World War 1

Chapter 21

SHORT & LONG Term Causes

M A N I A

Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Assassination

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

June 28, 1914, Ferdinand travels to Bosnia First attempt on his life fails and the conspirators

flee Later in the day a lone assassin stumbles across

the Archduke and his wife Gavrilo Princip, 19 year old Serbian shoots and kills

the Archduke and his wife Princip was a member of a Serbian Nationalist

group called “The Black Hand” Austria-Hungary didn’t know if Serbia was involved

and didn’t care

Outbreak of War

Austria-Hungary demands that Serbia halt all military action!

Serbia (knowing that Russia was an ally) says no way…

Austria-Hungary tells Germany it needs there help Germany and Russia are now in a standoff over

something that doesn’t involve them Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of

Russia are cousins and try to talk the problem down but it is too late, the war machine is in motion

Outbreak of War

Germany quickly declared war on its neighbor France

Great Britain in defense of France declared war on Germany

All of Europe was at war within a month of a seemingly minor assassination: The Great War had begun

Allied Powers Central Powers

France (FR) Great Britain (GB) Russia (RU) US (much later) Italy (IT) (after they

betray A-H)

Germany (DE) Austria-Hungary

(AH) Bulgaria (BG) Ottoman Empire

(OE)

Page 629-630

1. What was the German war plan?

2. What was the first major battle on the Western Front?

3. What realization did both sides come to very quickly once the war began?

4. What was no-mans land?

5. Explain trench warfare.

German War Plan

Schlieffen Plan Called for Germany to fight a two front

war so that its borders were both protected

German War Plan

Battle of the Marne

DE had invaded FR through BE (much tougher than expected)

As DE pushed into FR they were fought back 40 miles

All sides expected a quick end, they immediately knew they were wrong.

Trench Warfare

Each side would dig out long ditches where soldiers would stay for protection. Every so often the enemy would charge through no-mans land to attack. They would be fought off with machine gun fire. Made for very long and drawn out battles. Each side was simply trying to outlast the other.

No-Mans Land

Area of land between enemy trenches that had been blown up and destroyed. Usually was full of barbed-wire and land mines.

If you survived…

Trench conditions were horrendous Rats Disease Flood waters Bodies of fallen soldiers remained for

days until fighting slowed

New Weapons of War

Machine Guns Tanks Poison Gas Submarines Airplanes

Machine Guns

Tanks

Poison Gas

Submarines

Airplanes

Zeppelin

Battles of Somme

DE 5th Army had 1 mill troops in FR fighting about 200,000 FR

60,000 GB died in 1 day Nearly 1 mill die over 4 mo. At Verdun, longest battle of the war,

500,000 dead and another 500,000 wounded

SAT Sentence Completion:Although President Wilson wanted the

American people to remain neutral in heart and mind, their ______________ soon became ____________ when the US rallied for war against the Central Powers.a. ambivalence…clearb. bias…evidentc. apathy…obscuredd. indifference… axiomatice. penchant… vague

Wilson’s Policy

Wilson wanted the US to remain neutral campaign promise

we continued to trade w/ countries on both sides

Why was it difficult for many Americans to remain neutral?

30% of the pop - immigrants or kids of immigrants still cared about their heritage.

Most sided with the Allies, mostly bc of GB. shared a culture / language.

Germany’s War Plan

DE had built a “war zone” around GB warning that if you sailed into it you were subject to be attacked by their U-Boats.

Wilson was not happy with DE & warned them not to sink US liners.

05/07/15

DE U-boats sink the Lusitania, a passenger ship carrying civilians (& supplies)

128 Ams on board die Wilson demanded DE not sink civilian

ships

William Jennings Bryan

Sec of State Argued that Wilson making demands

or ultimatums to countries @ war voided US neutrality.

Resigned due to his disagreement w/ Wilson.

Sussex Pledge

After the sinking of the Lusitania, Wilson threatened to cut ties w/ DE

DE wanted to keep the US out of the war so they agreed to not sink civilian ships Sussex Pledge

Truly, the US was not neutral…we sold $500 million worth of arms to the Allies

Nat’l Defense Act (1916)

Increased troops to 175,000 w/ a goal of 223,000 (Army)

Nat’l Guard was set at 450,000 $313 million to build up the Navy Wilson offered a “peace without

victory” but both sides refused

US enters the Great War page 635-636

1. What did Wilson do in response to Germany resuming Unrestricted Submarine Warfare?

2. What was the Zimmerman Note?3. What argument did Wilson make to

Congress to persuade them to declare war?

4. What was the Selective Service Act?

Decoding a Message

February 22, 1917To: von EckhardtMexico City

British crack top secret code. U.S. press may leak German plot with Mexico. Prepare to leave embassy on short notice.

DE resume sub warfare

Wilson armed merchant ships in the war zone

Cut diplomatic ties w/ DE 5 ships were sunk

Zimmerman Note

An intercepted message from DE to MX

asking for MX assistance offering NM, TX, & AZ in return

Wilson goes to Congress

Wilson asked Congress to declare war, not bc of sub warfare & Zimmerman Note BUT for the betterment of the world.

Selective Service Act

Men 21-30 had to register for the draft, later changed to 18-45

2.8 million men were drafted 4.8 million served 370,000 Afr Ams served 10,000 Nat Ams

US arrives

Training took time, 1st US troops arrive in FR, 06/1917 under Gen. Pershing

As US troop level rose they built docks, RR’s, & phone lines to help troops communicate

Am. women worked hospitals US ships used a convoy system to

cross the Atlantic & not 1 life was lost

RU Rev

RU had been badly beaten by GER on the E. Front

Workers in Petrograd protested the excessive waste being used for war

Workers couldn’t afford food & demanded the war end

Czar is overthrown, a provisional gov’t is established

The new Provisional Gov’t makes the mistake of continuing the war, angering the ppl of RU

RU Rev

The Bolsheviks (Communists) led by V. Lenin seized power in RU from Provisional Gov’t

Treaty was signed GER & RU - out of the war by 03/1918

(Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) RU is out of the WWI but would remain in Civil War

for 4 yrs White Army (supported by the allies) wants to

restore the Czar v. Red Army (supported by GER) wants Communism to succeed

Communists take over RU and control all major industry from banks, mines, RR’s, & farms.

V. Lenin

The Bolsheviks

The War at Home

Cost of War… $35 bill

Beating the Central Powers… Priceless Liberty & Victory bonds

Posters, parades, rallies Taxes Fed war bd’s

Conserving Resources

Food Administration & Fuel Administration Regulating production and supply of

these resources 1 - to increase production 2 - to conserve existing food supplies

Ex. guaranteed farmers high prices

War Industries Board

Gov’ts central war agency Allocating scarce materials,

establishing production priorities, & setting prices

Some were critical of Wilson’s programs Damage free enterprise?

Mobilizing Workers

Took advantage of depleted work force to get higher wages & other benefits

Nat’l War Labor Board Arbitrated disputes btwn workers & employees

Women’s work force up by 6% 19th Amendment

The Great Migration Racial violence still serious problem

Influencing Attitudes

Committee on Public Info Propaganda campaign to encourage Ams to support

WWI Fact-based material at 1st then propaganda

GER = evil monsters Look out for spies!

“patriotic organizations” spied, phone tapped, & opened other ppl’s mail

Anti-GER sentiment Sauerkraut = liberty cabbage; Dachshunds = liberty pups;

Hamburger = Salisbury steak

US Congress opts for "freedom fries” March 2003

Republican representative Bob Ney, whose committee is in charge of the eateries, said the action was "a small but symbolic effort to show the strong displeasure of many on Capitol Hill with the actions of our so-called ally, France".

The move - following the lead of a North Carolina restaurant - reflects the anti-French sentiment among some lawmakers who feel President Jacques Chirac is betraying the US by opposing its policy on disarming Iraq.France has said it will use its veto to block a second UN resolution to allow war to commence with Iraq.

“Freedom Fries”, “Freedom Toast”

Suppressing Opposition

Espionage Act & Sedition Act Outlawed acts of treason and made it a

crime to criticize the gov’t Eugene Debs (Socialists) - sentenced

to 10 yrs in prison for making an anti-war speech

Violation of the 1st Amendment? Not according to Schenck v. United

States (1919)

The Last GER Offensive

With RU done the GER’s focused on the W. Front

03/21/1918 - 1 million GER troops launched a major offensive 6,000 artillery pieces

“Big Bertha” - heavy gun - 2,100 lbs shell - 9 mi

Late May - GER had pushed the Allies back to the Marne River just 50 mi from Paris

The Last GER Offensive

The intro of US troops was the difference

Led by Marshal Ferdinand Foch US & FR troops stopped the GER at Chateau-Thierry on June 3-4 3 other villages recaptured

GER advance halted. Paris SAVED!

The Last GER Offensive

July 15 - GER threw everything into a final assault around Reims

Allied lines held 3 days later - the charge pushed GER

back Tide turned in favor of Allies http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/ma

ps_western.html

Allied Victory

Am troops had given much needed boost to the Allied forces

By late 1918 they began to push the GER back

GER was losing its occupied terr in FR & the GER Army and Navy could see that defeat was close

Armistice!

By October 1918 GER had broken into riots and troops were refusing to listen to orders

The Kaiser fled GER to the NL Armistice Day: November 11, 1918

the cease fire goes into effect…(on the 11th hour the 11th day of the 11th month the war was over!)

London, England

Points 1-5 Int’l Concerns 1.Open covenants of peace 2.Freedom of the seas 3.The removal of all economic barriers

4. national armament reduction

5.Adjustment of colonial claims

Points 6-13 Specifics

6. RU should be evacuated 7. BE should be evacuated 8. FR freed and restored 9. IT borders redrawn 10. Division of AH – self determination

11. Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored

12. Limitations on Turkey 13. Polish independence

14th -League of Nations

A general assoc of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of pol independence and terr integrity to great & small states alike.

Precursor to the UNITED NATIONS!

Treaty Of Versailles

Officially ends WW1 Divides GER colonies and Ottoman Empire

colonies among Allies GER loses Alsace-Lorraine to FR (and Saar,

major industrial center) GER had to disarm, no military GER had to pay war reparations to

victorious countries and take fault for causing the war

Paris Peace Conference“The Big Four”

(L - R) PM David Lloyd George, Premier Vittorio Orlando, FR Premier Georges Clemenceau, Pres Woodrow Wilson

The US after the War

Wilson came home to resistance to the Treaty (thought it was far too harsh)

Wilson went out on a speaking tour to promote the L of N & his plans, on his journey he became sick & returned to DC & had a stroke

Following his stroke he was not an effective Pres

The Treaty of Versailles was never ratified by the US, the L of N was established w/o the US as a member

League of Nations

Lasting Effect of the Great War

Up to 10 million dead, 21+ million wounded Most of EU was in ruins Food Shortages plagued war torn countries Middle East was divided between FR and GB

mandates GB declared its support for a Jewish homeland

in Palestine (problems to come) Balfour Declaration

US - postwar recession race riots

Ruins of Chateau Thierry

Damaged mill at Courcelles, France

Verdun, France

Paris, France