wound healing – scar minimization · wound healing – scar minimization ben mcintire, md ... –...

Wound Healing –Scar Minimization

Ben McIntire, MDFaculty Mentor: Harold Pine, MD, FAAP, FACS

The University of Texas Medical BranchDepartment of Otolaryngology

Grand Rounds PresentationMarch 28, 2014

Scar management

“Put sunscreen on it”

“If it feels hard, you can massage it”

Objectives

• Describe the phases of wound healing

• Identify factors which can optimize wound healing

• Understand the goals of scar management

• Describe techniques and products which can aid in scar minimization

• Understand how to apply these techniques and products in the pediatric population

Disclosure

• I have no financial incentive on behalf of any of the products mentioned in this presentation

• All pictures used without permission

Phases of wound healing

1 Inflammatory

– Hemostatic– Cellular

2 Proliferative

– Reepithelialization– Neovascularization– Collagen deposition

3 Remodeling/maturation


1 Inflammatory (hemostatic):

– Convergence of coagulation cascade, complement cascade, and platelet activation

1. Vasoconstriction vasodilation

2. Platelet degranulation TGF-β + others

3. Platelet plug formation – activated platelets + fibrin + exposed collagen


1 Inflammatory (cellular):

– Neutrophils – dominant cell type at 1-2 days• Phagocytosis of debris and bacteria

– Macrophages – dominant cell type at 2-4 days• Regulatory role is essential for wound healing• Secrete TNF-α, TNF-β, IGF-1, and IL-1

– Fibroblasts – dominant cell type at 15 days• Myofibroblasts wound contraction• Produce collagen


2 Proliferative (reepithelialization):

– Collagenase, plasmin, and MMPs begin remodeling wound bed

– Fibroblasts begin migration from wound edge into wound bed

– Cellular migration occurs at 12-21 μm/hr

• Rate is moisture dependent


2 Proliferative (neovascularization):

– Granulation tissue formation – serves as scaffold for cellular migration

– Angiogenesis – via migration of endothelial cells; mediated by VEGF


2 Proliferative (collagen deposition):

– Early formation of type III collagen

– Late formation of type I collagen

• Hydroxylation is vit. C dependent

• Tensile strength due to cross-linking of collagen fibers


3 Remodeling/maturation:

– Increase in type I collagen deposition

• Decreased scar dimensions

• Increased tensile strength

– 3 weeks – 15% original strength– 6 weeks – 60% original strength– 6 months – 80% original strength

Optimization of wound healing

• Surgical principles

• Local factors

• Systemic factors


• Surgical principles:

– Proper planning of incision

– Appropriate tissue handling

– Minimization of wound tension


• Local factors:

– Desiccation

– Infection

In general, addressed with proper dressing and ABX as indicated


• Systemic factors:

– Comorbidities

– Hypovolemia

– Malnutrition

In general, addressed with proper medical management, adequate hydration, and nutritional repletion as indicated

Scar management

• Goals:

– Maintain moisture

– Minimize tension

– Avoid inflammation

– Optimize molecular environment of scar

Sunscreen

• Rationale – to prevent postinflammatoryhyperpigmentation

– Early scars are composed of disorganized tissue, relative to the well defined, layered, composition of adjacent non-wounded skin

– Therefore UV light can penetrate more deeply into tissue and affect melanogenesis

– UV light shown to upregulate NO and histamine, which are known stimulators of melanogenesis

Sunscreen

• Efficacy for immature scars is ubiquitously documented

• Evidence is predominately, if not entirely, anecdotal

• Recommendations not established for minimum SPF and duration of treatment

Sunscreen

• “Rubor perseverans”

– Physiologic, non-inflammatory redness of normal scar

– Due to vascular elements in the immature scar

– Typically resolves in 7 months following incisional wounding, but may persist beyond 12 months

Sunscreen

Bond et al. (2008)

Sunscreen

• Recommendations - U. Michigan (2010):

– SPF ≥ 35

– Any time sun exposure is anticipated for ≥ 1 year

Sunscreen

http://www.amazon.com

Unit price: $3.60/oz

Scar massage

• Rationale – to optimize the molecular environment of scar

– Mechanical forces induce changes in expression of MMPs and proteases

– Dissolution of fibrotic tissue which increases scar pliability

– Release of beta-endorphins resulting in relief of pain

Scar massage

• Ubiquitously advised

• Anecdotally effective

• Recommendations not well established regarding time to treatment onset, technique, frequency, and duration of therapy

Scar massage

• Evidence – Shin and Bordeaux (2012):

– Weak evidence supports use of scar massage in treatment of routine postsurgical scars

– Study design: systematic review (10 articles, total of 144 patients)

– Onset:

• Begin massage after nonabsorbable suture removal (approximately POD#10-14)

• Avoid massage before POD#10-14

Scar massage

• Evidence – Shin and Bordeaux (2012):

– Method:

• Use enough pressure to blanch scar

• Use nonirritating emollient

• Massage for 10 minutes BID

– Not enough evidence to recommend technique or duration of therapy

Scar massage

• Evidence - Bodian (1969):

– Study design: case series (14 patients with eyelid/periorbital incisions)

– Technique – rotary movements

– Duration – 1-2 months https://handtherapy.wordpress.com

Hydration ointments/dressings

• Rationale – maintain moisture

– Moist healing promotes rapid epithelialization

– Retain important molecular messengers within the wound bed


• Ex: mineral oil, petrolatum-based ointments, semi occlusive dressings (Steri-Strip™), occlusive dressings (Tegaderm™)

• Used to speed healing of fresh surgical wounds

• Ointments used over a longer period of time to improve appearance of surgical scars


• Evidence – Winter and Scales (1963):

– In wounds covered with an occlusive dressing, reepithelialization is 2x as rapid when compared to wounds without a dressing

– Study design: porcine model


• Evidence – Jackson and Shelton (1999):

– Applying a petrolatum-based ointment to postsurgical scars resulted in a significant reduction of scar erythema between pre- and post-treatment evaluation (endpoint ~1 month)

– Study design: RCT

– Onset: day of suture removal

– Duration: TID x1 month

Adhesive microporous hypoallergenic paper tape

• Rationale – maintain moisture, minimize tension, optimize molecular environment of scar

• Use in scar minimization is not common

Adhesive microporous hypoallergenic paper tape

• Evidence – Atkinson et al. (2005):

– Application of Micropore™ tape to postsurgical scars significantly decreased scar volume and decreased risk of hypertrophic scar formation when compared to untreated scars (endpoint 12 weeks)

– Study design: RCT (cesarean scars)

– Onset: after suture removal

– Duration: 12 weeks (tape changed 2x per week)

Adhesive microporoushypoallergenic paper tape

Unit price: $0.01/in.


Silicone gel/sheeting

• Rationale – maintain moisture, therapeutic effect of silicone?

• Often recommended to patients for treatment of existing keloids and hypertrophic scars

– Mixed evidence exists to support this recommendation

• Not often mentioned for prophylaxis of postsurgical scars

– Relatively well studied


• Evidence - Signorini and Clementoni (2007):

– Silicone gel application to postsurgical scars resulted in significant improvement in scar appearance when compared to untreated scars (endpoint 6 months)


– Onset: POD#10-21

– Duration: BID x4 months


• Evidence - Chan et al. (2005):

– Silicone gel application to postsurgical scars demonstrated significant improvement in pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height when compared to scars treated with a water-based gel (endpoint 3 months)

– Study design: double-blinded RCT

– Onset: POD#14



• Evidence - Gold et al. (2001):

– Silicone sheet application to postsurgical scars resulted in a significant decrease in abnormal scar formation, in high-risk patients, when compared to untreated scars (endpoint 6 months)


– Onset: POD#2

– Duration: ≥ 12 hrs/d x6 months


• Evidence - Niessen et al. (1998):

– Neither silicone gel nor silicone sheets demonstrated significant improvement in height/width/color of postsurgical scars when compared to scars treated with Micropore™ tape (endpoint 12 months)


– Onset: POD#3

– Duration: 24 hrs/d x3 months




http://www.amazon.comUnit price: $0.71/sq. in.

Moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO)

• Rationale – maintain moisture, therapeutic effect of plant extracts?

• Patented in 1995 in USA

• 6 herbal extracts in a base of beeswax and sesame oil

• Active ingredient – β-sitosterol

• Characteristics – strong smell

• Side effects: acne exacerbation


• Evidence - Atiyeh et al. (2003):

– STSG donor sites treated with MEBO demonstrated significantly faster reepithelialization and better scar quality when compared to treatment with a Tegadermdressing (endpoint 6 months)


– Onset: POD#0

– Duration: daily application until reepithelializationoccured


• Evidence - Atiyeh et al. (2003):

– Postsurgical facial incisions treated with MEBO demonstrated cosmetically better scars when compared to incisions with no treatment or those treated with ABX ointment (endpoint 6 months)

– Study design: controlled trial

– Onset: POD#0 or after steri-strip removal

– Duration: TID-QID x6 weeks

Pressure dressing

• Rationale – to optimize the molecular environment of scar

– Compression induces apoptosis and modulates cytokine expression to prevent scar hypertrophy

• Ubiquitous use in management of hypertrophic scars and burn scars

– Anecdotally effective

Pressure dressing

http://www.dentalhypotheses.com

• Evidence – Russell et al. (2001):

– Zimmer splints, along with a single corticosteroid injection, resulted in ≥50% reduction in keloid size in each patient studied (endpoint 12 months)

– Study design: case series

– Onset: not stated; patients with keloids following ear piercing

– Duration: ≥12 hrs/d x6 months

Pressure dressing

• Evidence:

– No evidence to support the use of pressure dressings to improve the appearance of keloids in other parts of the body

– No evidence to support the use of pressure dressings to improve the appearance of normal postsurgical scars

http://www.colonialmedical.com

Vitamin E

• Rationale – antioxidant properties reduce the amount of reactive oxygen species during the inflammatory phase of wound healing

• Topical α-tocopherol in an oil base

• Role as an antioxidant is well studied in-vitro

• Anecdotally effective to speed wound healing and improve scar appearance

Vitamin E

• Evidence - Baumann and Spencer (1999):

– Topical Vitamin E application did not demonstrate a significant difference in the cosmetic appearance of postsurgical scars when compared to scars treated with a petrolatum-based ointment (endpoint 12 weeks)

– Topical Vitamin E application resulted in an increased incidence of contact dermatitis when compared to application of a petrolatum-based ointment

Vitamin E

• Evidence - Baumann and Spencer (1999):


– Onset: POD#0

– Duration: BID x4 weeks

Vitamin E



Vitamin D

• Rationale – decrease the risk of hypertrophic scars due to its role as an anti-inflammatory molecule and its ability to decrease keratinocyte proliferation

• Calcipotriol (synthetic Vitamin D derivative)

– Currently used in topical treatment of psoriasis

Vitamin D

• Evidence - van der Veer et al. (2009):

– Application of topical calcipotriol to postsurgical scars demonstrated no significant difference in the prevalence of hypertrophic scars, when compared to placebo treated scars (endpoint 12 months)

– Study design: double-blinded RCT (did not study scar appearance or content of placebo ointment)

– Onset: POD#10


Vitamin D

http://www.ioffer.com




Mederma®

• Rationale – the anti-inflammatory properties of Quercetin could improve raised, erythematous, or otherwise symptomatic scars

• Very popular OTC product aimed at scar minimization

• Active ingredient – allium cepa (onion extract)

– Derivative is Quercetin

Mederma®

• Evidence - Jackson and Shelton (1999):

– Application of Mederma® to postsurgical scars demonstrated no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment evaluation of scar erythema


– Onset: day of suture removal

– Duration: TID x1 month

Mederma®

• Evidence - Chung et al. (2006):

– Application of Mederma® to postsurgical scars demonstrated no significant difference in scar appearance or symptomatology, when compared to treatment with petrolatum-based ointment (endpoint 12 weeks)


– Onset – day of suture removal

– Duration – TID x8 weeks

Mederma®



Product summary

• Remember fundamentals:

– Maintain moisture and decrease tension

– Reasonable to use Steri-Strips™ at time of wound closure

– Reasonable to begin topical therapy after sloughing of Steri-Strips™ or removal of nonabsorbablesutures

– Reasonable to continue topical therapy 6-12 months

Product summary

• Sunscreen – Overwhelming opinion recommends use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– SPF ≥ 35 for ≥ 1 year

• Scar massage – Weak evidence to support use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– 10 min BID x1-2 months

• Hydration (petrolatum-based) ointment – Evidence supports use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– TID x1 month

Product summary• Micropore™ tape – Evidence supports use in

treatment of routine postoperative scars– continuous x12 weeks; change 2x per week

• Silicone gel – Mixed evidence supports use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– BID x3-4 months

• Silicone sheets – Mixed evidence supports use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– ≥ 12 hrs/d x3-6 months

• MEBO – Evidence supports use in treatment of routine postoperative scars– TID-QID x6 weeks

Product summary

• Pressure dressing – no evidence to support use in treatment of routine postsurgical scars

• Vitamin E – no evidence to support use in treatment of routine postoperative scars; some authors discourage use in treatment of routine postoperative scars

• Vitamin D – no evidence to support use in treatment of routine postoperative scars

• Mederma® – no evidence to support use in treatment of routine postoperative scars

Pediatric pearls

• Infants have immature epidermal-dermal bond

• Protect epidermis with proper dressing:

– Opt for ointment rather than adhesive dressing

– If using adhesive dressing, opt for latex-free hypoallergenic paper tape (Micropore™) to decrease skin trauma

– Foam dressings (Mepilex®) are more absorptive than plain gauze, allowing for decreased frequency of dressing changes

Pediatric pearls

• Prevent pain:

– In infants, consider distraction technique or oral sucrose administration during dressing changes

– In children, always pre-medicate with analgesics before dressing changes

– For painful wounds or difficult locations, consider anxiolytic administration along with analgesics before dressing changes

Thank you!

https://peerj.com/articles/37/

Scar management

“Put sunscreen on it”

“If it feels hard, you can massage it”

References• Atiyeh, B., Amm, C., & El Musa, K. (2003). Improved Scar Quality Following Primary and Secondary

Healing of Cutaneous Wounds. Aesth Plast Surg, 27, 411-417.• Atkinson, J., McKenna, K., Barnett, A., McGrath, D., & Rudd, M. (2005). A Randomized, Controlled Trial to

Determine the Efficacy of Paper Tape in Preventing Hypertrophic Scar Formation in Surgical Incisions that Traverse Langer’s Skin Tension Lines. Plast Reconstr Surg, 116, 1648-1656.

• Baumann, L., & Spencer, J. (1999). The Effects of Topical Vitamin E on the Cosmetic Appearance of Scars. Dermatol Surg, 25, 311-315.

• Bodian, M. (1969). Use of massage following lid surgery. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon, 48, 542-547.• Bond, J., Duncan, J., Mason, T., Sattar, A., Boanas, A., O’Kane, S., et al. (2008). Scar Redness in Humans:

How Long Does It Persist after Incisional and Excisional Wounding? Plast Reconstr Surg, 121, 487-496.• Chadwick, S., Heath, R., & Shah, M. (2012). Abnormal pigmentation within cutaneous scars: A

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controlled, double-blind, prospective clinical trial of silicone gel in prevention of hypertrophic scar development in median sternotomy wound. Plast Reconstr Surg, 116, 1013-1022.

• Chen, M., & Davidson, T. (2005). Scar management: prevention and treatment strategies. Curr OpinOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 13, 242-247.

• Chung, V., Kelley, L., Marra, D., & Jiang, S. (2006). Onion Extract Gel Versus Petrolatum Emollient on New Surgical Scars: a Prospective Double-Blinded Study. Dermatol Surg, 32, 193-197.

• Costa, A., Peyrol, S., Porto, L., Comparin, J., Foyatier, J., & Desmouliere, A. (1999). Mechanical Forces Induce Scar Remodeling: Study in Non-Pressure-Treated versus Pressure-Treated Hypertrophic Scars. Am J Pathol, 155, 1671-1679.

References• Gauglitz, G., Korting, H., Pavicic, T., Ruzicka, T., & Jeschke, M. (2011). Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloids:

Pathomechanisms and Current and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Mol Med, 17, 113-125. • Gold, M., Foster, T., Adair, M., Burlison, K., & Lewis, T. (2001). Prevention of hypertrophic scars and

keloids by the prophylactic use of topical silicone gel sheets following a surgical procedure in an office setting. Dermatol Surg, 27, 641-644.

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• Li, J., Chen, J., & Kirsner, R. (2007). Pathophysiology of acute wound healing. Clinics in dermatology, 25, 9-18.

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• McCord, S., & Levy, M. (2006). Practical Guide to Pediatric Wound Care. Semin Plast Surg, 20, 192-200.• Morganroth, P., Wilmot, A., & Miller, C. (2009). Over-the-counter scar products for postsurgical patients:

Disparities between online advertised benefits and evidence regarding efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol, 61, e31-47.

• Niessen, F., Spauwen, P., Robinson, P., Fidler, V., & Kon, M. (1998). The use of silicone occlusive sheeting (sil-K) and silicone occlusive gel (epiderm) in the prevention of hypertrophic scar formation. Plast ReconstrSurg, 102, 1962-1972.

• Pasha, R., & Golub, J. (2014). Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery: Clinical Reference Guide (4th ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.

References• Regents of the University of Michigan. (2010). Scar Care Instructions. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from

http://surgery.med.umich.edu/plastic/patient/forms/instructions/scar_care_postop.shtml.• Russell, R., Horlock, N., & Gault, D. (2001). Zimmer splintage: a simple effective treatment for keloids

following ear-piercing. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 54, 509-510.• Shih, R., Waltzman, J., & Evans, G. (2007). Review of Over-the-Counter Topical Scar Treatment Products.

Plast Reconstr Surg, 119, 1091-1095.• Shin, T., & Bordeaux, J. (2012). The Role of Massage in Scar Management: A Literature Review. Dermatol

Surg, 38, 414-423.• Signorini, M., & Clementoni, M. (2007). Clinical evaluation of a new self-drying silicone gel in the

treatment of scars: a preliminary report. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 31, 183-187.• Van der Veer, W., Jacobs, X., Waardenburg, I., Ulrich, M., & Niessen, F. (2009). Topical Calcipotriol for

Preventive Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars. Arch Dermatol, 145, 1269-1275. • Winter, G., & Scales, J. (1963). Effect of Air Drying and Dressings on the Surface of a Wound. Nature, 197,

91-92.

wound healing – scar minimization · wound healing – scar minimization ben mcintire, md ... –...

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