World War IIWorld War II

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler Believed that only the Believed that only the

Germans, a part of a Germans, a part of a master race of Aryans, master race of Aryans, could build a great could build a great civilizationcivilization– However, they were being However, they were being

threatened by a large threatened by a large mass of inferior people to mass of inferior people to the east, the Slavsthe east, the Slavs

– In order for Germany to In order for Germany to become a great power become a great power they would need more they would need more land for a larger land for a larger populationpopulation

LebensraumLebensraum

Or living space, advocated that a nation’s Or living space, advocated that a nation’s power was based on how much land it power was based on how much land it occupiedoccupied

Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution Hitler believed that the Russian Revolution made it possible for Germany to conquer made it possible for Germany to conquer Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Mein KampfMein Kampf

He felt the Bolsheviks made Russia weak & He felt the Bolsheviks made Russia weak & vulnerable and unable to remain the vulnerable and unable to remain the protectors of the Slavic peopleprotectors of the Slavic people– Wanted to make Russia a settlement for Wanted to make Russia a settlement for

German peasants and to make the Slavic German peasants and to make the Slavic people their slavespeople their slaves

– These ideas are spelled out in his book These ideas are spelled out in his book Mein Mein KampfKampf

““Diplomatic Revolution”Diplomatic Revolution”

Hitler became chancellor in 1933 and his Hitler became chancellor in 1933 and his mission was to destroy the Treaty of mission was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles because it was keeping Germany Versailles because it was keeping Germany weakweak– Versailles had created a demilitarized zone on Versailles had created a demilitarized zone on

the border of German and France, (Rhineland) the border of German and France, (Rhineland) to become a French staging point in the event to become a French staging point in the event of another German attackof another German attack

ProtectionProtection

Czechoslovakia and Poland had defensive Czechoslovakia and Poland had defensive treaties with France to protect against a treaties with France to protect against a German invasionGerman invasion

Versailles also limited the German military to Versailles also limited the German military to 100,000 men, no air force and a limited navy100,000 men, no air force and a limited navy

WeaknessWeakness

Though all of this was Though all of this was true of Germany, Hitler true of Germany, Hitler was aware that Britain was aware that Britain and France remained and France remained weak because of the weak because of the costs of WWIcosts of WWI

Avoiding WarAvoiding War

They wanted to avoid another warThey wanted to avoid another war– If Hitler could keep the French from controlling If Hitler could keep the French from controlling

Germany for the first years of his term it would Germany for the first years of his term it would be possible for him destroy the Treaty of be possible for him destroy the Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

– Rearming Germany had to be done with the Rearming Germany had to be done with the false pretenses of having peaceful intentionsfalse pretenses of having peaceful intentions

First Years in OfficeFirst Years in Office 1935 – Hitler 1935 – Hitler

announced the creation announced the creation of a new militaryof a new military– A new air force, the A new air force, the

Luftwaffe, was createdLuftwaffe, was created– A military draft was A military draft was

created to expand the created to expand the army to 550,000army to 550,000

– No action was taken No action was taken except that they except that they condemned Germany’s condemned Germany’s actions and warned them actions and warned them against future steps like against future steps like thesethese

Beginnings of AppeasementBeginnings of Appeasement

In fact, Britain accepted Germany’s right to In fact, Britain accepted Germany’s right to rearm and signed the Anglo-German Naval rearm and signed the Anglo-German Naval PactPact– This was the beginning of the appeasement This was the beginning of the appeasement

policypolicy– Britain believed that Germany had the right to Britain believed that Germany had the right to

take actions without intervention if it made them take actions without intervention if it made them content and peace could be retainedcontent and peace could be retained

– Also, the British hoped to ally a powerful Also, the British hoped to ally a powerful Germany against communist RussiaGermany against communist Russia

Invasion of the RhinelandInvasion of the Rhineland

Reactions like this only Reactions like this only encouraged Hitler to encouraged Hitler to take even bigger steps take even bigger steps towards wartowards war– He sent his troops into He sent his troops into

the demilitarized zone the demilitarized zone in the Rhinelandin the Rhineland

– France had the right to France had the right to used force to prevent used force to prevent this they weren’t willing this they weren’t willing to act without Britain’s to act without Britain’s supportsupport

More AppeasementMore Appeasement

Britain believed that Britain believed that Germany’s actions Germany’s actions were reasonable were reasonable because German because German troops were only troops were only occupying Germany occupying Germany landland– This only encouraged This only encouraged

Hitler to continue as the Hitler to continue as the Treaty of Versailles had Treaty of Versailles had been destroyedbeen destroyed

Fascist FriendsFascist Friends

Hitler and Mussolini Hitler and Mussolini became allies in 1935 became allies in 1935 based on their shared based on their shared interests in fascism interests in fascism and expansionand expansion– They supported They supported

General Francisco General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Franco in the Spanish Civil war and later Civil war and later signed the Rome-Berlin signed the Rome-Berlin AxisAxis

Friends with JapanFriends with Japan

They along with Japan They along with Japan created the Anti-created the Anti-Comintern Pact to Comintern Pact to maintain an alliance maintain an alliance against communismagainst communism

The Path to WarThe Path to War

Germany’s ultimate goal was to acquire more Germany’s ultimate goal was to acquire more living space in the east which might mean war with living space in the east which might mean war with France and BritainFrance and Britain– Hitler tested their willingness to fight by attempting to Hitler tested their willingness to fight by attempting to

acquire Austria and Czechoslovakiaacquire Austria and Czechoslovakia

Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless their Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless their chancellor put Nazis in charge of the governmentchancellor put Nazis in charge of the government– The chancellor complied and Hitler formally annexed The chancellor complied and Hitler formally annexed

Austria to Germany anywayAustria to Germany anyway

Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain

At the same time Neville At the same time Neville Chamberlain became the Chamberlain became the new prime minister of new prime minister of Britain and was an Britain and was an advocate of appeasementadvocate of appeasement

Chamberlain believed that Chamberlain believed that the only way the British the only way the British could survive was to could survive was to accommodate the accommodate the Germans in their questGermans in their quest

Moving on to CzechoslovakiaMoving on to Czechoslovakia

Basically, this means Basically, this means that the British did that the British did nothing but warn Hitler nothing but warn Hitler not to continue along not to continue along this paththis path

With another With another response of non-action response of non-action on the part of the on the part of the Allies, Hitler moved on Allies, Hitler moved on to Czechoslovakiato Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (The Real Test)Czechoslovakia (The Real Test)

This would be the ultimate test because This would be the ultimate test because Czechoslovakia had defensive pacts with France Czechoslovakia had defensive pacts with France and Russiaand Russia– Hitler believed that Britain and France would never enter Hitler believed that Britain and France would never enter

a war with Germany over a small Eastern European a war with Germany over a small Eastern European statestate

– But just to make sure, he only asked for autonomy for 3 But just to make sure, he only asked for autonomy for 3 million German speaking people in a part of million German speaking people in a part of Czechoslovakia called the SudetenlandCzechoslovakia called the Sudetenland

– Later he demanded the cession of the Sudetenland to Later he demanded the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany even if it meant warGermany even if it meant war

Setting up the Munich ConferenceSetting up the Munich Conference

When word of this hit When word of this hit the Allies they realized the Allies they realized something needed to something needed to be donebe done

The British, French The British, French and Germans and Germans arranged the Munich arranged the Munich Conference to settle Conference to settle the matterthe matter– Oddly enough, neither Oddly enough, neither

Czechoslovakia or Czechoslovakia or Russia were invitedRussia were invited

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

They came to an agreement to meet Hitler’s They came to an agreement to meet Hitler’s demandsdemands– The Munich Conference was the high point of The Munich Conference was the high point of

appeasementappeasement Neville Chamberlain returned to London shouting Neville Chamberlain returned to London shouting

that he had achieved “peace for our time,” as that he had achieved “peace for our time,” as Hitler promised that he would make no more Hitler promised that he would make no more demandsdemands

In fact, the Munich conference only strengthened In fact, the Munich conference only strengthened Hitler’s beliefs that France and Britain were too Hitler’s beliefs that France and Britain were too weak to fight himweak to fight him

Blatant AggressionBlatant Aggression

He invaded He invaded Czechoslovakia, taking Czechoslovakia, taking over Czech lands and over Czech lands and making Slovakia a making Slovakia a puppet statepuppet state– It was then that the It was then that the

Allies realized that Allies realized that Hitler’s promises were Hitler’s promises were worthlessworthless

Non-Aggression PactNon-Aggression Pact

After this Hitler contended that no one would After this Hitler contended that no one would step up to fight him, especially over Polandstep up to fight him, especially over Poland

Hitler negotiated the Non-Aggression Pact Hitler negotiated the Non-Aggression Pact with Russia dividing Eastern Europe with Russia dividing Eastern Europe between thembetween them– Finland, the Baltic states and eastern Poland Finland, the Baltic states and eastern Poland

would go to Russia, while Germany would get would go to Russia, while Germany would get western Polandwestern Poland

World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland

and two days later Britain and France declared and two days later Britain and France declared war on Germanywar on Germany

German TacticsGerman Tactics

The Germany army used the blitzkrieg, or The Germany army used the blitzkrieg, or lightning attack to destroy his enemies lightning attack to destroy his enemies quicklyquickly– First planes bombed the countryFirst planes bombed the country– Then tanks stormed inThen tanks stormed in– Finally soldiers came in to control newly Finally soldiers came in to control newly

conquered territoryconquered territory With a fighting style like this Poland With a fighting style like this Poland

surrendered within four weekssurrendered within four weeks

The Maginot LineThe Maginot Line

Though Britain and France Though Britain and France declared war on Germany declared war on Germany they refused to go on the they refused to go on the offensiveoffensive– France had built the Maginot France had built the Maginot

Line on the border of France Line on the border of France and Germany from 1930-1935and Germany from 1930-1935

– While the French and British While the French and British hid behind the Maginot Line, hid behind the Maginot Line, Hitler continued his attacks, Hitler continued his attacks, taking over Denmark, taking over Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands and Norway, the Netherlands and BelgiumBelgium

DunkirkDunkirk

The Germans invaded France from The Germans invaded France from Luxembourg through the Ardennes forest, Luxembourg through the Ardennes forest, taking them by surprisetaking them by surprise– The Allied army was spilt and the entire British The Allied army was spilt and the entire British

army and French troops were trapped on the army and French troops were trapped on the beaches of Dunkirkbeaches of Dunkirk

– Hundreds of ships from ocean liners to tugboats Hundreds of ships from ocean liners to tugboats were successful in evacuating the 330,000 were successful in evacuating the 330,000 soldiers to Britainsoldiers to Britain

Vichy FranceVichy France The Germans then attacked The Germans then attacked

southern France and five southern France and five days later Italy declared war days later Italy declared war on France and invadedon France and invaded– The French weren’t able to The French weren’t able to

establish an adequate establish an adequate resistance, so they decided to resistance, so they decided to collaborate with them insteadcollaborate with them instead

– French war hero, Marshal French war hero, Marshal Henri Petain established an Henri Petain established an authoritarian regime called authoritarian regime called Vichy FranceVichy France

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

German victories in German victories in Denmark and Norway Denmark and Norway coincided with a coincided with a change in government change in government in Britainin Britain– Winston Church was Winston Church was

now the prime minister now the prime minister and the antithesis of and the antithesis of appeasementappeasement

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

German victories in German victories in Denmark and Norway Denmark and Norway coincided with a coincided with a change in government change in government in Britainin Britain– Winston Church was Winston Church was

now the prime minister now the prime minister and the antithesis of and the antithesis of appeasementappeasement

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

German victories in German victories in Denmark and Norway Denmark and Norway coincided with a coincided with a change in government change in government in Britainin Britain– Winston Church was Winston Church was

now the prime minister now the prime minister and the antithesis of and the antithesis of appeasementappeasement

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

Now Hitler was forced to plan an invasion of Now Hitler was forced to plan an invasion of Britain to prevent them from entering the warBritain to prevent them from entering the war– Before the Germans could invade they must first gain Before the Germans could invade they must first gain

control of the aircontrol of the air– He launched offenses against British air and naval He launched offenses against British air and naval

bases, but after a month of being defeated by the RAF bases, but after a month of being defeated by the RAF they were forced to change tacticsthey were forced to change tactics

– The British had excellent pilots, radar systems and had The British had excellent pilots, radar systems and had recently broken the German code with their Ultra projectrecently broken the German code with their Ultra project

Hitler then decided to bomb British cities in order Hitler then decided to bomb British cities in order to break the high British morale but this failed as to break the high British morale but this failed as well and the invasion of Britain never happenedwell and the invasion of Britain never happened

Other TacticsOther Tactics

Hitler tried to hurt Britain in other ways, Hitler tried to hurt Britain in other ways, especially with his Mediterranean strategyespecially with his Mediterranean strategy– He wanted to capture Egypt to control the Suez He wanted to capture Egypt to control the Suez

Canal and to cut off Britain’s oil supplyCanal and to cut off Britain’s oil supply– Originally he planned to let the Italians control Originally he planned to let the Italians control

the Balkans and North Africa, but the weakness the Balkans and North Africa, but the weakness of the Italian army was obvious when they were of the Italian army was obvious when they were defeated by the Britishdefeated by the British

When will I ever use History in the When will I ever use History in the Future?Future?

Hitler’s next step was to invaded the Soviet Hitler’s next step was to invaded the Soviet UnionUnion– He believed the Russian army was weak due to He believed the Russian army was weak due to

Stalin’s purges as well as his inaccurate beliefs Stalin’s purges as well as his inaccurate beliefs that Russia was influenced by Jewsthat Russia was influenced by Jews

– His invasion was delayed because of the His invasion was delayed because of the weakness of the Italian’s army so the Germans weakness of the Italian’s army so the Germans had to take over their campaign in the Balkanshad to take over their campaign in the Balkans

Operation BarbarosaOperation Barbarosa

Hitler then invaded the Soviet Union in the Hitler then invaded the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941summer of 1941– German troops advanced quickly capturing two German troops advanced quickly capturing two

million Soviet soldiersmillion Soviet soldiers– However, winter set in early and some However, winter set in early and some

unexpected Soviet resistance brought German unexpected Soviet resistance brought German advances to a standstilladvances to a standstill

The Significance of Pearl HarborThe Significance of Pearl Harbor

The Japanese attack on The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor led Stalin to Pearl Harbor led Stalin to believe that they would not believe that they would not attack the Soviet Union so attack the Soviet Union so he transferred his troops he transferred his troops from Siberia to the from Siberia to the Moscow frontMoscow front

Three days after the Three days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hitler declared war on the Hitler declared war on the United StatesUnited States

Empire of the Rising SunEmpire of the Rising Sun

Japanese ambitions to become a world power Japanese ambitions to become a world power came from their recent defeats of China and came from their recent defeats of China and Russia as well as the gain of former German Russia as well as the gain of former German colonies in the Pacific after WWIcolonies in the Pacific after WWI– By 1933 they had expanded to Manchuria, Korea and By 1933 they had expanded to Manchuria, Korea and

Taiwan as well as many other islands in OceaniaTaiwan as well as many other islands in Oceania– The population explosion in Japan also contributed to The population explosion in Japan also contributed to

their need feed their own people as well as to acquire their need feed their own people as well as to acquire more raw materials and produced more industrial goodsmore raw materials and produced more industrial goods

– Western countries imposed tariffs on Japan to protect Western countries imposed tariffs on Japan to protect their own economies during the Great Depression their own economies during the Great Depression further devastating Japan’s economyfurther devastating Japan’s economy

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion

The Japanese government was controlled by the The Japanese government was controlled by the military and they hoped to make Japan self-military and they hoped to make Japan self-sufficient by conquering much of Southeast Asiasufficient by conquering much of Southeast Asia– They took the Dutch East Indies and British MalayaThey took the Dutch East Indies and British Malaya– War in Asia began in 1937 when Japan invaded War in Asia began in 1937 when Japan invaded

northern Chinanorthern China

When Japan invaded Indochina, the Americans When Japan invaded Indochina, the Americans cut off their sale of iron and oil to Japan, later cut off their sale of iron and oil to Japan, later causing Japan to attack Pearl Harborcausing Japan to attack Pearl Harbor

Ending American IsolationEnding American Isolation

The bombing of Pearl Harbor allowed The bombing of Pearl Harbor allowed President Roosevelt to break American President Roosevelt to break American isolationism and enter WWII on the side of isolationism and enter WWII on the side of the Alliesthe Allies– His first actions of war actually occurred in His first actions of war actually occurred in

March of 1941 when he sent military aid to March of 1941 when he sent military aid to many Allied countries through the Lend-Lease many Allied countries through the Lend-Lease programprogram

Two SidesTwo Sides

Now the two sides of the war had been fully Now the two sides of the war had been fully drawndrawn– Axis – Germany, Italy and JapanAxis – Germany, Italy and Japan– (Grand Alliance) Allies – Britain, U.S. & the (Grand Alliance) Allies – Britain, U.S. & the

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Agreeing to AgreeAgreeing to Agree

The Allies were able to overcome their mutual The Allies were able to overcome their mutual suspicions for two reasonssuspicions for two reasons– Hitler’s declaration of war on the U.S. made it easier for Hitler’s declaration of war on the U.S. made it easier for

Americans to accept Britain’s and Russia’s feelings that Americans to accept Britain’s and Russia’s feelings that the U.S. should make defeating Germany their first the U.S. should make defeating Germany their first prioritypriority

– Also, their ability to solely focus on military operations, Also, their ability to solely focus on military operations, while ignoring political differences and post war while ignoring political differences and post war settlements, other than an agreement on unconditional settlements, other than an agreement on unconditional surrender, allowed them to remain unitedsurrender, allowed them to remain united

Turning Point – North AfricaTurning Point – North Africa

German progress German progress continued until the fall of continued until the fall of 1942 when advances 1942 when advances stalled in North Africastalled in North Africa– British forces were British forces were

successful in stopping Irwin successful in stopping Irwin Rommel’s, the Desert Fox, Rommel’s, the Desert Fox, forces at El Alameinforces at El Alamein

– The German’s were then The German’s were then pushed back into the desert pushed back into the desert and British and American and British and American forces invaded French forces invaded French controlled Northern Africacontrolled Northern Africa

SonarSonar

Another thing that Another thing that stopped German stopped German progress was the progress was the creation of sonar, creation of sonar, which easily detected which easily detected the movement of the movement of submarinessubmarines

Turning Point – RussiaTurning Point – Russia

The turning point in the east occurred along The turning point in the east occurred along the Volga River at Stalingradthe Volga River at Stalingrad– German troops were successful at surrounding German troops were successful at surrounding

Stalingrad, but they were then surrounded by Stalingrad, but they were then surrounded by Russian troops, cut off from being re-suppliedRussian troops, cut off from being re-supplied

– The whole German 6th Army of 300,000 men The whole German 6th Army of 300,000 men was capturedwas captured

Turning Points – Pacific (Naval)Turning Points – Pacific (Naval)

A turning point in the war in Asia occurred at A turning point in the war in Asia occurred at the same in at the Battle of the Coral Seathe same in at the Battle of the Coral Sea– Japanese advances had stopped and Australia Japanese advances had stopped and Australia

was no longer under the threat of invasionwas no longer under the threat of invasion– The Americans were successful in destroying all The Americans were successful in destroying all

four Japanese aircraft carriers at the Battle of four Japanese aircraft carriers at the Battle of MidwayMidway

Turning Points – Pacific (Ground)Turning Points – Pacific (Ground)

The turning point for the ground war in Asia The turning point for the ground war in Asia occurred in the Solomon Islands occurred in the Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)(Guadalcanal)

““The Soft Underbelly”The Soft Underbelly”

After victory in North Africa, the Allies After victory in North Africa, the Allies focused on penetrating the “soft underbelly” focused on penetrating the “soft underbelly” of the Axis, Italyof the Axis, Italy– After the Allies took Sicily, Mussolini was After the Allies took Sicily, Mussolini was

arrested a new Italian government immediately arrested a new Italian government immediately surrenderedsurrendered

– However, Mussolini was liberated by the However, Mussolini was liberated by the Germans, and German forces moved in and Germans, and German forces moved in and occupied Italy, but a second front had been occupied Italy, but a second front had been created in Europecreated in Europe

Operation OverlordOperation Overlord

Next, the Allies would plan a cross-channel Next, the Allies would plan a cross-channel invasion from Britain to France, codenamed invasion from Britain to France, codenamed Operation OverlordOperation Overlord– The Allies were successful in tricking Hitler into thinking The Allies were successful in tricking Hitler into thinking

that the invasion force would land at Calaisthat the invasion force would land at Calais– The Allied invasion actually occurred at Normandie on The Allied invasion actually occurred at Normandie on

June 6, 1944 (D-Day)June 6, 1944 (D-Day)– The Allies liberated Paris in August, were slowed by the The Allies liberated Paris in August, were slowed by the

Battle of the Bulge, but reached the Rhine River in Battle of the Bulge, but reached the Rhine River in March of 1945March of 1945

V-E DayV-E Day

In the mean time Russia pushed the German In the mean time Russia pushed the German forces west, taking over Poland, Hungary, forces west, taking over Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria along the wayRomania and Bulgaria along the way– They entered Berlin in April of 1945They entered Berlin in April of 1945– That same month Hitler committed suicide, still blaming That same month Hitler committed suicide, still blaming

the Jews for the warthe Jews for the war– Two days later Mussolini was killedTwo days later Mussolini was killed– On May 7, 1945, German commanders surrendered (V-On May 7, 1945, German commanders surrendered (V-

E Day)E Day)

V-J DayV-J Day

The War in Asia continued until President The War in Asia continued until President Truman decided to drop the atomic bombTruman decided to drop the atomic bomb– Realizing that Americans would probably suffer Realizing that Americans would probably suffer

at least one million casualties invading the at least one million casualties invading the Japanese homeland, the decision to drop an Japanese homeland, the decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima was madeatomic bomb on Hiroshima was made

– Two days later another atomic bomb was Two days later another atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasakidropped on Nagasaki

– August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered (V-August 14, 1945, the Japanese surrendered (V-J Day)J Day)

Cost of WarCost of War 17 million people died in battle and another 18 17 million people died in battle and another 18

million civilians were killedmillion civilians were killed

The Nazi EmpireThe Nazi Empire

Countries that weren’t neutral or allied with Countries that weren’t neutral or allied with Germany were organized in one of two waysGermany were organized in one of two ways– Those that were considered racially similar to Those that were considered racially similar to

the Aryans were treated leniently and run by the Aryans were treated leniently and run by civilian governmentscivilian governments

– Those that were considered racially inferior Those that were considered racially inferior were ruled ruthlessly by military governmentswere ruled ruthlessly by military governments Inferior people, according to Hitler, including the Inferior people, according to Hitler, including the

SlavsSlavs

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Since lands to the east were to used as living Since lands to the east were to used as living space for Germans, people were uprooted and space for Germans, people were uprooted and transported to be used as slave labortransported to be used as slave labor– Poles, Ukrainians and Soviets would be used as slave Poles, Ukrainians and Soviets would be used as slave

laborlabor

Nazis exploited the economic resources of the Nazis exploited the economic resources of the areas they conqueredareas they conquered– They took raw materials, machines and food creating They took raw materials, machines and food creating

shortages and suffering for many Europeansshortages and suffering for many Europeans

Forced LaborForced Labor

Labor shortages in Germany led to the Labor shortages in Germany led to the creation of an involuntary workforcecreation of an involuntary workforce– 4 million Soviet prisoners of war were used as 4 million Soviet prisoners of war were used as

heavy laborers but 3 million of them died from heavy laborers but 3 million of them died from neglectneglect

– There was a total of 7 million foreign workers in There was a total of 7 million foreign workers in Germany, making up 20% of their workforceGermany, making up 20% of their workforce

– Another 7 million were forced laborers in their Another 7 million were forced laborers in their own countriesown countries

Resistance MovementsResistance Movements German policies towards conquered people led German policies towards conquered people led

to many resistance movements, especially in to many resistance movements, especially in the eastthe east– In the Baltic States and the Ukraine, the Germans In the Baltic States and the Ukraine, the Germans

were initially seen as liberators from Communist were initially seen as liberators from Communist rulerule

– However, Hitler’s view of these Slavic people as However, Hitler’s view of these Slavic people as subhuman caused these people to resist German subhuman caused these people to resist German rulerule

– They committed acts of sabotage, killed German They committed acts of sabotage, killed German officials, spread anti-German propaganda and officials, spread anti-German propaganda and became spies for the Alliesbecame spies for the Allies

French ResistanceFrench Resistance

Other resistance Other resistance groups were created groups were created by governments in by governments in exile like the Free exile like the Free French movement led French movement led by General Charles de by General Charles de GaulleGaulle

Female ResistanceFemale Resistance

Women were also a large part of the resistance Women were also a large part of the resistance movementmovement– They did the same things regular resistance fighters did, They did the same things regular resistance fighters did,

as well as some things other resistance fighters didn’t as well as some things other resistance fighters didn’t dodo

– Women were used as message carriers, planted bombs Women were used as message carriers, planted bombs and carried weapons, medicine and money in their and carried weapons, medicine and money in their shopping basketsshopping baskets

– In Norway women smuggled Jews into neutral Sweden In Norway women smuggled Jews into neutral Sweden to save them from the Holocaustto save them from the Holocaust

– In Greece women dressed their husbands as women to In Greece women dressed their husbands as women to help them escape capture and executionhelp them escape capture and execution

The Plot to Kill HitlerThe Plot to Kill Hitler

Only one plot against Hitler Only one plot against Hitler was even close to being was even close to being successfulsuccessful– A group of military officers A group of military officers

and politicians led by Colonel and politicians led by Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg Claus von Stauffenberg planted a bomb in Hilter’s planted a bomb in Hilter’s East Prussian headquartersEast Prussian headquarters

– It failed to kill Hitler and the It failed to kill Hitler and the conspirators were executedconspirators were executed

July 20July 20thth Plot Plot

Claus von Claus von Stauffenberg used a Stauffenberg used a briefcase to conceal briefcase to conceal the bombthe bomb

He left to make a He left to make a phone callphone call

Four officers were Four officers were killed by Hitler survivedkilled by Hitler survived

Almost 5,000 people Almost 5,000 people were executedwere executed

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

Occurred because of Hitler’s idea of a racial Occurred because of Hitler’s idea of a racial struggle between the Aryans and the Jews, struggle between the Aryans and the Jews, “parasites trying to destroy them”“parasites trying to destroy them”– Anti-Semitism was an inherent aspect of the Anti-Semitism was an inherent aspect of the

Nazi party, especially with the passage of many Nazi party, especially with the passage of many legislative acts against Jews from 1933 to 1939legislative acts against Jews from 1933 to 1939

The Nuremberg LawsThe Nuremberg Laws

1935 – The 1935 – The Nuremberg Laws Nuremberg Laws restricted Jews from restricted Jews from marrying non-Jews, marrying non-Jews, holding public office, holding public office, practicing law or practicing law or medicine and from medicine and from publishing bookspublishing books

MadagascarMadagascar

In 1939 the idea of In 1939 the idea of shipping Jews to shipping Jews to Madagascar was to be Madagascar was to be the solution to the the solution to the Jewish problem until it Jewish problem until it was proved impracticalwas proved impractical

Heinrich HimmlerHeinrich Himmler

Head of the SS, was Head of the SS, was charged by Hitler to charged by Hitler to find the “Final Solution find the “Final Solution to the Jewish Problem”to the Jewish Problem”

EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen

After the invasion of After the invasion of Poland attitudes to Jews Poland attitudes to Jews changedchanged– A special strike force was A special strike force was

created, called the created, called the Einsatzgruppen, was Einsatzgruppen, was created to place Polish created to place Polish Jews into ghettosJews into ghettos

Mobile Killing UnitsMobile Killing Units

The mission of the The mission of the Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen changed with the changed with the invasion of Russia in invasion of Russia in 19411941– Became mobile killing Became mobile killing

units that followed the units that followed the regular army’s advance regular army’s advance in Russiain Russia

– Rounded up Jews in Rounded up Jews in villages, made them dig villages, made them dig mass graves and mass graves and executed themexecuted them

MoraleMorale

Regular executions such as these created a Regular executions such as these created a morale problem for themmorale problem for them– This was solved when Himmler told them that This was solved when Himmler told them that

they were soldiers that had to follow orders, and they were soldiers that had to follow orders, and that he alone was responsible for their actionsthat he alone was responsible for their actions

One millions Jews were killed by the One millions Jews were killed by the EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen

Too ExpensiveToo Expensive

This method of This method of execution was deemed execution was deemed inadequate and too inadequate and too expensiveexpensive– Death camps were Death camps were

established in Austria, established in Austria, Germany and especially Germany and especially PolandPoland

Killing EfficiencyKilling Efficiency

Jews were placed in Jews were placed in freight train cars like freight train cars like cattle and shipped to cattle and shipped to extermination centersextermination centers

Zyklon BZyklon B

The choice to use The choice to use Zyklon B gas was Zyklon B gas was made by doctors made by doctors because it was because it was effective at killing effective at killing people quicklypeople quickly

Gas ChambersGas Chambers

Gas chambers were Gas chambers were designed to look like designed to look like shower rooms to fool shower rooms to fool the victimsthe victims

CrematoriesCrematories

.. After gassing, After gassing, the dead were brought the dead were brought to specially built to specially built crematories and crematories and burnedburned

The Wannsee ConferenceThe Wannsee Conference

Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Heydrich outlined the steps in outlined the steps in the Final Solution at the Final Solution at the Wannsee the Wannsee conferenceconference– The conference worked The conference worked

out all the bureaucratic out all the bureaucratic details so that full details so that full cooperation could be cooperation could be achieved in the achieved in the execution of Jewsexecution of Jews

Top PriorityTop Priority

Even as the Allies were making their Even as the Allies were making their advances into Germany in 1944, Hitler advances into Germany in 1944, Hitler ordered the continued extermination of the ordered the continued extermination of the JewsJews

He gave the Final Solution priority to use the He gave the Final Solution priority to use the railways, over the shipping of soldiers, railways, over the shipping of soldiers, ammunition and food to the frontsammunition and food to the fronts

Final OutcomeFinal Outcome

Two thirds of the Jewish population in Two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe diedEurope died

It should not be forgotten that the Gypsies, It should not be forgotten that the Gypsies, Slavic people, communists and Slavic people, communists and homosexuals were also singled out for homosexuals were also singled out for execution in this mannerexecution in this manner

British HomefrontBritish Homefront

The Mobilization of People – varied greatly from The Mobilization of People – varied greatly from country to countrycountry to country

Great Britain mobilized their resources more than Great Britain mobilized their resources more than anyone elseanyone else– 55% of the people were in the military or were civilians 55% of the people were in the military or were civilians

working for the war causeworking for the war cause– Women under 40 did most of the work for the war and Women under 40 did most of the work for the war and

they also did half of all the civilian jobsthey also did half of all the civilian jobs– Even the elderly people were expected to help out by Even the elderly people were expected to help out by

manufacturing airplane parts at homemanufacturing airplane parts at home

Victory GardensVictory Gardens

The Dig For Victory campaign was used to The Dig For Victory campaign was used to increase food productionincrease food production– Had Victory Gardens where Britains tried to Had Victory Gardens where Britains tried to

grow their own food to alleviate rationinggrow their own food to alleviate rationing– Shortages of food still occurred due to German Shortages of food still occurred due to German

submarine blockadessubmarine blockades– The British diet greatly consisted of bread and The British diet greatly consisted of bread and

potatoespotatoes

Soviet HomefrontSoviet Homefront

The Soviets called WWII the Great Patriotic The Soviets called WWII the Great Patriotic War because 40% of all people killed in the War because 40% of all people killed in the war were Sovietswar were Soviets– The shift to total war necessitated only minimal The shift to total war necessitated only minimal

changes because of the massive centralization changes because of the massive centralization of economics that already existedof economics that already existed

SurvivalSurvival

Early losses caused people to take drastic Early losses caused people to take drastic measures to survivemeasures to survive– The 900 day siege of Leningrad caused people The 900 day siege of Leningrad caused people

to eat their dogs, cats and ratsto eat their dogs, cats and rats

Soviet WomenSoviet Women

As the Russian army continued its retreat As the Russian army continued its retreat they dismantled their factories and moved they dismantled their factories and moved them to the interior of Russia to continue them to the interior of Russia to continue productionproduction– Soviet girls and women worked in factories, Soviet girls and women worked in factories,

mines and on the railroads as well as digging mines and on the railroads as well as digging anti-tank ditchesanti-tank ditches

– The Soviets were the only ones to use women The Soviets were the only ones to use women in combat, using them as snipers and aircrews in combat, using them as snipers and aircrews on bomberson bombers

Soviet Combat WomenSoviet Combat Women

PeasantsPeasants

Peasants made up 60% of the military and Peasants made up 60% of the military and were expected to feed the people of Russia were expected to feed the people of Russia at the same timeat the same time

Because tractors and trucks were seized by Because tractors and trucks were seized by the military to transport troops and weapons, the military to transport troops and weapons, children and women were harnessed to do children and women were harnessed to do the plowingthe plowing

German HomefrontGerman Homefront

Hitler tried to maintain the morale of his people by Hitler tried to maintain the morale of his people by refusing to convert production to military goods refusing to convert production to military goods until it was too late to make a differenceuntil it was too late to make a difference– Food and raw materials were usually gained by Food and raw materials were usually gained by

plundering countries right after conquering themplundering countries right after conquering them

After defeats in Russia and the entry of the U.S. After defeats in Russia and the entry of the U.S. into the war, Hitler ordered an increase in military into the war, Hitler ordered an increase in military production and the size of the armyproduction and the size of the army

Increasing ProductionIncreasing Production

Albert Speer was the architect of production Albert Speer was the architect of production and tried to improve it by eliminating wasteand tried to improve it by eliminating waste– He tripled production but his ideas were not He tripled production but his ideas were not

implemented until 1944 (too late)implemented until 1944 (too late)– Women were finally conscripted to work in Women were finally conscripted to work in

factories but often found ways to get out of itfactories but often found ways to get out of it

The Bombing of CitiesThe Bombing of Cities

Bombing was used on three different targets Bombing was used on three different targets – non-human military targets, troops and – non-human military targets, troops and civilian populationscivilian populations– It was believed that bombing civilians would It was believed that bombing civilians would

coerce the government into making peacecoerce the government into making peace– The first attempt at this was the London Blitz but The first attempt at this was the London Blitz but

British morale remained high due to London’s British morale remained high due to London’s immense size and the scattering of its bombingimmense size and the scattering of its bombing

London BlitzLondon Blitz

Allied BombingAllied Bombing

Winston Churchill believed that focusing on Winston Churchill believed that focusing on bombing smaller communities in Germany bombing smaller communities in Germany would make a bigger impactwould make a bigger impact– British Bomber Commander Arthur Harris was in British Bomber Commander Arthur Harris was in

charge of thischarge of this– American entry into the war saw the advent of American entry into the war saw the advent of

daytime bombing runs and the idea of precision daytime bombing runs and the idea of precision bombingbombing

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons

A new weapon, the atomic bomb was A new weapon, the atomic bomb was created in 1945created in 1945– The bombing of Hiroshima killed 140,000 The bombing of Hiroshima killed 140,000

peoplepeople– The bombing of Nagasaki killed another 50,000 The bombing of Nagasaki killed another 50,000

peoplepeople

NagasakiNagasaki

Beginnings of the Cold WarBeginnings of the Cold War

The Cold War occurred out of military and The Cold War occurred out of military and political differences between the Soviet political differences between the Soviet Union and the United StatesUnion and the United States– These differences started with conflicting views These differences started with conflicting views

of how a post war Europe should be situatedof how a post war Europe should be situated

Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill (The Big Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill (The Big Three), met in Tehran in 1943 to decide how Three), met in Tehran in 1943 to decide how to attack Germanyto attack Germany

TehranTehran Churchill wanted an indirect Churchill wanted an indirect

attack on Germany through attack on Germany through the Balkansthe Balkans

Even though it would be Even though it would be more difficult than attacking more difficult than attacking from France it would prevent from France it would prevent the Soviets from controlling the Soviets from controlling the Balkans after the warthe Balkans after the war

Stalin and Roosevelt Stalin and Roosevelt overruled Churchill’s idea overruled Churchill’s idea and decided an Allied and decided an Allied invasion from France would invasion from France would be bestbe best

They also agreed to a They also agreed to a partitioned Germany after the partitioned Germany after the warwar

YaltaYalta

They met again at They met again at Yalta in 1945Yalta in 1945– Roosevelt tried to get Roosevelt tried to get

Soviet support against Soviet support against Japan as Germany was Japan as Germany was close to surrenderingclose to surrendering

– The atomic bomb was The atomic bomb was not yet ready and not yet ready and figures of casualties of figures of casualties of an assault on Japan an assault on Japan were estimated at one were estimated at one millionmillion

Creating a United NationsCreating a United Nations

The creation of the The creation of the United Nations was also United Nations was also addressed because addressed because Roosevelt knew that Roosevelt knew that ideological differences ideological differences between the powers between the powers would lead to difficulties would lead to difficulties after the warafter the war– He wanted to ensure the He wanted to ensure the

participation of the participation of the Russian’s in world affairs Russian’s in world affairs laterlater

Dividing Germany & EuropeDividing Germany & Europe

They also reaffirmed their They also reaffirmed their stance of the unconditional stance of the unconditional surrender of the Axis and surrender of the Axis and created fours occupation created fours occupation zones for Germanyzones for Germany

They also decided that They also decided that Eastern European Eastern European countries would be freely countries would be freely elected as long as they elected as long as they were pro-Sovietwere pro-Soviet

PotsdamPotsdam

The Allies would meet one more time in Potsdam The Allies would meet one more time in Potsdam in 1945in 1945– Even before the conference started the only common Even before the conference started the only common

aim of defeating the Nazis had been accomplishedaim of defeating the Nazis had been accomplished– The Soviets had been setting up puppet governments The Soviets had been setting up puppet governments

throughout Eastern Europethroughout Eastern Europe The Potsdam Conference was held between The Potsdam Conference was held between

people that didn’t trust each otherpeople that didn’t trust each other– Truman used the new of the atomic bomb to try to push Truman used the new of the atomic bomb to try to push

around Stalin and a new division between them around Stalin and a new division between them occurredoccurred

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

After the war ended After the war ended the differences in the differences in ideology surfaced once ideology surfaced once againagain

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill announced that a Cold announced that a Cold War had started as an War had started as an “iron curtain “iron curtain descended across descended across EuropeEurope