WORLD WAR I

The Great War1914 - 19182Key factsWent from June 1914 to November 1918Fighting was mostly in EuropeCountries from around the world fought.20 million people killed.21 million people wounded.Changed the face of Europe.Set the stage for the start of World War II.3Europe Before 1914

4Origins of the warThere were a number of factors which made war likely at this time.The Alliance systemWhen one country got into a fight it automatically brought many other countries in also.The Arms RaceCountries had large standing armies.These posed a very serious threat.

5Origins of the warAn Acceptance of WarWar was accepted as a legitimate method of getting what your country wanted.Nations were very proud of their armies and military histories.NationalismOrdinary people took a fierce pride in their country.Easily turned into hostility towards other countries.This idea was reinforced in education, newspapers and literature.6Pre-WWI Scenario AlliancesCountries had alliances to join each other in wars and defend each other against attack.Triple AllianceGermanyAustria- HungaryItalyTriple EntenteRussiaFranceBritain

Opposing Alliances FranceBritainRussiaItalyAustria-HungaryGermanyTriple Entente(Allies)Triple Alliance(Central)190718791904189418821882Why did a Serbian assassinate the Archduke of Austria-Hungary?

Serbia1804-19thC Serbia was ruled by the Turkish Ottoman Empire, whilst Austria-Hungary was a major European power. In 1815 the Serbs successfully rebelled, and in 1835 they proclaimed their own constitution. Austria-Hungary, which was a dynastic empire comprised of MANY different racesAustria-Hungary was terrified of the 'panslavism', the nationalism by which the Slav races of the Balkans aspired to set up their own nation-states. Austria-Hungary regarded Serbia as the leading, and the worst, example of this. The Balkan Wars: in 1912 Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria (calling themselves the Balkan League) attacked Turkey and all but drove the Turks out of Europe. Next year, Bulgaria attacked Serbia, but was defeated, leaving Serbia as the leading Slavic power in the Balkans. Pasic, the Serbian prime Minister, declared: 'the first round is won. Now for the second round - against Austria.'TheBalkan Peninsulaand theBalkansis apeninsulaand acultural areain Southeast Europewith different and disputed borders. The region takes its name from theBalkan Mountainsthat stretch from the east ofSerbiato the Black Seaat the east ofBulgaria.

Serbia got themselves free from ottoman empire (1835)The Balkan Wars (1912)Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria attacked Turkey and drove them out of Europe. Bulgaria attacked Serbia, but was defeated (1913)Serbia went to war with Turkey and conquered Bosnia. But Austria-Hungary persuaded the great powers to give back Bosnia to TurkeyAustria-Hungary annexed Bosnia. The Serbs were furious (1908)The archduke traveled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina On 28th June 1914 Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia.Franz Ferdinand was heir to the Austrian throne.He was killed by a Slav nationalist and student called Gavrio Princip.

The Austria-Hungary government saw the assassination as a direct attack on the country.The assassination provided Austria-Hungary with an excuse to take action against Serbia.Austria sent an ULTIMATUM, a final set of demands on July 23, 1914. It ordered Serbia to end all anti-Austrian activities and to let the Austrian officials handle the investigation of the murder. Austria gave Serbia 48 hours to meet these termsSerbians Rejected.

At the same time, Russia began to mobilize their army to help protect Serbia.Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. A few days later, Germany declared war on Russia to help its ally Austria-Hungary.Then France began to mobilize to help its ally Russia, and Germany followed by declaring war on France. Britain backed France and declared war on GermanyJapan sided with Britain in hopes of gaining German territory in AsiaWorld War I had begun.Italy signed a secret treaty with the Entente and joined the war against Germany & Austria-HungaryOttoman Empire and Bulgaria join Germany & A/H

What were the advantages of both the Central and Allied Powers?

more soldiersAdvantages of the Central Powers territory that extended from the North Sea to the Middle EastAdvantages of the Allied Powers Germanys powerful army greater industrial capacity Britains navy rapid communications and movement18GermanyGermany had been a nation since 1871.Had ambitions to have colonies and an empire like France and Britain.Was building up a navy which was a threat to the British Navy.The monarch Kaiser Wilhelm III spoke of how he wanted Germany to be a great world power.

Germany : Schlieffen PlanGermany had been preparing for war long before 1914. In fact, Germany had started drawing up a plan for war - the Schlieffen Plan - in 1897. It was based on the theory that Germany would be at war with-Russia in the east.France in the west.The plan was to quickly defeat France before Russia could mobilise its army. With France defeated it could concentrate on fighting Russia.20Things went badly for GermanyThis plan failed for a number of reasons.Russia moved their troops more quickly than expected.Belgium refused to allow Germany access and put up fierce resistance to German invasion.The invasion of neutral Belgium enraged Britain who joined the war.

The Western Front22The Western FrontBoth sides raced to secure the ports on the British Channel.3 battles of YpressBattle of the SommeProblems on the Western FrontThe artillery did not destroy the German defences.When the bombardment stopped the Germans emerged and manned their machine guns.Germany trenches were difficult to hold once captured and often had to be abandoned.Could be attacked from three sides.Difficult to get supplies to.

24Western Front Animationshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/launch_ani_western_front.shtmlhttp://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_western.htmlTrench WarfareTrench a long narrow ditch dug in a groundtype of fighting during World War I in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wireOver 200,000 men died in the trenches of WW1, most of who died in battle, but many died from disease and infections brought on by the unsanitary conditions.New Weapons

MACHINE GUNSPOISON GASTANKSLONG RANGE GUNSMACHINE GUNSPOISON GASTANKSLONG RANGE GUNSManfred von Richthofen Red Baron

Richthofen(May 1892 21 April 1918),German fighter pilot is the top ace of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories, which was the most kills of any pilot during that war.Richthofen was shot down on 21 April 1918. There has been considerable discussion and debate regarding his career & the circumstances of his death. He remains the most widely known fighter pilot of all time, & has been the subject of many books, films & media.

28The Eastern FrontRussia mobilised quickly and invaded East Prussia.Germany had some success in Prussia against the Russians.Russians had many problems with supplies and equipment.Due to terrible conditions many Russian soldiers deserted.The Allies had problems getting supplies to Russia due to the German North Sea Blockade.29The Eastern Front

RussiaPolitically, the Russian empire was very divided & dissatisfied, which lead to fertile ground for revolutionaries and anarchists. Russia was ruled by an autocratic Tsar (Czar).Tsar retained and exercised all political decision-making and all sovereign power.There was no constitution to define and limit the tsars authority. Ministers were appointed and sacked by the Tsar. The Russian tsar at the outbreak of World War I was Nicholas II Became Tsar at age 26.Intelligent but shy manPushed for expansion, both in eastern Europe and in Russias Pacific region.Russias chief interest was in eastern Europe (Balkans & Ottoman Empire). Russia was also an ally, indeed something of a protector of Serbia, whose people shared religious and ethnic links with Slavic Russians.

RussiaRussia was a mystery to most EuropeansThey knew of Russias existence, marvelled at its size and feared its military power but few ever travelled there.Its territorial holdings were enormous- 1/6th of the Earths landmass, population was enormous (around 128 million people), large army.Russias external power was more limited.Russia was an under-developed economy, mostly agricultural, very late indutrialization.RussiaRussiaentered the first world war with the largest army in the world, standing at 1,400,000 and later expanded to over 5,000,000 soldiersRussia could not arm all its soldiers, having a supply of 4.6 million rifles34Russian RevolutionRUSSIAN REVOLUTIONTheFebruary Revolution(March 1917) was a revolution focused around Petrograd (nowSaint Petersburg). The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during theFirst World War, which left much of the Russian army in a state of mutiny.By August 1917 the Russians were in general retreat.In theOctober Revolution(November as per Gregorian calendar), theBolshevikparty, led byVladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders35Russian RevolutionRUSSIAN REVOLUTIONTheFebruary Revolution(March 1917) was a revolution focused around Petrograd (nowSaint Petersburg). The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during theFirst World War, which left much of the Russian army in a state of mutiny.By August 1917 the Russians were in general retreat.In theOctober Revolution(November as per Gregorian calendar), theBolshevikparty, led byVladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government in Petrograd. The Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leadersTreaty of Brest-LitovskTheTreaty of Brest-Litovskwas apeace treatysigned on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

Civil warerupted between the "Red" (Bolshevik) and "White" (anti-Bolshevik) factions, which was to continue for several years, with the Bolsheviks ultimately victorious. In this way, the Revolution paved the way forthe creationof theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) in 1922.

37The Italian FrontItaly was a German ally but stayed neutral.Renounced the alliance in May 1915 and declared war on Austria-Hungary.Had setbacks and victories.The battlefront was in stalemate for much of the war.Signed a truce with Austria in November 1918.38The Middle EastTurkey entered the war on the German side in October 1914.Britain was determined to knock Turkey out of the war.The Gallipoli Campaign was part of this.When Gallipoli failed the British did three things.Went through Mesopotamia to capture Baghdad.Went from Egypt to Jerusalem.Supported a revolt by Arabs against Turkish rule.

American entry into World War IWhen the war started the USA declared it was neutral.But the German brutality in Belgiumin 1914, and thesinking of the British passenger ship liner RMSLusitaniain 1915 changed the stand Germany sank the Lusitania, Americans were among the 1,200 passengers killed.

Germany decided for submarine (U Boats) warfareon every commercial ship headed toward Britain, realizing that this decision would almost certainly mean war with the United States. Germany also offered a military alliance to Mexico in theZimmermann Telegram. This outraged Americans just as GermanU-boats(submarines) started sinking American ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson asked Congress for "awar to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy", and Congress voted todeclare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the US declared war onGermany.

Armistice of 11 November 1918Anarmisticeis a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace.The armistice between the Allies and Germany known as the Armistice of Compigne marked a victory for the Allies and a complete defeat for Germany, although not formally a surrender. Although armistice ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude peace treaty, the Treaty of Versailles.

49England: Recruitment and Conscription

50England: War Funding

51German: War FundingThat's how your money helps you to fight!

52Germany: Morale BoostingEngland needs.Poster explaining how England cannot use the artillery is it making.

53Australia: Recruitment and Conscription

54Australia: War Funding

55Australia: Anti-German

http://cas.awm.gov.au/art/ARTV0327756ActivityMake your own propaganda poster.Make a poster that might have been used in India/Britain during World War One.Pick a category and decide on a message before you start.RecruitmentWar fundingAnti the other side.Practical adviceMoral boosting

57Changes for womenBecause men were away fighting women worked in areas that men normally worked in.Women who worked had independence and choices about their money.Women could go out alone.Women smoked in public.To enable women to work, skirts became shorter and trousers more common.