WORLD WAR IIPART I

THE ROAD TO WWII

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

TODAY:

WHAT WAS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN WWI AND OUR ENTRY INTO WWII?

WHAT CAUSED WWII?

WHY WAS THE U.S. SO SLOW TO ENTER WWII?

BROAD:

HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME THE WORLD'S LEADING SUPERPOWER? HOW DID THAT CHANGE U.S. IDENTITY?

WORLD WAR II (SEPT. 1, 1939 – MAY 8, 1945 (VE DAY) AND AUGUST 15, 1945 (VJ) DAY))

THE ALLIES –BRITAIN, [FRANCE – UNDERGROUND FIGHTERS] AND THE SOVIET UNION AND EVENTUALLY THE U.S. against

THE AXIS – GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN

I. BACKGROUND:

A. WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)

1. EFFECT ON GERMANY --TREATY OF VERSAILLES GERMAN HUMILIATION AND RESENTMENT:a) REPARATIONS: GERMANY TO PAY > $30

BILLION IN GOLD (REDUCED FROM OVER $50 BILLION IN 1921)

b) GERMANY MUST DEMILITARIZE -- NO TROOPS ON BORDER WITH FRANCE AND REDUCE SIZE OF MILITARY + NUMBER OF WEAPONS

c) POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA CREATED

* TREATY CREATED LEAGUE OF NATIONS BUT U.S DID NOT JOIN NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENT

EUROPE - 1919

2. EFFECTS ON U.S. ISOLATIONISM

a) UNPOPULAR WAR (“TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” – BUT THAT WASN’T TRUE AND EVEN IF IT HAD BEEN, FEW AMERICANS CARED ABOUT DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE)

b) CAUSED MANY DEATHS AND INJURIESWAR: 117,465 K, 205,690 WAND 500,000 – 675,000 DEATHS IN U.S.

FROM POST-WAR FLU EPIDEMIC

c) U.S. SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY TREATY OF VERSAILLES U.S. NOT IN LEAGUE OF NATIONS NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENTS OF TREATY (GERMANY FREE TO BUILD MOST POWERFUL ARMY, AIR FORCE IN EUROPE)

A Weak League of Nations

U.S. Foreign Policy Tensions after WWI

InterventionismDisarmament

• Collective security

• “Wilsonianism”

• Business interests

• Isolationism

• Nativists

• Anti-War movement

• Conservative RepublicansSLIDE BY SUSAN POJER

DURING WWI, THE U.S. BECAME A CREDITOR NATION – SUPERPOWER

THE GREAT DEPRESSION WAS WORSE IN GERMANY THAN ANYWHERE ELSE DUE TO LOSING THE WAR AND THE REPARATIONS

DEFLATION OF GERMAN CURRENCY: BY LATE 1923, IT WAS WORTHLESS PAPER

THE DAWES PLAN (1924) AND THE YOUNG PLAN (1929) – EFFORTS TO ENSURE GERMANY COULD PAY REPARATIONS AND ALSO BE MARKET FOR U.S.

VICE PRESIDENT CHARLES G. DAWES NEGOTIATED THE DAWES PLAN – WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR IT

EFFECT OF DAWES AND YOUNG PLAN (AND ALL THE OTHER LOANS TO WESTERN EURO. COUNTRIES): W. EUROPEAN , ESPECIALLY GERMAN, ECONOMIES DEPENDED ON U.S. WHEN GREAT DEPRESSION HIT U.S., U.S

INVESTMENTS IN AND LOANS TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ENDED WORSE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE (AND HITLER WILL BLAME "JEWISH" U.S. BANKERS!)

A GERMAN POSTER REACTING TO YOUNG PLAN: "FOR THREE GENERATIONS, YOU'LL HAVE TO SLAVE AWAY"

YOUNG PLAN (J.P. MORGAN JR.): 75% REDUCTION IN GERMAN REPARATIONS -- BUT STILL $ 8 BILLION OVER 58 ½ YEARS (UNTIL 1986)

WASHINGTON DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE(1921-1922)

PROBLEM: 1902 ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE OBLIGATED BRITAIN TO AID JAPAN IN ANY WAR WITH U.S.

SUPPOSED SOLUTION: LET'S GET TOGETHER AND AGREE TO NAVAL DISARMANENT

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, 1929: U.S. AND 14 OTHER NATIONS, INCLUDING GERMANY AND JAPAN, AGREE TO RENOUNCE WAR EXCEPT IN SELF-DEFENSE – 62 NATIONS EVENTUALLY SIGNED

USED AS FURTHER JUSTIFICATION FOR U.S. ISOLATIONISM – BUT IT WAS JUST SOME NICE WORDS ON PAPER – NO ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM

STORM CLOUDS IN ASIA:

THE SUCCESS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LED TO MARXIST MOVEMENTS/ REVOLUTIONS ELSEWHERE

ALL REVOLTIONS IN BACKWARD PEASANT ECONOMIES WHERE COMMUNISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE!

ONE OF THE FIRST NEW MARXIST MOVEMENTS:

1919: “MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT” – ANTI-WESTERN, ANTI-IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT ORGANIZED TO PROTEST AGAINST TREATY OF VERSAILLES GRANTING GERMAN COLONY OF SHANDONG TO JAPAN CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY FOUNDED 1920

CHIANG KAI-SHEK MAO ZEDONG

ULTIMATELY CIVIL WAR BETWEEN GUOMINTANG (CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY) LED BY CHIANG KIA-SHEK AND COMMUNIST “PEASANT” ARMY LED BY MAO ZEDONG, 1927 – 1949 KEEPING CHINA WEAK

1922: "FIVE-NATION PACT": U.S., JAPAN, BRITAIN, FRANCE AND ITALY

AGREED TO PACIFIC BATTLESHIP RATIO:

U.S. AND BRITAIN 5 EACH: JAPAN 3: FRANCE AND ITALY 1.67

WESTERN NATIONS AGREED TO STOP FORTIFYING ASIAN TERRITORIES, INCLUDING U.S. PHILIPPINES

LOOPHOLE: PACT DIDN’T COVER SMALL WARSHIPS, WHICH U.S. CONTINUED TO HAVE MANY OF AT SUBIC BAY, PHILIPPINES

INFURIATED JAPAN

“ROUND ONE” IN THE PACIFIC: 1931 – JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA (MANCHURIA CRISIS) OUTHERN MANCHURIA RAILROAD AS EXCUSE TO INVADE MANCHURIA

JAPAN SET UP PUPPET STATE OF MANCHUKUO, 1932 (NOMINALLY HEADED BY LAST QING EMPEROR PUYI)

LEAGUE OF NATION CONDEMNED JAPAN WITHDREW FROM LEAGUE

U.S. HAD LITTLE CLOUT WITH JAPAN – IT WAS RIVAL PACIFIC POWER, ALSO

o + U.S. HAD PASSED ASIAN EXCLUSION ACT, 1924 – BANNED IMMIGRATION OF JAPANESE AND CHINESE PEOPLE -- INFURIATED JAPAN

JAPANESE TROOPS IN MUDKEN, MANCHURIA: A MODERN MECHANIZED ARMY

1932: HOOVER-STIMPSON DOCTRINE:

U.S. WOULD NOT RECOGNIZE ANY OTHER NATION'S ACQUISTIONS OF TERRITORY BY FORCE

THE HYPOCRISY OF IT INFURIATED JAPAN

JAPAN THEN BOMBED SHANGHAI, CHINA, INLICTING MASSIVE CASUALTIES

WORLD KNEW: ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE JAPAN MOVED FARTHER INTO CHINA

U.S. LATIN AMERICAN POLICY

1928: CLARK MEMORANDUM (U.S. SEC. OF

STATE REUBEN CLARK, FOR COOLIDGE)

U.S. PLEDGED NOT TO INTERVENE IN LATIN AMERICA

REVERSED ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE AND WILSON'S INTERVENTIONISM

WHY: EXPENSE AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE: LED TO ANTI-AMERICAN ANIMUS IN LATIN AMERICA

NEW U.S. MODUS OPERANDI (M.O.) IN LATIN AMERICA: INSTALL PRO-U.S. DICTATORS (INSTEAD OF U.S. MILITARY OCCUPATIONS)

EXAMPLE: NICARAGUA – 1927 REBELLION AGAINST U.S. OCCUPATION BY BY NATIONALIST/ REVOLUTIONARY AUGUSTO SANDINO

U.S. TRAINED NICARAGUAN TROOPS TO BACK ANASTASIO SOMOZA SOMOZA INSTALLED, HOOVER WITHDREW U.S. TROOPS 1933, SOMOZASA RULE NICARAGUA UNTIL 1979 SANDINISTA REVOLUTION

NEW STRATEGY MADE FDR'S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY POSSIBLE

1933: GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY: "COOPERATION" (U.S. $ AID -- > $1.5 BILLION) AND NON-INTERVENTION -- NEEDED ALLIES (WAR COMING)

U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE CORDELL HULL: "NO NATION HAS THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER."

THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM IN

EUROPE

AND THE U.S. RESPONSE

FASCISM AND STALINIST COMMUNISM: TWO TYPES OF TOTALITARIANISM

FASCISM• STATE OWNS MEANS

OF PRODUCTION• COMMAND ECONOMY• ONE PARTY, ONE

LEADER• TOTALITARIAN• COLLECTIVIST• JUSTIFICATION: GLORY

OF NATION, RACE GERMANY (NATIONAL

SOCIALISTS = NAZIS); ITALY (FASCIST)AND SOMEWHAT IN JAPAN (“RIGHT SOCIALISM”)

STALINIST COMMUNISM

• STATE OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION

• COMMAND ECONOMY

• ONE PARTY, ONE LEADER

• TOTALITARIAN• COLLECTIVIST• JUSTIFICATION:

GLORY OF “THE PEOPLE,” “WORKERS”

SOVIET UNION

ADOLPH HITLERDER FUHRER – NAZI DICTATOR OF GERMANY

BENITO MUSSOLINI, “IL DUCE” - FASCIST DICTATOR OF ITALY, 1922-43

JOSEPH STALIN – SOVIET DICTATOR, 1922 - 53

SHOWA EMPEROR – HIROHITO. REIGNED 1926 – 1989 BECAUSE U.S. BACKED HIM AFTER WAR IN ORDER TO STABILIZE JAPAN

JAPAN

A PERFECT STORM OF ULTRANATIONALISM (STATE SHINTO) AND MILITARISM +

INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN FASCISM

“STATISM” AKA “JAPANESE RIGHT SOCIALISM”

AMAU DOCTRINE (JAPANESE DESTINED TO RULE ASIA AND PACIFIC)-- COMPARE U.S. MONROE DOCTRINE AND MANIFEST DESTINY

RISE OF HITLER AND NAZI PARTY IN GERMANY

a. PUBLISHES MEIN KAMPF (“MY STRUGGLE”) 1925-26 (WRITTEN WHILE IN PRISON FOR MUNICH PUTSCH)

i) BLAMED JEWS FOR TREATY OF VERSAILLES, DEPRESSION

ii) PREACHED RACIAL SUPERIORITY OF GERMAN “ARYANS,” INFERIORITY OF JEWS AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS

iii ) SAYS GERMANY NEEDS LIEBENSRAUM (“LIVING SPACE” -- MUST EXPAND TERRITORY IN EUROPE (COMPARE U.S. THEORY OF “MANIFEST DESTINY”)

MEIN KAMPF IS A WORLD-WIDE BEST-SELLER (THEN AND NOW) – ALMOST EVERYONE KNEW HITLER PLANNED:

CONQUEST OF EUROPE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST JEWS (BUT

PROBABLY NOBODY COULD HAVE CONCEIVED OF THE HOLOCAUST BEFORE IT HAPPENED)

b. 1932 – HITLER COMES IN SECOND IN PRESIDENTIAL

ELECTION; NAZIS WIN LARGEST BLOC OF SEATS IN REICHSTAG

(LOWER HOUSE OF GERMAN PARLIAMENT) a) HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR BY PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

c. 1933 – HITLER DECLARES THIRD REICH (THIRD EMPIRE)

d. 1934 – HITLER = DER FUHRER (THE LEADER) – NOW ABSOLUTE DICTATOR

e. 1934-38 – REMILITARIZES – BUILDS THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND SECOND-LARGEST (AFTER SOVIET UNION) ARMY IN THE WORLD, ALSO AIR FORCE (LUFTWAFFE) AND NAVY

f. RECOVERY OF GERMAN ECONOMY HITLER IS VERY, VERY POPULAR IN GERMANY

U.S. RESPONSE = LATE 1933, U.S. RECOGNIZED SOVIET UNION

FDR THOUGHT S.U.POTENTIAL ALLY AGAINST GERMANY AND JAPAN

HOPED TRADE WITH S.U. WOULD EASE DEPRESSION

1934- 36: NYE COMMITTEE SENATE HEARINGS – ISOLATIONISM (GERALDNYE, D. IND.)

WWI NEEDLESS, FOUGHT FOR "MERCHANTS OF DEATH": THAT BANKERS WANTED WAR TO

PROTECT THEIR LOANS & ARMS MANUFACTURERS TO MAKE MONEY.

CLAIMED THAT WILSON HAD PROVOKED GERMANY BY SAILING IN TO WARRING NATIONS’ WATERS.

5 RESULTED IN CONGRESS PASSING SEVERAL NEUTRALITY ACTS.

NEUTRALITY ACTS: 1935, 1936, 1937 WHEN THE PRESIDENT PROCLAIMED THE EXISTENCE OF A

FOREIGN WAR, CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS WOULD AUTOMATICALLY GO INTO EFFECT:

NO ARMS SALES TO BELLIGERENT NATIONS. NO LOANS OR CREDITS TO BELLIGERENT

NATIONS. FORBADE AMERICANS TO TRAVEL ON VESSELS

OF NATIONS AT WAR [IN CONTRAST TO WW I]. NON-MILITARY GOODS MUST BE PURCHASED

ON A “CASH-AND-CARRY” BASIS PAY WHEN GOODS ARE PICKED UP.

BANNED INVOLVEMENT IN THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR.

LIMITED THE OPTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT IN A CRISIS.

AMERICA IN THE 1930S DECLINED TO BUILD UP ITS FORCES!

FDR “I HATE WAR” SPEECH, 1936:

“I HAVE SEEN WAR. I HAVE SEEN WAR ON LAND AND SEA. I HAVE SEEN BLOOD RUNNING FROM THE WOUNDED. I HAVE SEEN MEN COUGHING OUT THEIR GASSED LUNGS. I HAVE SEEN THE DEAD IN THE MUD. I HAVE SEEN CITIES DESTROYED. I HAVE SEEN 200 LIMPING, EXHAUSTED MEN COME OUT OF LINE—THE SURVIVORS OF A REGIMENT OF 1,000 THAT WENT FORWARD 48 HOURS BEFORE. I HAVE SEEN CHILDREN STARVING. I HAVE SEEN THE AGONY OF MOTHERS AND WIVES. I HATE WAR.

I WISH I COULD KEEP WAR FROM ALL NATIONS, BUT THAT IS BEYOND MY POWER.”

THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936

THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936

1936: ROME-BERLIN AXIS – TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THIRD REICH AND ITALY

PANAY INCIDENT, DECEMBER 12, 1937) JAPAN BOMBED USS

PANAY GUNBOAT & THREESTANDARD OIL TANKERS ONTHE YANGTZE RIVER

(INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY)

JAPAN WAS TESTING US RESOLVE!

JAPAN APOLOGIZED, PAID US AN INDEMNITY, AND PROMISED NO FURTHER ATTACKS.

MOST AMERICANS WERE SATISFIED WITH THE APOLOGY.

5 RESULTS JAPANESE INTERPRETED US ROLLOVER AS A LICENSE FOR FURTHER AGGRESSION AGAINST US ASIA-PACIFIC INTERESTS.

LUDLOW AMENDMENT (1938) PROPOSED AMENDMENT

TO THE CONSTITUTION THAT CALLED FOR A NATIONAL REFERENDUM ON ANY DECLARATION OF WAR BY CONGRESS.

INTRODUCED SEVERAL TIMES BY CONGRESSMAN LUDLOW (NEVER ACTUALLY PASSED BUT ALWAYS SUBSTANTIAL MINORITY SUPPORT!)CONGRESSMAN

LOUIS LUDLOW[D-IN]

MARCH 1938 – THE ANSCHLUSS -- PEACEFUL GERMAN UNION WITH AUSTRIA

AUSTRIAN REACTION TO ARRIVAL OF GERMAN TROOPS – “HEIL HITLER!”

AUSTRIANS REACT TO THE ANSCHLUSS

ROUND ONE” IN EUROPE – THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, 1932 – 39 – THE FIRST SHOWDOWN BETWEEN FASCISTS AND THEIR OPPONENTS

REPUBLICANS/ LOYALISTS (RANGED FROM LIBERALS TO COMMUNISTS) v.

NATIONALISTS (RANGED FROM MONARCHISTS TO FALANGISTS (FASCISTS)

NAZI GERMANY AND FASCIST ITALY BACKED THE NATIONALISTS (AS DID MAJOR U.S. CORPORATIONS – BUT NEUTRALITY ACTS BARRED U.S. GOV’T INVOLVEMENT)

SOVIET UNION BACKED THE REPUBLICANS

OVER 2,000 AMERICANS AND THOUSANDS MORE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES VOLUNTEERED TO FIGHT FOR REPUBLICANS IN INTERNATIONAL BRIGADES)

> 500,000 CASUALTIES AND FASCIST VICTORY IN 1939 FASCIST DICTATORSHIP OF FRANCISCO FRANCO 1939 – 1975 (SUPPORTED BY U.S. AFTER WWII)

PICASSO, GUERNICA (1937), OIL ON CANVAS, 137.4” X 305.5” MEMORIAL TO BASQUE TOWN OF GUERNICA, DESTROYED BY LUFTWAFFE BOMBING 1937

AMERICANS OF THE “ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE” – FOUGHT FOR REPUBLICANS IN SPAIN

ERNEST HEMINGWAY, CENTER, AS MEMBER OF INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (FIGHTER FOR SPANISH REPUBLICANS) AND HIS NOVEL ABOUR THE WAR

FRANCSICO FRANCO. OFFICIALLY “NEUTRAL” IN WWII BUT SYMPATHETIC WITH FELLOW FASCISTS HITLER AND MUSSOLINI. AFTER WWII, PRIZED ALLY OF U.S.

"ROUND 2 ” IN THE PACIFIC – 1937 JAPANESE INVASION OF CHINA (SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR = 1937 – 1945)

GENOCIDAL. EXAMPLES INCLUDE “RAPE OF NANJING” – OVER 300,000 CHINESE CIVILIANS SLAUGHTERED).

WORLDWIDE CONDEMNATION AND U.S. OIL EMBARGO AGAINST JAPAN

NEXT THREE SLIDES = IMAGES OF JAPANESE GENOCIDE IN CHINA

JAPANESE TROOPS BURYING CHINESE CIVILIANS ALIVE

GERMAN INVASION OF EASTERN EUROPE

THE SUDETENLAND CRISIS - 1938HITLER DEMANDS SUDENTENLAND (S.W. CZECHOSLOVAKIA) BECAUSE MANY GERMANS LIVE THERE (MUCH OF IT WAS SILESIA BEFORE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

APPEASEMENT: SEPTEMBER 1938 – MUNICH CONFERENCE & AGREEMENT:

BRITAIN AND FRANCE AGREE GERMANY CAN TAKE SUDENTENLAND, HITLER AGREES TO STOP THERE

BRITISH PRIME MINISTER NEVILLE CHAMBLERLAIN (R., WITH HITLER) ANNOUNCES “PEACE FOR OUR TIME.”

7.

MARCH 1939 – GERMANY INVADES CZECHOSLOVAKIA – THE BLITZKRIEG BEGINS

BLITZKRIEG = “LIGHTNING WAR” – TENS OF THOUSANDS OF GERMAN TROOPS, TANKS, AIRPLANES CAN TAKE OVER COUNTRIES IN A FEW DAYS OR WEEKS)

3. BRITAIN AND FRANCE ALLY WITH POLAND. WORLD WAR IS INEVITABLE!

CZECHOSLOVAKIA BECOMES PART OF THIRD REICH – CZECHS REACT

BLITZKREIG – GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND, SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

WORLD WAR II BEGINS

WORLD WAR II – 1939-41 (BEFORE U.S. ENTERED WAR)

SEPTEMBER 1, 1939 – GERMANY INVADES POLAND BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARE WAR ON GERMANYWORLD WAR II BEGINS

AUGUST 24, 1939 – STALIN-HITLER NON-AGGRESSION PACT – HITLER (WISELY) WANTS TO AVOID WAR ON THE EASTERN FRONT

APRIL 9, 1940 – GERMANY INVADES DENMARK AND NORWAY (DANISH CITIZENS SAVE ALL MOST ALL DANISH JEWS BY EVACUATING THEM TO NEUTRAL SWEDEN IN A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE GERMAN ARMY ARRIVES!)

MAY 10, 1940 – GERMANY INVADES BELGIUM, EN ROUTE TO FRANCE

AFTER WWI, FRANCE BUILTTHE MAGINOT LINE ON MOST OF ITS BORDER WITH GERMANY

IT WAS A SERIES OF FORTIFICATIONS LIKE THE ONE AT LEFT, CONNECTED BY A RAILROAD TO KEEP SOLDIERS SUPPLIED WITH AMMUNITION, FOOD, ETC.

IT WAS SUPPOSED TO PROTECT FRANCE FROM ANOTHER GERMAN INVASION THE MAGINOT LINE

INVASION OF FRANCE, 1940: GERMANY PUT DECOY FORCE DIRECTLY OPPOSITE MAGINOT LINE – WHILE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF TROOPS WENT AROUND THE LINE THROUGH BELGIUM

GERMAN INVASION CUTS ALLIED (BRITISH AND FRENCH) FORCES IN HALF

SOUTH

NORTH

ALLIED TROOPS IN SOUTH ARE TRAPPED BETWEEN THE GERMAN ARMY AND THE ENGLISH CHANNEL

MAY 26 – JUNE 4, 1940 – DUNKIRK RESCUE

ABOUT 1000 PRIVATE BOATS OF ALL KINDS FROM BRITAIN RESCUE ABOUT 340,000 SOLDIERS FROM DUNKIRK, NORMANDY (UNDER LUFTWAFFE FIRE)

FRANCE SURRENDERS, JUNE 1940

HITLER IN PARIS WITH SPEER AND HESSE AFTER SURRENDER

DIVISION OF FRANCE

NORTHERN FRANCE IS OCCUPIED BY GERMANY

IN THE SOUTH, VICHY FRANCE, A COLLABORATIONIST REGIME HEADED BY WWI HERO MARSHALL HENRI PETAIN, IS ESTABLISHED

THE FRENCH RESISTANCE

THE FREE FRENCH FLAG

GENERAL CHARLES DEGAULLE – COMMANDER OF FREE FRENCH FORCESTHE MAQUIS –

UNDERGROUND MILITIAS

WINSTON CHURCHILL, UPON BECOMING BRITAIN’S PRIME MINISTER IN MAY 1940:

“I HAVE NOTHING TO OFFER BUT BLOOD, TOIL, TEARS, AND SWEAT. WE HAVE BEFORE US AN ORDEAL OF THE MOST GRIEVOUS KIND. WE HAVE BEFORE US MANY, MANY MONTHS OF STRUGGLE AND SUFFERING. YOU ASK, WHAT IS OUR POLICY? I SAY IT IS TO WAGE WAR BY LAND, SEA, AND AIR. WAR WITH ALL OUR MIGHT AND WITH ALL THE STRENGTH GOD HAS GIVEN US, AND TO WAGE WAR AGAINST A MONSTROUS TYRANNY NEVER SURPASSED IN THE DARK AND LAMENTABLE CATALOGUE OF HUMAN CRIME. THAT IS OUR POLICY.

YOU ASK, WHAT IS OUR AIM? I CAN ANSWER IN ONE WORD. IT IS VICTORY. VICTORY AT ALL COSTS - VICTORY IN SPITE OF ALL TERRORS - VICTORY, HOWEVER LONG AND HARD THE ROAD MAY BE, FOR WITHOUT VICTORY THERE IS NO SURVIVAL.”

CHURCHILL FLASHING HIS “V FOR VICTORY” SIGN – LATER BECOMES “THE PEACE SIGN”

5.

BY END OF SUMMER 1940, GERMANY OCCUPIES OR CONTROLS ALMOST ALL OF WESTERN AND MUCH OF EASTERN EUROPE -- AND THERE IS NO ARMY IN WESTERN EUROPE THAT CAN TAKE ON THE GERMAN ARMY

EUROPE 1940

SWEDEN AND SWITZERLAND -- NEUTRALTURKEY -- NOMINALLY NEUTRAL; FAVORED AXISSPAIN --FACIST GOVERNMENT , VICHY FRANCE - COLLABORATIONIST GOVERNMENTSOVIET UNION - NON-AGGRESSION PACT WITH GERMANY

BERLIN-ROME-TOKYO AXIS. SEPTEMBER 1940, TRIPARTITE PACT AMONG GERMANY, ITALY, AND JAPAN

SEPTEMBER 1940 – MAY 1941 – THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN – “THE BLITZ” =GERMAN AERIAL BOMBING OF BRITAIN, MOSTLY ENGLAND

ABOUT 30,000 KILLED AND 100,000 INJURED IN LONDON ALONE

ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRALLONDON, DURING BLITZ

TYPICAL SCENE IN LONDON DURING BLITZ, MORNING AFTER AN AIR RAID

STILL CONSIDERABLE ISOLATIONIST SENTIMENT IN U.S.

1940: CHARLES LINDBERGH CO-FOUNDS, IS CHAIRMAN OF AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE - OPPOSED WAR WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN

800,000 MEMBERS – UNTIL PEARL HARBOR

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT (“FDR”) – PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1933-1945ELECTED TO FOUR TERMS

HE LED THE U.S. TO RECOVERY FROM THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND VICTORY IN WWII

DESPITE ISOLATIONISM, FDR MANAGED SOME WAR PREPARATION

SEPTEMBER 1939: MODIFIED NEUTRALITY ACT: ALLOWED CASH-AND-CARRY ARMS SALES TO BRITAIN

SEPTERMBER 1940:

BURKE-WADSWORTH ACT: $37 BILLION DEFENSE APPROPRIATION

DESTROYERS FOR BASES DEAL: 50 (MOTHBALLED) DESTROYERS TO BRITAIN IN EXCHANGE FOR NAVAL BASES IN BRITISH TERRITORIES (WEST INDIES, NEWFOUNDLAND)

SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT: FIRST PEACETIME DRAFT -- MEN 21 -35

(ADDED REPUBLICANS TO CABINET!)

JANUARY 21, 1941 – FDR STATE OF THE UNION = FOUR FREEDOMS,” SPEECH -- WHICH WILL BECOME THE U.S GOALS IN WWII (AND LATER THE BASIS OF THE U.N. CHARTER):

IN THE FUTURE DAYS, WHICH WE SEEK TO MAKE SECURE, WE LOOK FORWARD TO A WORLD FOUNDED UPON FOUR ESSENTIAL HUMAN FREEDOMS. THE FIRST IS FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION--EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

THE SECOND IS FREEDOM OF EVERY PERSON TO WORSHIP GOD IN HIS OWN WAY--EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

THE THIRD IS FREEDOM FROM WANT--WHICH, TRANSLATED INTO UNIVERSAL TERMS, MEANS ECONOMIC UNDERSTANDINGS WHICH WILL SECURE TO EVERY NATION A HEALTHY PEACETIME LIFE FOR ITS INHABITANTS--EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

THE FOURTH IS FREEDOM FROM FEAR--WHICH, TRANSLATED INTO WORLD TERMS, MEANS A WORLD-WIDE REDUCTION OF ARMAMENTS TO SUCH A POINT AND IN SUCH A THOROUGH FASHION THAT NO NATION WILL BE IN A POSITION TO COMMIT AN ACT OF PHYSICAL AGGRESSION AGAINST ANY NEIGHBOR--ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD.

THAT IS NO VISION OF A DISTANT MILLENNIUM. IT IS A DEFINITE BASIS FOR A KIND OF WORLD ATTAINABLE IN OUR OWN TIME AND GENERATION. THAT KIND OF WORLD IS THE VERY ANTITHESIS OF THE SO-CALLED NEW ORDER OF TYRANNY WHICH THE DICTATORS SEEK TO CREATE WITH THE CRASH OF A BOMB.

GREAT BRITAIN.........................$31 BILLIONSOVIET UNION......................... $11 BILLIONFRANCE.................................. $3 BILLIONCHINA.................................. $1.5 BILLIONOTHER EUROPEAN..................... $500 MILLIONSOUTH AMERICA...................... $400 MILLION

THE AMOUNT TOTALED: $48,601,365,000

THIS IS WHAT MADE U.S. ECONOMY BEGIN TO BOOM!

MARCH 1941: LEND-LEASE ACT -- PRESIDENT COULD “LEND OR LEASE” WEAPONS TO ALLIES IF HE DETERMINED IT WAS IN U.S. NATIONAL INTEREST

LEND-LEASE $ EQUIVALENTS

ATLANTIC CONVOYS: U.S. MERCHANT SHIPS, PROTECTED BY NAVY SHIPS, CARRYING WEAPONS TO ALLIES: SEVERAL GERMAN SUBMARINE ATTACKS, BUT STILL NOT ENOUGH PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR WAR

JUNE 22, 1941: HITLER’S MISTAKE -OPERATION BARBAROSSA – GERMAN INVASION OF SOVIET UNION (DESPITE STALIN-HITLER PACT)

1) THIS IS THE SEED OF DEFEAT OF HITLER. WHEN THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR, HITLER WILL HAVE TO FIGHT A TWO-FRONT WAR, THE WESTERN FRONT IN WESTERN EUROPE, AND THE EASTERN FRONT AGAINST THE SOVIET UNION.

BUT AT THE END OF 1941, GERMANY STILL CONTROLLED WESTERN EUROPE AND EASTERN EUROPE UP TO RUSSIA AND NO ARMY IN WESTERN EUROPE COULD CHALLENGE GERMANY

BRITAIN IS UNDER THE BLITZ AND ISOLATED – WOULD A GERMAN INVASION FOLLOW? NOBODY KNEW.

THE U.S. ENTERS (IS DRAGGED INTO) WWII

DECEMBER 7, 1941. JAPAN ATTACKS U.S. NAVY PACIFIC FLEET HEADQUARTERS AT PEARL HARBOR, OAHU, HAWAII

1) BACKGROUNDa) JAPANESE AMAU DOCTRINEb) 1940 – JAPAN INVADED FRENCH INDOCHINA (VIETNAM) c) U.S. OIL EMBARGO ON JAPAN, JULY 1941 (NO OIL FOR JAPAN!)

2) THE ATTACK – SNEAK ATTACK BY 353 JAPANESE BOMBER PLANES SNEAK ATTACK – JAPAN HAD NOT

DECLARED WAR ON U.S. AND ITS AMBASSADOR WAS STILL IN WASHINGTON D.C.NEGOTIATING WITH WHITE HOUSE

PEARL HARBOR ATTACK – CRIPPLED U.S. NAVY’S PACIFIC FLEET

2,402 AMERICANS KILLED, 1,282 WOUNDED – FOLLOWING SLIDES ARE PHOTOS OF THE ATTACK

188 PLANES ALSODESTROYED ATNAVAL AIR STATION

GENERAL HIDEKO TOJO, PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN, 1941 – 45JAPANESE FLAG – JAPAN = “THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN”

FDR, DECEMBER 8, 1941, BEFORE JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS:

Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation, and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And, while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack. It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.

The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya.Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong.Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island.And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.Japan has therefore undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday and today speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense, that always will our whole nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people, in their righteous might, will win through to absolute victory.

I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph. So help us God. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.

DECEMBER 8, 1941 – U.S. DECLARED WAR ON JAPAN

DECEMBER 11, 1941 – GERMANY AND ITALY, PER AXIS TREATY, DECLARE WAR ON U.S. ANOTHER HITLER MISTAKE

ONLY LATER ON DECEMBER 11, U.S. DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY AND ITALY

N.B. – U.S. WAITED TO DECLARE WAR ON GERMANY UNTIL AFTER GERMANY DECLARED WAR ON U.S.

U.S MIGHT NOT HAVE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY (OR NOT UNTIL MUCH LATER) OTHERWISE

REMEMBER – IT IS NOT TRUE THAT U.S. WENT TO WAR AGAINST GERMANY TO HELP THE JEWS (IN FACT, THE U.S. REFUSED TO ADMIT AS MANY JEWISH REFUGEES TO THIS COUNTRY AS OUR IMMIGRATION LAW QUOTAS WOULD HAVE ALLOWED, AND PRESSURED OTHER COUNTRIES TO TURN AWAY JEWISH REFUGEES)

NEXT: THE U.S. MUST MOBILIZE FOR A TWO-FRONT WAR!