world war i – 1914-1918

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World War I – 1914- 1918 • Also known as the Great War or The War to End All Wars • Causes • 1. Nationalism • 2. Imperialism • 3. Militarism • 4. Entangling Alliances – balance of power

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World War I – 1914-1918. Also known as the Great War or The War to End All Wars Causes 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Militarism 4. Entangling Alliances – balance of power. Triple Alliance/Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Italy – switches sides in 1915 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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World War I – 1914-1918

• Also known as the Great War or The War to End All Wars

• Causes• 1. Nationalism• 2. Imperialism• 3. Militarism• 4. Entangling Alliances – balance of power

Opposing Sides

• Triple Alliance/Central Powers

• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy – switches sides in

1915• Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

joins in 1914• Bulgaria joins in 1915

• Triple Entente/Allied Powers

• England• France • Russia• Italy – in 1915• Japan joins in 1914• United States joins in

1917

Event that started the War

• June 28, 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbian Nationalists – Pan-Slavic movement – The Black Hand

• Mobilization – preparing your military for war

1914-1916• First Modern War• New weapons – Machine guns, poison gas, airplanes,

submarines, giant artillery, flamethrowers, (tanks – in 1917)

• Early Battles – First Battle of the Marne - 1914 Trench Warfare – war was stagnant for this period

with the battleline moving very little – stalemate No Man’s Land – area between the trenches German U-boats – tried to cut off Europe from

supplies Battle of Verdun – 1916 – 1.25 million casualties• Battle of the Somme – 1916 – 1 million casualties

German Maxim Machine Gun

Vickers Machine Gun

Lewis Machine Gun

Big Bertha

American Rail Gun

German Artillery

Spad VII

Sopwith Pup

Nieuport 28

Baron Manfred Von Richtofen“The Red Baron”

Gas Bombs Exploding

U.S. Marines Wearing Gas Masks

Mustard Gas Victim

German Submarine (U-boat) U-14

No Man’s Land

Trench Warfare

Trench Foot

Trench system from the Air

Soldiers Attacking – “Going Over the Top”

Dead German Soldiers

Dead Allied Soldiers

Before After

Allied Tanks

David Lloyd George

Nicholas II

George Clemenceau

U.S. Neutrality

• Isolationism – President Woodrow Wilson• Events that caused U.S. to go to war• 1. German submarine warfare – Lusitania –

Germans were attacking U.S. shipping• U.S. loaned Allies large amounts of money• 2. Sussex Pledge• 3. Zimmerman Telegram• United States declares war on Central Powers on

April 6, 1917

Preparing For War• Committee on Public Information – raised public

support for war• Selective Service Act – drafted over 3 million men• African-Americans – 370,000 served – still

segregated – fought with the French army• Women – 25,000 served – interpreters, nurses, clerks,

“Hello Girls” (telephone operators) – 1 million women joined the work force in America

• Liberty Bonds - $20 Billion• War Industries Board

Propaganda Posters

• American Expeditionary Force – AEF – John J. Pershing

• 1917 – Bolshevik Revolution in Russia – Communists take over, Russia surrenders

• Famous battles for Americans • 1. Chateau-Thierry• 2. Belleau Wood• 3. Second Battle of the Marne – turning point

of war, Germans last attack• 4. Saint-Mihiel• November 11, 1918 – Armistice (truce) ends

the fighting

• 30 million deaths – 112,000 American• $330 billion• Fourteen Points – Woodrow Wilson’s plan• League of Nations• Self-determination – people decide their own

political status• Treaty of Versailles – set stage for World War

II by punishing Germany excessively• Germans had to pay reparations – payments

for damages - $33 billion• Germans had to give up territory• Germans had to give up their military

Woodrow Wilson

John J. Pershing

Wilhelm II

Franz Joseph I

Vladimir Lenin

Adolf Hitler

America in the 1920’s and 1930’s

Women’s Rights

• 19th Amendment is passed in August of 1920 – gave women the right to vote

• Flappers – women who challenged traditional dress and behavior

Red Scare

• Labor unrest, strikes and violence led many people to worry about Communist/Anarchist influence in the US.

• Xenophobia – fear and hatred of foreigners• Nicola Sacco/Bartolomeo Vanzetti –

executed in 1927• American Civil Liberties Union - ACLU

Red Scare

Great Migration

• During the 1920’s, hundreds of thousands of black southerners began moving to the North to escape racial prejudice

• Faced opposition from whites concerned about job losses

• 25 urban race riots during the 1920’s in the North

1920’s politics• Warren Harding elected President in 1920• Ohio Gang• Teapot Dome Scandal• Harding dies in 1923 – Calvin Coolidge takes over• Disarmament – limiting military weapons• Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928 – outlawed war• Herbert Hoover elected President in 1928• Republican policies were pro-business – believed

that it was not the government’s job to solve social problems

• Country became isolationist again

Warren Harding

Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover

Prohibition

• January 16, 1920 – 18th amendment is passed – banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

• Speakeasies – illegal clubs that sold alcohol• Bootleggers – alcohol smugglers• Led to the rise of major criminal

organizations – Al Capone• December 5th, 1933 – 21st amendment ends

Prohibition

                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

                          

                                                          

                      

Al Capone

Gang Violence

Culture Wars

• Fundamentalism – teaches that the Bible is literally true and free of error

• 1925 – Scopes Monkey Trial• Nativism – anti-immigrant feelings• Emergency Quota Act – 1921 – limited

immigration to 375,000 a year• National Origins Act – 1924 – favored

European immigrants over other races

Scopes Trial

Boom Times

• 1920’s – economic growth and business doubled• Henry Ford – used assembly line techniques to

manufacture large numbers of cars – Model T - $290 in 1927

• Mass production methods led to tremendous business growth and new job opportunities

• Installment plans – customers made down payments and had a monthly payment after that

Henry Ford

Model T

Jazz Age

• Fads – Flappers, Marathon Dancing, Flagpole Sitting

• 1920 – radio programs are aired regularly for the first time

• Movies were invented in the late 1800’s – Nickelodeons – early theaters

• 1927 – first movie with sound is released – “The Jazz Singer”

Marathon DancingFlagpole Sitting Radio from

The Period

Famous People of the 1920’s• Movies – Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino,

Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo• Sports – Jim Thorpe – Football/Olympics• Helen Wills – Tennis• Red Grange – Football• George Herman Ruth “Babe” – Baseball• Leroy (Satchel) Paige, James (Cool Papa) Bell –

Negro Leagues Baseball• Charles Lindbergh – Pilot – first to fly across the

Atlantic – 1927• Amelia Earhart – Female pilot – disappeared in

1937

Rudolph Valentino

Douglas Fairbanks

Greta Garbo

Mary Pickford Jim Thorpe

Red Grange

Helen Wills

Babe Ruth

Satchel Paige

Cool Papa Bell

Amelia Earhart

Charles Lindbergh

Blues and Jazz• Ragtime, Blues, and Jazz were popular music

styles during the 1920’s• Ragtime – Scott Joplin• Blues – W.C. Handy, Bessie Smith• Jazz – Louie Armstrong, Duke Ellington• Harlem Renaissance – period of African-American

artistic growth – Langston Hughes• Lost Generation – writers disgusted by the

destruction of World War I – Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald

• Expatriate – person who leaves their native country to live elsewhere

Scott Joplin W.C. Handy

Bessie Smith

Louie Armstrong Duke Ellington

Langston Hughes

Ernest Hemingway

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Stock Market Crash• Agricultural problems in the mid-1920’s• Bull Market – stock market prices rise• Bear Market – stock market prices drop• Buying on Margin – buying stocks on credit

with a loan• Speculation – putting money into high-risk

investments to earn a profit• October 29, 1929 – Black Tuesday – stock

market collapses – Speculators lost everything

• Banks had been big investors – could not repay their customers after losing their money – 2300 banks shut down by 1931

• Investors could not repay their loans• Bank deposits were not insured – millions lost

their life savings• Businesses could not get loans and lost money

from their accounts – by 1930, 26,000 companies closed

• Unemployment climbs to almost 25% - Part-time another 25%

• Causes of the Depression – Speculation, Over-production, Global trade problems

• Bonus Army - 1932• President Hoover believed that people and

companies should fix their own problems, so the government does little

Business Cycle

The New Deal• Franklin D. Roosevelt elected President in 1932 –

promised a government program to end the Depression – The New Deal

• Fireside Chats• The Hundred Days - 1933• Important Programs – 1933• 1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – FDIC

- insured bank deposits – up to $5000• 2. Tennessee Valley Authority – TVA -provided

electricity to rural families• 3. Civilian Conservation Corps – CCC - put

young men to work improving national parks

Many critics of the New Deal – Huey Long Agricultural Adjustment Act – AAA -

farmers cut production and raised prices Securities and Exchange Commission –

SEC - regulated stock market Second New Deal - 1934• Works Progress Administration – WPA -

1935 – put people to work building roads, schools, hospitals, and parks

• Social Security Act – 1935 – retirement benefits, unemployment, disabilities

• Rural Electrification Administration – REA - provided electricity for rural areas

• Supreme Court ruled that several New Deal programs were unconstitutional

• Court Packing• World War II finally ends the Great Depression• Dust Bowl – mid-1930’s – severe drought in the

mid-west US – many farmers lose their farms• “The Grapes of Wrath” – John Steinbeck• “Gone with the Wind” and “The Wizard of Oz” –

first movies in color• Swing Music – Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey,

Artie Shaw, Frank Sinatra

Franklin D. Roosevelt

CCC

WPA

Glenn Miller Tommy Dorsey Artie Shaw

Frank Sinatra