World War IChapter 11

April 20, 2009

Jeannette Rankin Only member of the

House to vote against going to war in WWI and WWII.

Read Page 394

One American’s Story

WWI August 4, 1914 German troops poured into Beligum Neutrality was difficult

4 Long Term Causes of WWI Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Formation of a system of alliance

Nationalism Belief that national interest and national unity

should be placed ahead of global cooperation and that a nation’s foreign affairs should be guided by its own self interest.

Competitive and antagonism toward other countries.

France and Germany wanted European Leadership.

Russia felt they were to protect Europe’s Slavic people including Serbs.

Nationalism Continued Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals

due to Serbia were several Serbs lived under Austria-Hungary rule.

Nations of their own Poland—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia Czechs—Austria-Hungary

Imperialism Industrialization and imperialism linked Germany, France, and Britain compete for

countries. Raw materials, cotton, oil and rubber prestige

Militarism Military budgets rise Development of armed forces and their use as a

tool of diplomacy. 1890 Germany strongest in Europe. Drafted young men, trained them, and were

returned to civilian life when needed. British navy strongest in the world. Germany competes with Britain to build the

largest battleships and destroyers. France, Italy, Japan, and the U.S. join the race.

Alliance System Hostility, jealousies, fears, and desires Nations of Europe sign treaties of

assistance—support one another if attacked.

1914 two major alliances

Triple Entente Allies France Great Britain Russia

Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy—promised return of territories

Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire—Middle Eastern Lands

WWI “powder keg of Europe”

Balkan Peninsula

Leading powers had interest Mediterranean Sea—Russia Railroad extended to Ottoman Empire—

Germany.

Assassination Leads to War! June 28, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia Archduke Franz

Ferdinand and wife Sophie were killed.

Gavrilo Princip Teenage assassin. Member of “Black Hand”

Black Hand Secret society Unite all Serbs under

one government July 28, 1914 Austria-

Hungary “bright, brisk, little war.”

War Begins Serbia, Russia—full mobilization on July 29 Aug 1 Germany declared war on Russia Aug 3 Germany declared war on France Great Britain declared war on Germany and

Austria-Hungary. “The Great War” had begun!!!!

Schlieffen Plan Aug. 4 Germany invades Belgium Holding action against Russia, quick drive

through the Belgium lowlands to Paris When France falls two Germany armies pull

together to defeat the Russian czar.

Germany-Belgium Belgium refugees fled in terror. British and French retreat to Marne River in

France where they stop German advance in Sept. 1914.

Trench Warfare 1915 Two lines deep Rat infested Zigzagged across Northern and eastern

France. “no mans land” 3 years

Loyalities Americans of German descent sided with

Germany. Irish Americans seen the war as a way for

Ireland to gain its independence. Many Americans felt close to Britain. Germans attack civilians and hospitals.

“The Bully of Europe.”

British Blockade Blockade German coast to prevent military supplies

from getting through. (Food) American ships carrying goods for Germany refused

to challenge the blockade. Germany found it difficult to import foods and

fertilizers. 1917 Famine strikes Germany. 750,000 starve to

death. America was unhappy that this blockade kept them

from their destination but was outraged by Germany’s response.

German U-Boats Counter blockade by U-Boats Any British or Allied boat found in the

waters around Britain would be sunk. May 7, 1915 worst disaster when a U-Boat

sank the British liner Lusitania. 1,198 persons lost 128 were Americans

German U-Boats Americans outraged

America turns away from Germany and Central Powers

August 1915 a U-Boat sank another British ship. Arabic. Two Americans killed

U.S. protest and Germany promises not to sink another ship.

March 1916—A French ship, Sussex, was torpedoed by Germany. 80 passengers killed.

Deal or No Deal America warns Germany to stop sinking

ships or they break all ties. Germany agrees under these conditions:

U.S. had to persuade Britain to lift its blockade against food and fertilizer. If they could not then Germany would continue to sink ships. If they could then Germany would stop sinking ships.

1916 Election Dem: Wilson Republics: Supreme Court Justice Charles

Evans Hughes.

Wilson: “He Kept Us Out of War” Hughes: uphold America’s right to freedom of

the seas—not to severe on Germany. Hughes went to bed believing he had won. Wilson wins the election!!!

United States Goes to War Wilson calls for Peace—Germany ignores

him. Jan. 13 1917 all U-Boats will sink EVERY

ship in British waters. U.S. will have to go to war.

President Wilson says that he will wait to go to war until “actual overt acts.”

Zimmerman Note Telegram from the German foreign minister to

the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British agents.

Mexico and Germany promised alliance if war with the U.S. broke out. Germany would give Mexico back their lost territory in

Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 4 unarmed American ships were sunk—36 died Russia becomes representative government.

War of democracies against brutal monarchies. April 2, 1917 Wilson responds., Read Pg. 380

Fourteen Points Wilson’s plan for world peace. 3 groups First 5 would prevent another war.

1. No Secret treaties among nations. 2. Freedom of seas for everyone. 3. Should foster free trade. 4. No large armies. 5. Colonial policies should consider the interest of the

colonial peoples as well as the interest of the imperial powers.

Fourteen Points Following 8 points deal with boundaries. 14th point called for the creation of an

international organization to address diplomatic crises.

League of Nations---provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war.

Treaty of Versailles Nine new nations

Poland,k Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Shifted boundaries of other nations. Five areas out of the Ottoman Empire

France, Great Britain were to control these areas until they where ready to self-rule and gain their independence.

Germany was barred from maintaining an army. Alsace-Lorraine to France Pay war reparations of $33 billion to the Allies.

Treaty Weaknesses Basic flaws in the treaty Lead to postwar international problems Treaty humiliated Germany War-Guilt clause—Germany had to admit sole

responsibility for the war. Germany could not pay the reparations Germany stripped of its colonial possessions in the Pacific Russia was excluded from the peace conference and lost

more territory than Germany. Ignored claims of colonized people.

Russia 1917 Czar Nicholas II—WWI

Food riots, people wanted change

March 15, 1917 he left his throne November 1917 “Bolsheviks” (majority) led

by Lenin gained power. Based on communism

RED SCARE!!! Communist call for international revolution. 70,000 in U.S. form Communist Party.

Abolish private property Bombs mailed to government and business

leaders. “Reds” Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer—take action

to fight the “Red Scare” Suspicion of foreigners and immigrants

Sacco and Vanzetti Shoemaker and fish peddler Italian immigrants Evaded the draft during WWI April 1920 Massachusetts 2 men shot and killed a factory paymaster and his

guard. $15,000 3 weeks later arrested Alibis

Sacco and Vanzetti Jury sentenced them to death Died in electric chair Aug. 23, 1927 Read page. 432 1961 Sacco’s gun was the gun that killed the

guard—no evidence proved he fired the gun. 1977 Massachusetts governor declared Sacco

and Vanzetti had not been given a fair trail

Warren G. Harding 29th President “return to normalcy” “back to the days before social reforms”

Buying Goods on Credit Businesses expand in size Chain stores sprouted Income gap between workers and managers Advertising Easy credit Installment plan—people could buy goods over an extended

period w/o having much money to put down. Banks low interest rates “You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish the home.” “Enjoy while you pay”