VOWEL AND CONSONANTTurkish has 29 letters in its alphabet. Some of these letters / o, u, a, / and / , , e, i / are vowels the others / b, c, , d, f, g, , h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, y, z / are consonants.Some of the vowels / , , / do not exist in English./, , / phonemes dont exist in English.

THE VOWEL HARMONYThe eight Turkish vowels are divided into two classesAll the words in the Turkish language follow either the first or the second harmony chain.1. The name of this rule is: BYK NL UYUMU / PALATAL HARMONY. ince nller / thin vowel n nller / front vowels are: e, i, , kaln nller / hard vowel art nller / back vowels are: a, , o, ua) If the vowel of the first syllable of a word is a front vowel, the vowels of the subsequents (sonraki) syllables have to be front vowels. b) If the vowel of the first syllable of a word is a back vowel, so are the vowels of subsequent syllables.

Suffixes have two forms as a rule: Any suffix appended to a hard word must have hard vowels Any suffix appended to a soft word must have soft vowels

el hand ellerinde in his handsoda room odalarmzdan from our rooms2. The name of this rule is: KK NL UYUMU / LABIAL HARMONY.dz nller / flat vowel (unrounded vowels) are: a, e, , iyuvarlak nller / rounded vowels are: o, , u, Unrounded vowels are followed by unrounded and rounded vowels are followed by rounded vowels.ACCORDING TO THESE RULES, EACH VOWEL MAY BE FOLLOWED BY ONLY TWO VOWELS:Preceding vowel Following vowele e, ii e, i e, e, a a, a, o a, uu a, u

All suffxes also have the same rules.Some examples:ocuk / childocuklar / childrenocuklarla / with childrenocuklarm / my childrenocuklarmla / with my children

ev / houseevi / the houseeve / to the houseevin / of the house

yol / roadyolu / the roadyola / to the roadyolun / of the roadyollar / roads

Deitiremediklerimizden misiniz?Are you one of those whom we were unable to change?

Avrupallatramadklarmzdan msnz?. Are you one of those whom we could not Europeanise?The vowel in the first suffix determines the vowel in the next suffix, and so on. The vowel of each suffix is determined by the vowel which precedes it.el hand. Ellerinde in his hands

CONSONANT HARMONYThere are two different cases of consonant harmony either the last consonant of the main word changes, or the first consonant of the suffix changes.Consonants are grouped into two subdivisions:"yumuak sessizler" voiced consonants: / b, c, d, g, , j, y, l, m, n, r, v, z /"sert sessizler" unvoiced consonants: / , f, k, p, s, , t /The consonants that vibrate the vocal cords are named voiced consonants; the unvoiced consonants do not vibrate them.Some "unvoiced consonants" turn into their "voiced counterparts" when the suffixes starting with vowels are attached to noun stems:/p/ changes into /b/: kitap (kitab, kitaba), sebep (sebebi, sebebe), kebap (kebab, kebaba), orap (orab, oraba), dolap (dolab, dolaba), arap (arab, araba), hesap (hesab, hesaba).// changes into /c/: aa (aac, aaca), saya (sayac, sayaca), ama (amac, amaca), ayra (ayrac, ayraca), deme (demeci, demece), kazan (kazanc, kazanca), tmle (tmleci, tmlece)./k/ changes into //: sokak (soka, sokaa), tabak (taba, tabaa), krek (k-rei, kree), bebek (bebei, bebee), kpek (kpei,kpee), ayak (aya, ayaa), bardak (barda, bardaa), kabak (kaba, kabaa), soluk (soluu, solu-a), yrek (yrei, yree)./t/ changes into /d/: adet (adedi, adede), kanat (kanad, kanada), st (sd, sde), umut (umu:du, umu:da), yourt (yourdu, yourda), armut (armudu, armuda).The allomorphs of [N] [in, n, n, un] also undergo the same changes when they are attached to noun stems:kitap-n (kitabn), sebep-in (sebebin), kebap-n (kebabn), orap-n (ora-bn), aa-n (aacn), ama-n (amacn), sokak-n (sokan), krek-in (kre-in), bebek-in (bebein), ayak-n (ayan), kanat-n (kanadn), yourt-un (yourdun).However, some /t/ phonemes do not change:Hayat (ha*ya:*t), (ha*ya:*ta), (ha*ya:*tn); sanat (san*a*t), (san*a*ta), (san*a*tn); sfat (s*fa*t), (s*fa*ta), (s*fa*tn); saat (sa*a*ti), (sa*a*te), sa*a*tin); sepet (se*pe*ti), (se*pe*te), (se*pe*tin); glet (g*le*ti, g*le*te, g*le*tin); demet (de*me*ti), (de*me*te), (de*me*tin).The monosyllabic stems ending with unvoiced consonants do not change when they get the [], [E], [DE], [DEN] and [personal] morphemes.ek (eki, eke, ekte, ekten, ekin), sap (sap, sapa, sapta, saptan, sapn), ip (ipi, ipe, ipte, ipten, ipin), hap (hap, hapa, hapta, haptan, hapn), tp (tp, tpe, tpte, tpten, tpn), top (topu, topa, topta, toptan, topun), sa (sa, saa, sata, atan, san), i (ii, ie, ite, iten, iin), g (g, ge, gte, gten, gn), ma (ma, maa, mata, matan, man), kk (kk, kke, kkte, kkten, kkn), ok (oku, oka, okta, oktan, okun ), yk ( yk, yke, ykte, ykten, ykn), krk (krk, krke, krkte, krkn), Trk (Trk, Trke, Trkte, Trkten, Trkn), at (at, ata, atta, attan, atn), et (eti, ete, ette, etten, etin), st (st, ste, stte, stten, stn), ot (otu, ota, otta, ottan,otun), kart (kart, karta, kartta, karttan, kartn).However, the final phonemes of some monosyllabic nouns do change when they are attached only to [i, , , u], [e, a] and [in, n, n, un] allomorphs; they do not change when they are attached to the allomorphs of the phonemes of [DE] and [DEN]:but (budu, buda, budun, butta, buttan), dip (dibi, dibe, dibin, dipte, dipten), ok (ou, oa, oun, okta, oktan), gk (g, ge, gn, gkte, gkten), kap (kab, kaba, kabn, kapta, kaptan), u (ucu, uca, ucun, uta, utan), yurt (yurdu, yurda, yurdun, yurtta, yurttan), kurt (kurdu, kurda, kurdun, kurtta, kurttan), tat (tad, tada, tadn, tatta, tattan).When [] or [E] vowel morphemes come after the nouns ending with vowels, the /y/ linking phonemes (glides) are inserted between these two vowels to maintain the harmonious connection:testi (tes*ti*/y/i, tes*ti*/y/e); araba (araba/y/, araba/y/a); tarla (tarla/y/, tarla/y/a); salata (salata/y/, salata/y/a); mart (mart/y/, mart/y/a); tava (tava/y/, tava/y/a); teneke (teneke/y/I, teneke/y/e); makara (makara/y/, makara/y/a); kundura (kundura/y/, kundura/y/a); kafa (kafa/y/, kafa/y/a); su (su/y/u, su/y/a).When the nouns ending with vowels are attached to the allomorphs of [N], which are used in possessor + possessed noun compounds, the /n/ glides are inserted between the two vowels:araba (araba-/n/n) (a*ra*ba*nn), testi (testi-/n/in) (tes*ti*nin), tarla (tarla-/n/n) (tar*la*nn), salata (salata-/n/n) (sa*la*ta*nn), tava (tava-/n/n) (ta*va*nn), tavan (tavan-n) (ta*va*nn), kafa (kafa-/n/n) (ka*fa*nn), makara (makara-/n/n) (ma*ka*ra*nn), mart (mart-/n/n) (mar*t*nn), ekmece (ekmece-/n/in) (ek*me*ce*nin), bilmece (bilmece-/n/in) (bil*me* ce*nin), kayg (kayg-/n/n) (kay*g*nn)When pronouns are used in the possessor position, only the o pronoun is attached to un possessor suffix together with the /n/ glide as those of the nouns:ben-im, sen-in, o-/n/un, biz-im, siz-in, onlar-nException: su (su/y/un). Example: araba-/n/n hz-, su-/y/un hz-.