World War OneOr, the “Great War”

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Reasons for War

Militarism – building up of military

Alliances – creating partnerships

with other countries

Imperialism – controlling and

gaining new colonies

Nationalism – having a strong

national pride in your country

Alliances

Countries had developed alliances, both secret and public

Three emperors’ league (1873)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia

Dual Alliance (1879)

Germany, Austria-Hungary

Triple Alliance ((1882)

Germany, Austria, Italy

Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

Germany, Russia

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russiahttp://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/f3471bc169448a8ab452c90fa3b092baa78adeaa.gif

Crisis in the Balkans

Several groups wanted

independence from the Turks.

Balkans was a powder keg of

resistance and control

On June, 28th, 1914, Archduke

Francis Ferdinand was assassinated

in Sarajevo by a Bosnian

revolutionary named Gavrilo

Princip

Bosnian assassinated an Austrian

Germany supports Austria

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“I am a South Slav nationalist. My aim is the union of all Yugoslavs, under

whatever political regime, an their liberation from Austria by terrorism.”

Gavrilo Princip, at his trial

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Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum

on July 23rd

Explanation and apology

Serbian investigation of the

assassination

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Complications

Austria declares war on Serbia on

July 28, 1914.

July 30th, Russia mobilizes troops

to help Serbia

Germany warns then declares war

on Russia on Aug 1st, 1914

Germany declares war on France

when they will not guarantee

neutrality

November 5th, 1914, France and

Britain declare war on Turkey

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Who is fighting?

Central Powers

Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II)

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Bulgaria

Allied Powers

Russia (Czar Nicholas II)

Serbia

France (Georges Clemenceau)

Britain (David Lloyd George)

Japan

Italy (1915)

United States (1917) (Woodrow

Wilson)

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“The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our

lifetime.”

-Sir Edward Grey

German War plan

Germany had to figure out how to

fight two fronts (France [western]

and Russia [Eastern])

German general creates the

Schlieffen plan

Because Russia would take longer to

mobilize, they would focus on taking

France quickly

Surround and take France in 6 weeks

Had to go through Belgium (neutral)

to get to France

Demanded to go through Belgium but

were refused

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http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/schlieffen-plan/

German War plan

Aug 4th, 1914, Belgium is crossed

by the Germans

Broke a 75 year old treaty

“Necessity knows no law”

“We will try to make good the

wrong we have thus committed as

soon as we have reached our

military goals” – German

Chancellor

Because the Germans broke the

neutrality treaty, the British

declare war on Germany

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Battle of the Marne

At Marne River, the Germans are

stopped just outside Paris

Troops were brought from Paris by

taxicab

Positions became relatively fixed

and trench warfare had begun

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Christmas truce 1914

Men from both sides met and:

Exchanged biscuits and cake

Traded supplies

German chocolate for British jam

Took snapshots

Sang carols

Played football (using hats as

goals)

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Method of War:

Trenches

“Filth and rubbish everywhere, graves built into the defenses…water and muck on all sides.”

-Winston Churchill 1915

4 main trenches:

Frontline trench

Support trench (men and equipment)

Reserve trench (men and equipment)

Communication trenches (connecting)

Soldiers were rotated between the trenches

No Man’s Land – the desolate land between the two trenches

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Method of War:

Trenches

Trenches often had water/mud in them

Concerns of the trenches include:

Skin-eroding syndrome

Trench foot

Rotting human flesh

Lice (97% of front soldiers)

Clothes in naphthalene solution to kill lice and possible eggs

“delousing” each other by picking off lice

Enemy snipers

Shelling

Trench raids

Rats

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Trench life

Trenches become a “grave for the

living”

Trenches were named for

hometown streets

Trench life:

“stand-to” during the dawn attack

time

Clean weapons

Repair trenches

Write letters

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“I can still see the bewilderment and

fear on the men’s faces as we went over

the top.”

Harry Patch, British

Over the Top

Whistle blast signal to go over the

top

Cross No Man’s Land under fire

Might have a pack weighing as

much as 60 lbs

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No Man’s Land

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https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/44/65944-004-21B96141.jpgA British soldier inside a trench on the Western Front

during World War I, 1914

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“I did see a great deal of that long-drawn-out front, and of the men who,

ill armed, ill supplied, were holding it against an enemy who, even if his

anxiety to fight was not greater than the Russians, was infinitely better

equipped. I came back to Petrograd full of admiration for the Russian

soldiers who were holding the front without enough weapons to go

around.”

Arthur Ransome (British author)

War against Russia

Russians mobilized faster than expected and had several victories

Under General Paul von Hindenburg, the Germans severely hurt the Russians, capturing more than 200,000 prisoners

Eastern front faced hypothermia and frostbite victims in the winter months

Russians are pushed back

Russia had difficulty getting supplies from allies or producing what they needed

Fighting to open a trade route by the Black Sea led to over 100,000 casualties and was abandoned

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Submarine Warfare

Germany declared a blockade

against Britain in 1915

Any ship that came into a certain

area would be destroyed

Wanted to destroy British shipping

and hinder the flow of war supplies

May 7th, 1915, Germany sank the

Lusitania

1,198 people dead (128 Americans)

1916 – Britain was also destroying

German warships and had a

blockade

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Submarine Warfare

“I give Your Majesty my word as an officer that not one American will land on the continent.”

-German chief of naval operations

Feb 1917, unrestricted submarine warfare continues from Germany

Sink almost 3000 ships by year’s end

Unrestricted submarine warfare – the sinking of all ships carrying supplies to the enemy, armed or unarmed

British used Q-ships, or ships that looked like merchant ships and could be changed to look like a neutral nation. Once a U-boat comes in, the Q-ship would open fire.

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Russian Revolution

Shortages and casualties lead people to violence and strikes

On March 15th, 1917, Czar Nicholas II left the throne

November 1917, the communists came to power in Russia

Vladimir Lenin signed a peace treaty in 1918 with Germany called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1.3 million square miles given up

50% industry

90% coal mines

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Weapons of War:

Machine guns

Machine guns caused devastation

and mass casualties on both sides

Lewis machine gun = 450 rounds

per minute

Caused major standoff between

trench sides

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Weapons of War:

Planes

Used to observe enemy troops and

watch movements

Could drop bombs or mount a

machine gun

Fights between pilots were known

as “dog-fights”

Aces – pilots who could shoot down

5 or more enemy airplanes

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The Red Baron

German WWI ace

Flew a red Fokker Dr. 1 triplane

Shot down 80 enemy planes

Failed his pilots exam and crash-landed his first flight alone

Formed the “flying circus” containing colorful planes and tent hangers

April 21st, 1918, the Red Baron is wounded and lands behind enemy lines, dying shortly after

Buried by British with full honors

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Weapons of War:

Tanks

1916 – British use the tank

Tanks are hard to move and slow

More than 8000 produced during

the war

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Weapons of War:

Zeppelins

Long airships filled with gas (like a

blimp)

Used to drop bombs in London and

eastern England

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Weapons of War:

Gas

Poisonous gas filled artillery shells

were used

Shifting wind could send gas in the

wrong direction

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Weapons of War:

Submarines

British had warships

Germany had submarines called U-

boats (Unterseeboat)

“On long patrols…crews lived in an

atmosphere of increasing squalor.

The heat was oppressive, the air

stake and foul and reeking of bilge

water [water that collects in a

ships hull], wet oilskins, rubber

boots, sweat, and diesel fumes so

thick that a man’s hair became

pitchy mire.”

http://uboat.net/history/wwi/part5.htm

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Weapons of War:

Artillery

Paris Gun (German gun)

Range of 81 miles

211 mm in diameter

Big Bertha Howitzer

420 mm caliber

Range of 30,500 feet

Force of artillery blasts caused:

sickness

Injury/amputations

Disturbed vision

Diarrhea

Mental breakdown (shell shock)

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Weapons of War:

Propaganda

How the Civilian May Help in This Crisis

Be cheerful

Write encouragingly to friends at the front

Don’t repeat foolish gossip

Don’t listen to idle rumors

Don’t think you know better than [British Commander] Haig

-Advice in British newspaper

Propaganda “Gott strafe England”

“God punish England!”

Stamped on letters/postcards

Engraved on wedding rings and

cufflinks

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jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gott_strafe_England

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Weapons of War:

Flame Throwers

http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/flamethrowers.htm

End of the War

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated the

throne of Germany

Armistice is called on the 11th

month on the 11th day, at the 11th

hour

November 11th, 1918

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Effects of the War:

“Practically everyone had shell shock, but there were two kinds: one for the privates, and one for the officers. With an officer, at the slightest trembling of the lips, they would be sent to the hospital for a week, and then to England to recover. But privates would get a dose of medicine and be sent back onto the line. That was the difference. You could easily see when a man had shell shock. He was crying, shaking, his face was absolutely a different color. It was all we could do in the trenches to hold him back. Sometimes we’d even sit on him. Because, once he got out of the trenches, he was a dead man. Some couldn’t stand it and walked out. And inevitable they got shot for deserting.”