World War II: Barcelona to World War II: Barcelona to BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

1914-Present Lesson 51914-Present Lesson 5

1939-451939-45• The Second World The Second World

WarWar– over 65 million over 65 million

deaddead– over 22 million over 22 million

refugeesrefugees– over 10 million over 10 million

Holocaust deathsHolocaust deaths– over $1 trillion in over $1 trillion in

costs & damagescosts & damages

Prelude to the Nightmare: The Prelude to the Nightmare: The Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War

• Origins of Spain’s Civil War, Origins of Spain’s Civil War, 1936-391936-39– Reforms of Red Republic of 1936Reforms of Red Republic of 1936– Franco’s invasionFranco’s invasion

• Republicans vs. NationalistsRepublicans vs. Nationalists

• ResultsResults– Franco dictator to 1975Franco dictator to 1975

• Anti-communist reformsAnti-communist reforms• Nationalist policiesNationalist policies• Spain in the Cold WarSpain in the Cold War

• HarbingerHarbinger– Spain as Nazi/Fascist “Proving Spain as Nazi/Fascist “Proving

Ground”Ground”– Atrocities & Ideological Atrocities & Ideological

PosturingPosturing

A Quick Note on A Quick Note on Mein Mein KampfKampf……

• Written in prison after Beer Written in prison after Beer Hall Putsch, 1922Hall Putsch, 1922– Fundamental PointsFundamental Points

• expand eastern borders for expand eastern borders for LebensraumLebensraum

• incorporate contingent German incorporate contingent German areas (Austria, Poland, etc.)areas (Austria, Poland, etc.)

• subordinate “sub-humans” subordinate “sub-humans” (Jews, Slavs, Poles, Gypsies)(Jews, Slavs, Poles, Gypsies)

• ResponsesResponses– IntellectualsIntellectuals– The MassesThe Masses

Dismantling the Versailles Dismantling the Versailles PeacePeace• Reviewing Hitler’s Domestic Reviewing Hitler’s Domestic

ApproachApproach– SA, SS/SD, & GestapoSA, SS/SD, & Gestapo– Mein Kampf Mein Kampf policiespolicies

• Nuremburg LawsNuremburg Laws– Revive econ. with aggressive foreign Revive econ. with aggressive foreign

policy & heavy regulationpolicy & heavy regulation• Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

– preach disarmament, practice preach disarmament, practice expansionexpansion

• The The AnschlussAnschluss

• Versailles Treaty Renounced in Versailles Treaty Renounced in 19351935– military reorganizedmilitary reorganized– reoccupation of the Rhinelandreoccupation of the Rhineland

• Why no response?Why no response?– 1936 “Pact of Steel”1936 “Pact of Steel”

• Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis

Dismantling the Versailles Dismantling the Versailles PeacePeace• Chamberlain (GBR) & Chamberlain (GBR) &

AppeasementAppeasement– contain Hitler, but avoid contain Hitler, but avoid

conflictconflict– contain communismcontain communism– “ “peace in our time”peace in our time”

• The Munich Agreement, The Munich Agreement, 19381938– GER gets Sudetenland; Hitler GER gets Sudetenland; Hitler

promises no further expansionpromises no further expansion

• RealityReality– GER annexes CzechoslovakiaGER annexes Czechoslovakia– Rhetoric toward German pop. Rhetoric toward German pop.

in Polandin Poland

Descent into WarDescent into War• PolandPoland

– German territoriesGerman territories– Poles concede Polish Poles concede Polish

CorridorCorridor– Russo-German Non-Russo-German Non-

Aggression Treaty, 1939Aggression Treaty, 1939• agree to divide Polandagree to divide Poland

– GBR & FRA ultimatumGBR & FRA ultimatum• ““Border Incident” compels Border Incident” compels

German invasion, Sept. 1, 1939German invasion, Sept. 1, 1939– POL falls in a monthPOL falls in a month

• USSR occupies east, overcomes USSR occupies east, overcomes debacle in Winter War vs. debacle in Winter War vs. FinlandFinland

Japan’s “Asia for the Japan’s “Asia for the Asians”Asians”• Resetting Japan since 1868Resetting Japan since 1868

– Industrialized, but low on raw Industrialized, but low on raw materialsmaterials

– Govt. & military modeled on Govt. & military modeled on West (GBR & GER)West (GBR & GER)

– Imperial JapanImperial Japan• Korea annexed 1894Korea annexed 1894• Victory in Russo-Japanese Victory in Russo-Japanese

War 1905War 1905• Sphere of influence in CHNSphere of influence in CHN

• Western empire-envyWestern empire-envy– Naval arms raceNaval arms race

• Getting no respectGetting no respect– Versailles concessionsVersailles concessions

• Militarism & the Greater East Asia Militarism & the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereCo-Prosperity Sphere

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I

• New technology promoted speedy New technology promoted speedy attacks (mechanized war)attacks (mechanized war)

TTaannkkss

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I

• New technology exposed heavy New technology exposed heavy defensive armsdefensive arms

Long-Long-Range Range

AircraftAircraft

Learning from World Learning from World War IWar I• New technology emphasized New technology emphasized combined combined

armsarms PPaarraattrrooooppss

Amphibious WarfareAmphibious Warfare

Blitzkrieg!Blitzkrieg!• ““Lightning War”Lightning War”

– Tanks, bombers, & Tanks, bombers, & “Shock Troops” push “Shock Troops” push deep into enemy linesdeep into enemy lines

– Heavy defenses bypassedHeavy defenses bypassed– Infantry consolidates Infantry consolidates

power over conquered power over conquered areaarea

• New strategy, no New strategy, no defense!defense!

Blitzkrieg!Blitzkrieg!• Early German victories:Early German victories:

– Poland (1 mo.)Poland (1 mo.)– Denmark (11 hrs.)Denmark (11 hrs.)– Norway (2 mo.)Norway (2 mo.)– Holland (2 days)Holland (2 days)– Belgium (1 mo.)Belgium (1 mo.)

• Puppet Nazi govts. set up Puppet Nazi govts. set up in all these countriesin all these countries

The Fall of FranceThe Fall of France• Surprise attack through Ardennes Forest—Surprise attack through Ardennes Forest—

bypassed Maginot Linebypassed Maginot Line

• Slow French response (WWI leadership)Slow French response (WWI leadership)

• Seige at Dunkirk:Seige at Dunkirk: 338,000 British & French 338,000 British & French troops evacuatedtroops evacuated

• France surrenders in 3 mo.France surrenders in 3 mo.– Puppet govt. in VichyPuppet govt. in Vichy

– The Resistance & the Free FrenchThe Resistance & the Free French

Policies in Occupied Policies in Occupied EuropeEurope

• Puppet govts., martial Puppet govts., martial lawlaw

• Conversion to Conversion to ReichsmarksReichsmarks

• Collaboration & Collaboration & ResistanceResistance

• Deportations—Jews, Deportations—Jews, Gypsies, communistsGypsies, communists

The Onslaught StallsThe Onslaught Stalls• Battle of Britain, 1940Battle of Britain, 1940

– GER can’t invade GBRGER can’t invade GBR• Battle for the Atlantic, Battle for the Atlantic,

1940-411940-41– US shipping to GBR US shipping to GBR

sustainedsustained• ITA falters in SE ITA falters in SE

Europe & N Africa, Europe & N Africa, 1941-421941-42– pulls GER resources pulls GER resources

from more important from more important frontsfronts

Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa• Frustration over Britain & Frustration over Britain &

Hitler’s Hitler’s lebensraumlebensraum• Stalin’s blundersStalin’s blunders• ““Something beyond war”Something beyond war”• By Dec. 1941, Germans at By Dec. 1941, Germans at

gates of Moscow, BUT…gates of Moscow, BUT…– stalled in coldest winter stalled in coldest winter

since 1812since 1812– Millions of Russian troops Millions of Russian troops

moving in from Siberiamoving in from Siberia

Reckoning in the PacificReckoning in the Pacific• Japan’s resource crunchJapan’s resource crunch

– role of US traderole of US trade

• Occupation of IndochinaOccupation of Indochina– US “Hull Ultimatum”US “Hull Ultimatum”

• What is at stake for Japan:What is at stake for Japan:– needed resources plentiful needed resources plentiful

in vulnerable SE Asiain vulnerable SE Asia– Political & diplomatic cost Political & diplomatic cost

of ultimatumof ultimatum– how long until US is ready?how long until US is ready?

1942: Turning the Tide1942: Turning the Tide• Britain critical but aliveBritain critical but alive• German assault on German assault on

Moscow stalled, lose Moscow stalled, lose 200,000+ at Stalingrad200,000+ at Stalingrad

• British win key battles British win key battles in North Africain North Africa

• Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor attack on Pearl Harbor brings USA into warbrings USA into war

German, 1939

American, 1943

American, 1942

Canadian, 1943

American, 1942

American, 1942

American, 1942

German, 1943