world war i this was called the war to end all wars it was fought mostly in europe it did not...
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WORLD WAR I
• This was called the War to End All Wars
• It was fought mostly in Europe
• It did not involve the United States directly until 1917.
• It was caused by a number of factors.
• U.S stayed neutral because it:
1) Was not prepared for war
2) Was too busy dealing with the Mexican revolution.
3) Was making great profits selling weapons / goods overseas
What factors caused W. W. I
IMPERIALISM--Desire to own or take colonies
MILITARISM--Buildup of armies and weapons
NATIONALISM--Strong loyalty to country or people.
ALLIANCES-- Signing treaties which created unified blocs of nations
IMPERIALISM
• By 1914, control of colonies stretched worldwide and created hard feelings as countries competed to control the most land.
IMPERIALISM: The addition of colonies and the fight to get
and keep colonies among larger nations caused
tensions.
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MILITARISM
• The development of new and more lethal weapons made countries stronger and able to develop a more modern army that was capable of protecting or intimidating the other countries of the world.
The old days of the cavalry soldier would come to an end!
This would be a war fought by infantry soldiers!
One of the newer weapons was the machine gun.
Each country developed a different type of machine gun.
Machine guns needed 4-6 men to work them and had to be on a flat surface. They had the fire-power of 100 guns.
Changes in artillery were also introduced.
New weapons were also produced for the soldiers
The Zeppelin, also known as blimp, was an airship that was used during the early part of the war in bombing raids by the Germans.
They carried machine guns and bombs. However, they were abandoned because they were easy to shoot out of the sky.
The Allied Air Power included the dual winged bombers!
The Sopwith was considered the best fighter of the Air Forces!
THE TANKAn important weapon in battle!
POISON GASA new weapon on the battlefield was
the use of Chemical weapons!
Gases like Chlorine and Mustard Gas spread over the whole
battlefield
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NATIONALISM
• A loyalty to one land, area, or people.
• Countries wanted to control all that land that was occupied by peoples of the same nationality. This was called “Self Determination of the Peoples”
MAP OF EUROPE
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Russia was determined to protect the people of Slavic heritage.
National events which cause a crisis!
• 1.The Annexation of Bosnia-HerzegovinaThe two Turkish provinces had been administered by Austria since the Congress of Berlin. Austria annexed Bosnia after tricking Russia during negotiations between their respective foreign ministers. The action outraged Serbia as there was a large Serbian population in Bosnia. There was a crisis among the Great powers and it brought Europe to the brink of war. Russia bowed to German pressure when they supported Austria and they agreed to the annexation. However she was determined not to be humiliated again.The effects of these crises had been a hardening of attitudes and an increase in distrust between the different European powers. It led to a strengthening of the different alliances:
ALLIANCES
• The Triple Alliance ﾊ Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia.
• 1907Triple Entente ﾊ This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany.
The Event that Sparked the Beginning of the War!
• Serbian Terrorists plot to kill the Austrian Archduke.
• This will cause Austria to declare War on Serbia.
• As the protector of Slavic people, Russia will come to Serbia’s aid!
• The Alliances will draw other countries into the war
Arch Duke Francis Ferdinandarrives at city hall.
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The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are about to enter the car they were
assassinated in!
Gavrilo Princip (far left) and members of the “Black Hand” terrorist group plot to kill the
Archduke.
Assassination of Franz FerdinandQuickquiz You have 60 seconds to answer true or false to
the questions below:1. Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the British Empire.
2. The people of Bosnia wanted to be independent from Austria-Hungary.
3. Franz Ferdinand was inspecting troops in Sarajevo.
4. The inspection took place on 28th May 1914.
5. The terrorist group that carried out the assassination was called the Black Foot.
6. Seven terrorists were stationed along the proposed route.
7. One grenade hit the side of the car injuring attendants.
8. Gavrilo Princip fired the fatal shots.
9. Sophie died instantly.
10. Gavrilo Princip was sentenced to death.
When the war started, all sides were quickly drawn into the war!
• The Countries in GREEN represent the Allied Powers.
• The Countries in ORANGE represent the original Central Powers.
• The Countries in the YELLOWISH tint are countries that joined the Central Powers.
• The Countries in PURPLE initially stayed neutral.
Alliances as the war begins
German Leader Kaiser Wilhelm inspects his troops.
The U.S. Enters the War
• In April of 1917, the U.S. entered the war on the side of the Allies.
• A number of events would draw the U.S. into W.W. I.
1) German Submarine attacks hurt U.S Shipping. 2) Germany’s secret plan with Mexico called the “Zimmerman Telegram” 3) Propaganda from Allies
Allied Leaders include U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and British Prime
Minister David Lloyd George
The Germans were the first to use
unrestricted submarine warfare!
Torpedoes were used by submarines. The Germans used torpedoes to blow up ships carrying supplies from America to Britain.
The sinking of the Lusitania made Americans demand for war!
The U.S. Warned Germany to stop their Submarine attacks!• Despite this warning, Allied shipping losses, including American ships, rose steeply, exceeding 500,000 tons in March and 850,000 gross tons in April.
Other countries looked to join the war against Germany
The Zimmerman Telegram was Germany trying to make a secret alliance with
Mexico
The Zimmerman Telegram
Not all Americans supported the U.S. entry into the war!
• Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin--was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into World War II and World War I. To date, she is the only woman to be elected to Congress from Montana.
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Propaganda Posters were used to convince Americans to participate in
the War!
These Posters influenced American Patriotism!
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The American Expeditionary Force
• General John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing was designated the supreme commander of the American army in France, and the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were created.
American Soldiers called “Doughboys” prepare for war!
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The American’s Soldiers Equipment--Gas masks and
heavy coats!
American forces were transported to Europe by the
Convoy System
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Americans had no modern machine guns so they had to be trained by the British.
The War between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia was called the
Eastern Front
The Schlieffen Plan was a German Plan to attack France through Belgium if
Russia attacked Germany
The German’s First Advance was stopped at the 1st Battle of the
Marne River!
The Battle of the Marne was won when French Taxicabs delivered the troops to the battlefield!!
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From there the war settled into each side fighting from trenches that they dug!
No Man’s Land was the area between the trenches!
Life in the trenches was cold and wet!!
Peering over the trenches, barbed wire protected trenches from people trying to
sneak in!
Mustard Gas left some soldiers blinded!
Casualties in the war included the dreaded “Trench foot”
Russia withdraws from W.W. I
• Russia was torn by a revolution led by a group called the “Bolsheviks”– Upset over food shortages– Upset over high casualties.– Angry with the Russian Czar Romanov– Russian people demand an end to the war!
The Treaty of Brest Litovsksigned in 1917
• Leon Trotsky had the difficult task of trying to end Russian participation in the First World War without having to grant territory to the Central Powers.
• The Brest-Litovsk Treaty resulted in the Russians surrendering the Ukraine, Finland, the Baltic provinces, the Caucasus and Poland.
Battle of Argonne Forrest
September 26, 1918• On September 26th, Allied troops now took
the offensive, under the command of General Foch. Thanks to the presence of a million American soldiers in France by this time, the Allies made slow, but steady, progress. The German high command warned that it could no longer ensure victory and, as the German army began mutinying, it sued for peace
Map of the Argonne Forest Attack.
The Armistice ends World War One
• The term "armistice" means a cessation of hostilities as a prelude to peace negotiations.
• In the context of the First World War 'the armistice' is generally referred to as the agreement between the Germans and the Allies to end the war on November 11, 1918.
THE BIG FOUR--Leaders from the U.S., Italy, Great Britain, France discuss a
peace treaty!
The Big Four
• Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
• George Clemenceau of France
• David Lloyd George of Great Britain
• Vittorio Orlando of Italy
• Notice that Russia and No Central Powers attended the peace conference in Versailles, France.
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
• Pres. Wilson’s Plan
was called his 14 Points.
He believed it to be fair
For all Nations
Revenge and Reparations
• Most Allied leaders wanted to punish Germany and the Central Powers.– REVENGE
• The Other Allies wanted Germany to pay large sums of money to cover damages of the war.– REPARATIONS
This map shows the areas that Germany lost following the Treaty of Versailles.
Germany did not like the Treaty of Versailles
• The Germans were angry at Clause 231; they said they were not to blame for the war. The soldier sent to sign the Treaty refused to sign it To say such a thing would be a lie.
• The Germans were angry about reparations; they said France and Britain were trying to starve their children to death. At first they refused to pay, and only started paying after France and Britain invaded Germany
• The Germans were angry about their tiny army. They said they were helpless against other countries. At first they refused to reduce the army, and the sailors sank the fleet, rather than hand it over
• The Germans also thought the loss of territory was unfair. Germany lost a tenth of its land.
The U.S.Fails to sign the Treaty of Versailles
• Many Americans believed it would lead the U.S. into foreign conflicts by joining the League of Nations.
• The U.S. Senate refused, however, to ratify a treaty that included a provision for membership in the League of Nations. Opponents to membership feared an international organization that would have the power to impose sanctions on its members in the interest of collective security. Led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles on November 19, 1919 and again on March 19, 1920.
World War One costs in money and people was staggering!
• Cost in $• United States : 22,625,253,000 Great Britain : 35,334,012,000• France : 24,265,583,000 Russia : 22,293,950,000• Italy : 12,413,998,000 Belgium : 1,154,468,000 • Romania : 1,600,000,000 Japan : 40,000,000• Serbia : 399,400,000 Greece : 270,000,000• Canada : 1,665,576,000 Australia : 1,423,208,000• New Zealand : 378,750,000 India : 601,279,000• South Africa : 300,000,000 British Colonies : 125,000,000• Austria-Hungary : 20,622,960,000 Germany : 37,775,000,000 • Turkey : 1,430,000,000 Bulgaria : 815,200,000
World War One took place from 1914 to 1918. It is also called, The First World War, The Great War and The War to End All Wars. On the one side in World War One there was the Central Powers, "Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman
Empire". On the other side was the Allied Powers, Russia, Britain, France, Australia and the United States. In all, more than 9 million soldiers died during World War
One.
• Russia : 1,700,000 France : 1,357,800• British Empire : 908,371 Italy : 650,000• United States : 126,000 Japan : 300• Romania : 335,706 Serbia : 45,000• Belgium : 13,716 Greece : 5,000• Portugal : 7,222 Montenegro : 50,000• Germany : 1,773,700 Turkey : 325,000• Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000• Bulgaria : 87,500
How Did the Treatment of Germany Affect Europe?
• In an effort to "punish" Germany and prevent the German leadership from considering future war efforts, other nations brought financial sanctions limiting business and hopefully preventing German capabilities of future war. It backfired.
• The sanctions were too harsh and coupled with the general financial depression of the 30's German citizens suffered even more than many of their European neighbors.
• Hitler gained popularity by promising prosperity for Germans, blamed much of their condition on the Jews and after getting into power he quietly built a powerful army.
• He was able to convince Germans that the Aryan race, not just the Caucasians, but a specific sub-group of Caucasians with specific physical characteristics was superior to all others.
• These he called the "master race".After World War I ended in 1918, there were two gigantic problems, of the most gigantic variety,.