GATT, 1994.

गैट केिल एक समझौता था जबलक डबू्ल्यटीओ एक लनकाय यासंगठन है। जीएटीटी, 1994 के संशोधन के अधीन डबू्ल्यटीओ ढांचे केतहत मूल जीएटीटी पाठ अभी भी प्रभािी है।

Page 5: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Marrakesh Agreement - Manifested by Marrakesh Declaration was an agreement signed in Marrakesh, Morocco by 123 nations on 15th April 1994, making the end of 8 year long Uruguay Round in establishing WTO, which came into being on 1st Jan 1995.

मािकेश समझौता - मािकेश घोषणा द्वािा व्यक्त, 15 अपै्रल 1994 को 123 िाष्ट्र ो ं द्वािा मािकेश, मोिक्को में हिाक्षरित एक समझौताथा, लजसने लिश्व व्यापाि संगठन की स्थापना में 8 साल लंबे उरुगे्वदौि का अंत लकया, जो 1 जनििी 1995 को अस्तित्व में आया।

Page 6: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Both WTO, GATT are having one common objective i.e. promotion of free trade by dismantling barriers to free trade like reducing custom duty, quotas and restrictions. / WTO, GATT दोनों के पास एक सामान्यउदे्दश्य है, यानी कस्टम डू्यटी, कोटा औि प्रलतबंधों को कमकिने जैसे बाधाओं से मुक्त व्यापाि को मुक्त किके मुक्तव्यापाि को बढािा देना।

India was the founding member of WTO. / भाित लिश्वव्यापाि संगठन का संस्थापक सदस्य था।

Page 7: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference
Page 8: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Foundation Principles of WTO / विश्व व्यापारसंगठन के फाउंडेशन वसद्ांत

1. National treatment / राष्ट्र ीय उपचार

2. MFN / मोस्ट फेिडड नेशन

3. Special & differential treatment. / विशेष और विभेदक उपचार।

Page 9: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference
Page 10: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

In addition to these issues, WTO also deliberates from time-to-time, on other trade related issues like Anti Dumping Duties , Counter vailing duties, anti-subsidy duties, environment issue related to trade, non-tariff barriers, etc.

इन मुद्दों के अलािा, डबू्ल्यटीओ समय-समय पि व्यापाि सेसंबंलधत अन्य मुद्दों पि भी लिचाि-लिमशा किता है जैसे एंटी डंलपंगडू्यटी, काउंटि िायलेट डू्यटी, एंटी-सस्तिडी डू्यटी, व्यापाि सेसंबंलधत पयााििण मुद्दा, गैि-टैरिफ बाधाओं आलद।

Page 11: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Highest decision making body of WTO is a body which consist of trade / commerce Ministers of all the member nations which meets generally once in 2 years to sort-out problem related to implementation of above trade related issues of WTO . So far 11 WTO meeting have been held.

डबू्ल्यटीओ का उच्चतम लनणाय लेने िाला लनकाय एक ऐसा लनकाय है लजसमेंसभी सदस्य िाष्ट्र ो ं के व्यापाि / िालणज्य मंत्री शालमल होते हैं जो 2 साल में एकबाि लमलते हैं जो डबू्ल्यटीओ के उपिोक्त व्यापाि से संबंलधत मुद्दों केकायाान्वयन से संबंलधत सॉटा-आउट समस्या है। अब तक 11 डबू्ल्यटीओ कीबैठक हो चुकी है।

Page 12: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference
Page 13: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

WTO has 164 members with Afghanistan (22nd July 2016), & before this it was Liberia (who joined on 14th July 2016).

WTO currently have 23 observer states like Bhutan, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan , Belarus, Holysea, Etc.

There are 13 state which are neither member nor observer. Example: N, Korea, S. Sudan, Somalia, Turkmenistan, Kiribati, Tuvalu, etc.

WTO is currently hosting negotiation under Doha Round of Agreement.

Page 14: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Principles that govern trade under WTO

1. Most favoured nation & national treatment policy.

2. Principle of Reciprocity.

3. Binding & enforceable commitments

4. Safety valve

5. Principal of transparency in trade

Page 15: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

वसद्ांत जो डबू्ल्यटीओ के तहत व्यापार कोवनयंवित करते हैं

1. सबसे पसंदीदा िाष्ट्र औि िाष्ट्र ीय उपचाि नीलत।

2. पािस्परिकता का लसद्ांत।

3. बाध्यकािी औि लागू किने योग्य प्रलतबद्ताएँ

4. सुिक्षा कपाट

5. व्यापाि में पािदलशाता के प्रमुख

Page 16: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Most favoured Nation and national treatment Policy

Page 17: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

MFN is applied in all WTO issues with different scopes. MFN is treatment accorded to a trade partner to ensure non-discriminatory trade between 2 countries, vis-à-vis, other trade partners. The importance of MFN is shown in the fact that it is a first clause in GATT. Under WTO Rules, a member country can’t discriminate between its trade partners. If a special status is granted to a trade partner, it must be extended to member nations.

एमएफएन को लिलभन्न डबू्ल्यटीओ के साथ सभी डबू्ल्यटीओ मुद्दों में लागूलकया जाता है। एमएफएन 2 देशो,ं अन्यव्यापाि साझेदािों के बीच गैि-भेदभािपूणा व्यापाि को सुलनलित किने के ललए एक व्यापाि भागीदाि कोलदया जाता है। एमएफएन के महत्व को इस तथ्य में लदखाया गया है लक यहगैट में पहला खंड है। लिश्व व्यापाि संगठन के लनयमों के तहत, एक सदस्यदेश अपने व्यापाि भागीदािों के बीच भेदभाि नही ं कि सकता है। यलदव्यापाि भागीदाि को लिशेष दजाा लदया जाता है, तो उसे सदस्य िाष्ट्र ो ं तकबढाया जाना चालहए।

Page 18: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

NTP means that imported that imported goods should be treated no less favourably then domestically produced goods & was introduced to tackle non- tariff barriers.

NTP का अथा है लक आयालतत सामानों को लबना लकसी अनुकूलतिीके से कम व्यिहाि लकया जाना चालहए, लफि घिेलू रूप सेउत्पालदत ििुओं औि गैि-टैरिफ बाधाओं से लनपटने के ललए पेशलकया गया था।

Page 19: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

RECIPROCITY / पारस्पररक

It reflect both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of MFN rules & a desire to obtain better access to foreign market .

यह दोनों मुक्त सिािी के दायिे को सीलमत किने की इच्छा कोदशााते हैं जो लक MFN लनयमों औि लिदेशी बाजाि में बेहति पहंुचप्राप्त किने की इच्छा के कािण उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं।

Page 20: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

BINDING AND ENFORCEABLE COMMITMENTS / बाइंवडंग और सुरवित सवमवतयो ं

Page 21: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

TRANSPARENCY / पारदवशडता

Publish trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade

व्यापाि को प्रभालित किने िाले प्रशासलनक लनणायों की समीक्षा केललए अनुमलत देने िाले संस्थानों को बनाए िखने के ललए, व्यापािलनयमों को प्रकालशत किें

Page 22: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

SAFETY VALVE / सुरिा कपाट

In specific circumstance, governments are able to restrict trade. WTO’s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only environment, but public health, animal health, plant health.

लिलशष्ट् परिस्तस्थलतयों में, सिकाि व्यापाि को प्रलतबंलधत किने मेंसक्षम हैं। डबू्ल्यटीओ समझौते सदस्यों को न केिल पयााििण, बस्ति सािाजलनक स्वास्थ्य, पशु स्वास्थ्य, पौधों के स्वास्थ्य की िक्षाके ललए उपाय किने की अनुमलत देते हैं।

Page 23: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

IMPORTANT TERMES RELATED TO WORLD TRADE

ORGANISATION

Page 24: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

1. Non Agriculture Marked Access

Page 25: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

It means non agriculture market access, which means opening up of market for member nations for non-agriculture products i.e manufactured & industrial products by reducing tariffs. Developed countries have advocated the use of Swiss Formula for reducing duties on industrial products. According to which there will be a greater obligation on developing countries to reduce tariffs on industrial products by much higher percentage then developed countries. This formulae was initial resisted by developing countries but latter on they accepted it.

Page 26: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

इसका अथा है गैि-कृलष बाजाि पहंुच, लजसका अथा है गैि-कृलषउत्पादों के ललए सदस्य िाष्ट्र ो ं के ललए बाजाि खोलना यानी टैरिफकम किके लनलमात औि औद्योलगक उत्पाद। लिकलसत देशों नेऔद्योलगक उत्पादों पि कताव्यों को कम किने के ललए स्तस्वसफॉमूाला के उपयोग की िकालत की है। लजसके अनुसािलिकासशील देशों पि अलधक उच्च प्रलतशत औि लफि लिकलसतदेशों द्वािा औद्योलगक उत्पादों पि शुि कम किने के ललए एकबडा दालयत्व होगा। यह सूत्र लिकासशील देशों द्वािा प्रािंलभक लििोधलकया गया था लेलकन बाद में उन्ोनें इसे स्वीकाि कि ललया।

Page 27: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

2. Special And Differential Treatment / विशेष और विभेदक उपचार

Page 28: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Special treatment given to developing countries in WTO agreements, it can include longer duration to face the obligations lenient obligations, etc.

डबू्ल्यटीओ समझौतों में लिकासशील देशों को लदया गया लिशेषउपचाि, इसमें दालयत्वों की बाध्यता का सामना किने के ललए लंबीअिलध शालमल हो सकती है, आलद।

Page 29: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

3. TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE AGREEMENTS / व्यापार करने िालो ं के वलए तकनीकी बैररयर

Page 30: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Technical regulation and product standards may vary from country to country. Having different regulations and standards makes life difficult for produces and exports, if regulations are set in arbitrary manner, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism.

The agreement on TBT tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing of certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles while also providing members with the right to implement measures to achieve legitimate policy objectives such as protection of human health, safety , environment.

Page 31: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

तकनीकी लिलनयमन औि उत्पाद मानक एक देश से दूसिे देश मेंलभन्न हो सकते हैं। अलग-अलग लनयम औि मानक होने से उत्पादनऔि लनयाात के ललए जीिन मुस्तिल हो जाता है, यलद लनयमों कोमनमाने तिीके से लनधाारित लकया जाता है, तो उन्ें संिक्षणिाद केबहाने के रूप में इिेमाल लकया जा सकता है।

टीबीटी पि समझौते से यह सुलनलित किने की कोलशश की जाती हैलक लनयमो,ं मानको,ं प्रमाणन प्रलियाओं का पिीक्षण अनािश्यकबाधाएं पैदा न किें , साथ ही सदस्यों को मानि स्वास्थ्य, सुिक्षा, पयााििण के संिक्षण जैसे िैध नीलत उदे्दश्यों को प्राप्त किने केउपायों को लागू किने का अलधकाि भी प्रदान किें ।

Page 32: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

SPECIAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES/ विशेषसुरिा उपाय

Page 33: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Under this developing countries, will be allowed to raise tariff on temporary basis in case of import surge or price fall. This term was raised in Doha round of negotiation, under agreement on Agriculture.

इस लिकासशील देशों के तहत, आयात िृस्तद् या मूल्य में लगिािटके मामले में अस्थायी आधाि पि टैरिफ बढाने की अनुमलत दीजाएगी। यह शब्द कृलष के समझौते के तहत, बातचीत के दोहा दौिमें उठाया गया था।

Page 34: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

SPECIAL PRODUCT / विशेष उत्पाद

This term was raised/provided in Doha round of negotiation under AOA, there are certain products for which developing countries are to be given extra flexibility in market access for food, livelihood securities and rural development.

यह शब्द एओए के तहत बातचीत के दोहा दौि में उठाया / प्रदानलकया गया था, कुछ ऐसे उत्पाद हैं लजनके ललए लिकासशील देशोंको भोजन, आजीलिका प्रलतभूलतयों औि ग्रामीण लिकास के ललएबाजाि पहंुच में अलतरिक्त लचीलापन लदया जाना है।

Page 35: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES

Page 36: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WiFiStudy.com · WTO was earlier called as General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs, which come into being in 1948, it was negotiated during UN Conference

Problem is how do you ensure that country’s customer are being supplied with food i.e safe to eat , safe by standard you consider appropriate ? And at same time, how can you ensure that strict health and safety regulations have not been used for protection domestics producers ?

समस्या यह है लक आप यह कैसे सुलनलित किते हैं लक देश ग्राहकको भोजन के साथ आपूलता की जा िही है यानी खाने के ललएसुिलक्षत, मानक द्वािा सुिलक्षत लजसे आप उपयुक्त मानते हैं? औिसाथ ही, आप यह कैसे सुलनलित कि सकते हैं लक सुिक्षा अलधिासउत्पादकों के ललए सख्तस्वास्थ्यऔि सुिक्षा लनयमों का उपयोगनही ं लकया गया है?

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In this regards, an Agreement on how government can apply food safely, animal safety and plant health measures (sanitary, phyto sanitary) sets out the basis rules in WTO.

इस संबंध में, सिकाि खाद्य सुिक्षा, पशु सुिक्षा औि संयंत्रस्वास्थ्य उपायों (सेनेटिी, फाइटो सेनेटिी) को कैसे लागू किसकती है, इस बािे में एक समझौता डबू्ल्यटीओ में आधािलनयम तय किता है।

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There are 3 standard organisation that sets standards that WTO members should base their SPS methodologies & this are:

1. Codex Alimentarius Commission : established by WHO, FAO, currently it has 180 members

2. World organisation for Animal health.

3. Secretariat of International Plant protection convention (IPPC).

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3 मानक संगठन हैं जो मानक सेट किते हैं जो डबू्ल्यटीओ केसदस्यों को अपनी एसपीएस कायाप्रणाली को आधाि बनाना चालहएऔि यह हैं:

(ए) कोडेक्स एलेमेंलटर स आयोग: डबू्ल्यएचओ, एफएओ द्वािा स्थालपत, ितामान में इसके 180 सदस्य हैं

(b) पशु स्वास्थ्य के ललए लिश्व संगठन।

(ग) अंतिााष्ट्र ीय पादप संिक्षण समे्मलन (IPPC) का सलचिालय।

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GENERALISED SYSTEM OF PREFERNCES / पूिडजो ं की सामान्य प्रणाली

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It includes the programs by the developed countries granting preferential tariff from developing countries.

इसमें लिकलसत देशों द्वािा लिकासशील देशों सेतिजीही शुि देने के कायािम शालमल हैं।

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Trade facilitation Agreements (TFA) / व्यापारसुगमता समझौते (TFA):

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TFA contains provisions for accelerating the movement, release and clearance of goods including goods in transit. It also set out measures for effecting cooperation between customs and other appropriate authorities on trade facilitation and custom compliance issue. It further contains provision for technical assistance & capacity building in this area.

टीएफए में पािगमन में माल सलहत माल की आिाजाही, रिलीजऔि लनकासी में तेजी लाने के प्रािधान हैं। इसने व्यापाि सुगमताऔि कस्टम अनुपालन मुदे्द पि सीमा शुिऔि अन्य उपयुक्तअलधकारियों के बीच सहयोग को प्रभालित किने के उपायों को भीलनधाारित लकया। इस के्षत्र में तकनीकी सहायता औि क्षमता लनमााणका प्रािधान है।

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Trade facilitation which aims to harmonise custom provisions and administration in developing & least developed countries with current practices of developed countries, was a priority area for USA along with other industrialised and some developing countries (Singapore, Hongkong, Mexico, Chile, Colombia) what was called the Colorado Group.

व्यापाि सुगमता लजसका उदे्दश्य लिकलसत देशों की ितामान प्रथाओंके साथ लिकासशील औि कम से कम लिकलसत देशों में कस्टमप्रािधानों औि प्रशासन का सामंजस्य स्थालपत किना है, अन्यऔद्योलगक औि कुछ लिकासशील देशों (लसंगापुि, हांगकांग, मैस्तक्सको, लचली, कोलंलबया) के साथ संयुक्त िाज्य अमेरिका के ललएएक प्राथलमकता के्षत्र था। कोलोिाडो समूह कहा जाता है।

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The TFA was concluded at WTO’s 9th Ministerial meeting in Bali in Dec 2013. TFA entered in to force an 22nd Feb 2017, when Rwanda, Oman, Chad & Jordan submitted their instrument of acceptance.

Indian was the 76th m/m country who signed TFA on 22nd April 2016. As per various estimates TFA will help to increase the global output some where between $70 billion to $1 trillion.

टीएफए को 2013 में डबू्ल्यटीओ में 9 िी ं मंलत्रििीय बैठक में संपन्न लकयागया था। टीएफए ने 22 फिििी 2017 को बल देने के ललए प्रिेश लकया, जबििांडा, ओमान, चाड औि जॉडान ने अपनी स्वीकृलत का साधन प्रिुत लकया।

भाितीय was६ िाँ m / m देश था लजसने २२ अपै्रल २०१६ को TFA पिहिाक्षि लकए। लिलभन्न अनुमानों के अनुसाि TFA िैलश्वक उत्पादन में कुछिृस्तद् किने में मदद किेगा जहां $ billion० लबललयन से १ लटर ललयन डॉलि केबीच।

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VARIOUS AGREEMENTS OF WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

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1. AGREEEMENT ON AGRICULTURE / कृवषपर समझौता

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3 pillars :

1. Market access :

This includes tarrification, tariff reduction and excess opportunities. Tariffication means that all non- tariff barriers such as quotas, minimum import price, discretionary licensing, straight- trading measures, voluntary restraining agreements, etc need to be abolished and converted into an equivalent tariff.

इसमें टैरिलफकेशन, टैरिफ में कमी औि अलतरिक्त अिसि शालमलहैं। टैरिलफकेशन का अथा है लक सभी गैि-टैरिफ बाधाओं जैसे कोटा, नू्यनतम आयात मूल्य, लििेकाधीन लाइसेंलसंग, सीधे-व्यापारिकउपायो,ं सै्वस्तच्छक प्रलतबंध समझौतों आलद को समाप्त किने औिएक समान टैरिफ में परििलतात किने की आिश्यकता है।

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Ordinary tariff including these resulting from there tariffication are to be reduced by 36%,with minimum rate of reduction of 15% for each tariff item over 6 years period & developing country are required to reduce tariff by 24% in 10 yrs. Developing Country are currently maintaining quantitative restriction to secure livelihood of Indian farmers & that leads to restriction in trade when it comes to trade in agricultural commodities.

6 साल से अलधक समय के ललए प्रते्यक टैरिफ आइटम के ललए 15% कीकटौती की नू्यनतम दि औि लिकासशील देश को 10 िषों में टैरिफ को कमकिने के ललए आिश्यक है, लजसके परिणामस्वरूप िहाँ टैरिलफकेशन 36% से कम लकया जा सकता है। लिकासशील देश ितामान में भाितीय लकसानों कीआजीलिका को सुिलक्षत किने के ललए मात्रात्मक प्रलतबंध बनाए हुए हैं औिजब कृलष ििुओं में व्यापाि की बात आती है तो व्यापाि में प्रलतबंध होता है।

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2. Domestic support

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Under the domestic support, it is provided that member countries should reduce the subsidies on agriculture and provide greater market access. As per WTO framework, developed countries have to reduce domestic subsidies on agriculture so as to bring at a level of not more than 5% of agriculture produce & 10% for developing countries. This support provided by developed & developing countries are known as De-Minimise support. Under this, we have 3 types of subsidies:

घिेलू समथान के तहत, यह प्रदान लकया जाता है लक सदस्य देशों को कृलष पिसस्तिडी कम किनी चालहए औि बाजाि में अलधक पहंुच प्रदान किनी चालहए।लिश्व व्यापाि संगठन के ढांचे के अनुसाि, लिकलसत देशों को कृलष पि घिेलूसस्तिडी कम किनी है, तालक कृलष उत्पादन 5% से अलधक न हो औिलिकासशील देशों के ललए 10% हो। लिकलसत औि लिकासशील देशों द्वािाप्रदान लकए गए इस समथान को डी-लमलनमल समथान के रूप में जाना जाताहै। इसके तहत, हमािे पास 3 प्रकाि की सस्तिडी हैं:

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Green – Box subsidiesGiven for agriculture research, pest control, disease control, public- food

aid, environmental clearance, etc. All of which are treated as exempt.

The green box applies to both developed, developing countries members, but in case of developing countries, special treatment is provided in respect of government stock holding programme for food security purpose & subsidized food prices for urban & rural poor . The general criteria are that, the measures must have no or at most minimal trade distorting effect or effects on production. They must be provided through a publically funded government program not involving transfers from customers & must not have the effects of providing price support to producers.

The producers direct payments may be in the form of natural disaster relief, income insurance & safety net programmes & certain payments under environment programmes & under regional assistance programs.

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कृलष अनुसंधान, कीट लनयंत्रण, िोग लनयंत्रण, सािाजलनक-खाद्य सहायता, पयााििण मंजूिी, आलद सभी को देखते हुए सभी को छूट के रूप में मानाजाता है।

ग्रीन बॉक्स लिकलसत, लिकासशील देशों के सदस्यो,ं दोनों पि लागू होता है, लेलकन लिकासशील देशों के मामले में, खाद्य सुिक्षा उदे्दश्यऔि शहिी औिग्रामीण गिीबों के ललए सस्तिडी िाले खाद्य मूल्यों के ललए सिकािी स्टॉकहोस्तडंग कायािम के संबंध में लिशेष उपचाि प्रदान लकया जाता है। सामान्यमानदंड यह हैं लक, उपायों में उत्पादन पि कोई नू्यनतम या नू्यनतम व्यापािलिकृत प्रभाि या प्रभाि नही ं होना चालहए। उन्ें सािाजलनक रूप से लित्तपोलषत सिकािी कायािम के माध्यम से प्रदान लकया जाना चालहए, लजसमेंग्राहकों से स्थानांतिण शालमल न हो औि उत्पादकों को मूल्य समथान प्रदानकिने का प्रभाि न हो।

उत्पादक प्रत्यक्ष भुगतान प्राकृलतक आपदा िाहत, आय बीमा औि सुिक्षाशुद् कायािमों औि पयााििण कायािमों के तहत औि के्षत्रीय सहायताकायािमों के तहत कुछ भुगतान के रूप में हो सकते हैं।

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Blue – Box SubsidiesAre subsidies given only by developed countries for production

limitation programme i.e subsidies which aims at limiting the quantum of production like deficiency payment given by US to its farmers. This subsidies are also considered exempt under WTO but up to a certain limit.

क्या उत्पादन सीमा कायािम के ललए केिल लिकलसत देशों द्वािा सस्तिडी दीजाती है यानी सस्तिडी लजसका उदे्दश्य अमेरिका द्वािा अपने लकसानों को लदएगए भुगतान की कमी जैसे उत्पादन की मात्रा को सीलमत किना है। इससस्तिडी को डबू्ल्यटीओ के तहत भी छूट दी जाती है लेलकन एक लनलितसीमा तक।

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Amber- Box subsidies:

They are subjected to reduction commitment and is of two types:

1. Input based subsidies like subsidies given for various inputs in agriculture commodities production like fertilizers, seeds, etc.

2. Product specific like subsidies given for various agriculture products like rice, wheat, cotton, maize, etc.

Currently as per the estimation given by ministry of Commerce and Industry , they provided that our subsidies are currently less than 10%,that means that indian subsidies are under- subsidized and moreover government of India also clarifies that currently our agriculture measure of support is negative and that too by a huge magnitude, so the question of our undertaking reduction commitments did not arise.

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िे प्रलतबद्ता को कम किने के अधीन हैं औि दो प्रकाि के होते हैं:

1. कृलष आधारित ििुओं जैसे लक उिािक, बीज, आलद में लिलभन्न इनपुट केललए दी जाने िाली सस्तिडी जैसे इनपुट आधारित सस्तिडी

2. उत्पाद लिलशष्ट् जैसे चािल, गेहं, कपास, मक्का आलद लिलभन्न कृलष उत्पादोंके ललए दी जाने िाली सस्तिडी।

ितामान में िालणज्यऔि उद्योग मंत्रालय द्वािा लदए गए अनुमान के अनुसाि, उन्ोनें कहा लक हमािी सस्तिडी ितामान में 10% से कम है, इसका मतलब हैलक भाितीय सस्तिडी कम-से-कम सस्तिडी िाली है औि भाित की अलतरिक्तसिकाि भी स्पष्ट् किती है लक ितामान में हमािे समथान का कृलष उपायनकािात्मक है औि िह भी एक लिशाल परिमाण के द्वािा, इसललए हमािीउपिम कटौती प्रलतबद्ताओं का सिाल ही नही ं उठता।

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Export subsidies

The Agreement on Agriculture require developed countries to reduce export subsidies by at least 36% by value or 21% by volume in period of 6 years and for developing countries it has to be reduced by 24% by value and 14% by volume for a period of 10 years.

कृलष पि हुए समझौते में लिकलसत देशों को 6 िषा की अिलध मेंमूल्य द्वािा कम से कम 36% या 21% की दि से लनयाात सस्तिडीकम किने की आिश्यकता है औि लिकासशील देशों के ललए इसे24% तक कम किना होगा औि एक अिलध के ललए मात्रा से 14% कम किना होगा। 10 साल की

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TRADE RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES(TRIMS) AGREEMENT / व्यापारसंबंवित वनिेश उपाय (टर ाइम्स) समझौते

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Every member country should open up its economy to foreign investors for both FDI, FPI, accordingly there has been substantial inflows of foreign investment in India.

प्रते्यक सदस्य देश को एफडीआई, एफपीआई दोनों के ललए लिदेशीलनिेशकों के ललए अपनी अथाव्यिस्था को खोलना चालहए, तदनुसाि भाित मेंलिदेशी लनिेश की पयााप्त मात्रा में िृस्तद् हुई है।

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MULTI FIBRE AGREEMENT / बहु फाइबरसमझौते

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Under this, countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textile and clothing from other country, were able to negotiate quota restrictions. Under MFA, developed countries fixed quota that it will import for each developing country separately for textile, clothing and fibre, so as to protect its own domestic industry against cheap textile coming from developing country. This meant restricted trade in textile to the determinant on developing country.

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• इसके तहत, लजन देशों के बाजाि दूसिे देश से कपडा औि कपडोंके आयात में िृस्तद् से बालधत हैं, िे कोटा प्रलतबंधों पि बातचीत किनेमें सक्षम थे। एमएफए के तहत, लिकलसत देशों ने कोटा तय लकयालक िह प्रते्यक लिकासशील देश के ललए अलग से कपडा, कपडेऔि फाइबि के ललए आयात किेगा, तालक लिकासशील देश सेआने िाले सिे कपडा के स्तखलाफ अपने स्वयं के घिेलू उद्योग कीिक्षा कि सके। इसका मतलब लिकासशील देश के लनधाािक कोकपडा में प्रलतबंलधत व्यापाि था।

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TRADE RELATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS / व्यापार संबंवित समन्वित अविकारअविकार

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1st January 1995.

Copyrights : Berne Convention.

Trademarks : Trade Mark Act 1999.

Industrial Designs : designs Act,2000.

1 जनििी 1995।

कॉपीिाइट: बना कन्वेंशन।

टर ेडमाका : टर ेड माका एक्ट 1999।

औद्योलगक लडजाइन: लडजाइन अलधलनयम, 2000।

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Geographical Indicators:/ भौगोललक संकेतक:

Specific geographical location. / लिलशष्ट् भौगोललकस्तस्थलत।

GI Goods(Registration & Protection)Act,1999 / जीआई गुड्स (पंजीकिण औि संिक्षण) अलधलनयम, 1999

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Patents / पेटेंट:

Indian Patent Act,1970. / भाितीय पेटेंट अलधलनयम, 1970।

Product- based and process- based patenting./ उत्पाद आधारित औिप्रलिया आधारित पेटेंलटंग।

Pre-grant and Post- grant opposition provided./ पूिा-अनुदान औि पोस्ट-अनुदान लिपक्ष प्रदान लकया गया।

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