PRESENTED BY: MARK TORNSTROM BA, EMT-P, NYS CIC/REGIONAL FACULTY

OPERATIONS MANAGER, PERINTON VOLUNTEER AMBULANCE CHAIR, MONROE LIVINGSTON REGIONAL EMS COUNCIL

Wow that was a cool call: Case Reviews

Thank you for having me

Still a dinger

YEP

Case 1 – “I don’t feel well”

  22:09 Hrs dispatched for a 26D1 – Sick Person Possibly Not Alert

  Residential Home   patient is at the home of his parents where he was celebrating

his birthday. Patient and family report that he had several episodes of his internal defibrillator activating earlier in the day but he did not seek hospital treatment. Patient became progressively short of breath and then had altered mental status which prompted call to 911

Initial Vitals

  HR 127   BP 149/102   RR 30-36   SpO2 58%   EtCO2 23 mmHg   GCS 4/5/6 but slow   Patient is alert and interactive – appears to have

some sort of developmental disorder

22:40 – In Ambulance, After CPAP

  HR 115   BP 124/94   RR 30-36   SpO2 73%   EtCO2 -- mmHg   GCS 4/1/5

22:50 – Not Getting Better…RSI?

  Field Standing Order Indications:   GCS <8   SpO2 <90% on 100%   Transport time >10 minutes

  Contraindications?

Myotonic Dystrophy?

  Myotonic Dystrophy Type I and II   DM 1 – Congenital, juvenile, adult onset   DM 2 – Adult onset

  Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

  Skeletal muscle weakness, muscle pain (DM2), myotonia, cardiac conduction abnormalities (DM1), iridescent cataracts (DM1)

Myotonic Dystrophy

  No disease modifying therapy available

  Life expectancy reduced for DM1   31% - Cardiac   43% - Respiratory

RSI in Myotonic Dystrophy?

  High risk   Increased aspiration   Often pre-existing conduction system abnormalities   Risk for precipitating myotonia   ? Risk of Malignant Hyperthermia   Risk of hyperkalemia with Depolarizing NMB’s

  Recommendations   Propofol over midazolam   Rocuronium over Succinylcholine

22:55 - After NPA/BVM

  HR 113   BP 141/83   RR 40 Assisted   SpO2 88%   EtCO2 36 mmHg   GCS 4/2/6

23:05 - ED Arrival

  HR 117   BP 156/97   RR 35 Assisted   SpO2 83%   EtCO2 25 mmHg   GCS 4/5/6

Key Points

  Never be afraid to call for an extra hand

  Treat patient, not numbers   But do not ignore what the numbers tell you

  Know limitations of CPAP/BiPAP

  The BVM is HIGHLY underappreciated

Case 2 - Dispatch

  17D1 Fall: extreme fall - > 30 feet   3rd party call: male fell down elevator shaft – caller

not at location   Priority 1: BLS ambulance, ALS fly car and fire

department

What Are Your Thoughts?

  Mechanism of injury?   Anticipated injuries?   Anticipated interventions?   Any concerns?

  Update – confirmed person trapped in elevator shaft

Upon Arrival

  Power out in building due to high winds   Minimal lighting

  Guided to basement by facility staff

You see this:

What Do You Do Now?

  What /where is your scene   Is it safe?

  For you? For victim?

  Fire fighters working on unlocking the elevator doors

  “Remote Medical Assessment”   “Medicine Across the Barricade”

Medicine Across the Barricade

  Can you hear me? What is your name?   “Yes, I’m John Doe and I am stuck in the elevator shaft”   What does that tell us?   Conscious, a/o to person and place

  Where is the elevator?

Medicine Across the Barricade

  Are you hurt? Are you bleeding?   “Yes, I am laying in a !@#$ ton of my blood”

  Where are you bleeding?   “My head”

  Sir, take your hand, find the bleeding, and push on the bleeding as hard as you can and keep holding   “I can’t, I can’t move my arms or my legs”

Assessment so far…

  Single patient   Male, alert, oriented, speaking in complete sentences   Bleeding from head   Unable to move: paralysis vs entrapment

  FD is unable to unlock door and is preparing to force door if necessary

  Do I have the resources that I need?   Request E906

Doors Opened: Remote Assessment

  See patient at bottom of elevator shaft   Prone position with head between two pipes, with his arms at

his sides   Broken fragments of flashlight around him

Initial Hands-On Assessment

  Very limited due to nature of the scene and the patients’ positioning

  Airway/Breathing: still intact talking   Circulation: Palpable radial pulses and no obvious

life threatening bleeding   Neck and back palpated: no obvious deformity   Pelvis stable

Now What?

  Immobilization?   Extrication?   Neuro/sensory exam?

  Can you shrug your shoulders?   What are you able to feel?   Are you having trouble breathing?

Extrication/Immobilization

  Goal to get him immobilized and out of the shaft without making anything worse   Moved by 3 person vertical lift with 4th maintaining cervical

spine immobilization and monitoring airway status  Now note made of open skull fracture

  Once head is clear of the pipes, rolled onto back board and cervical collar is applied

Extrication/Immobilization

  Back board is dead-lifted over head and passed to waiting FD and EMS personnel

  Patient is placed into waiting Stokes Basket at which point monitor is applied and vitals are taken

  Patient now carried out of basement and to the ambulance

Transport

  Pt loaded into ambulance in Stoke’s Basket   IV access obtained   Pt reassessed and femur fracture identified

  Traction applied

  Antiemetic and pain management

  What about the airway?

Arrival to ED

  Pre-arrival notification by on-scene physician   Level 2 Trauma Activated   Vitals upon arrival:

  BP 95/55 P 72 RR 16 SPOx 94% on 3L NC

  Neuro exam:   Insensate from nipple line down   Unable to move legs, arms   Able to shrug shoulders

ED Imaging

ED Findings

  C4/C5 subluxation with bilateral jumped facets   Right parietal comminuted depressed skull fracture   Left femur fracture   Left pelvic hematoma   Filling defects in bilateral vertebral arteries

Hospital Course

  Emergently intubated shortly after arrival to BTICU (11/01)   Began having respiratory difficulties and mental status

changes   Fiber optic intubation by anesthesiology

  Cervical spine fusion 11/2 after a trial of cervical traction

  PEG/Trach on 11/14   Pacemaker for SSS and autonomic dysreflexia on

11/15

Hospital Course

  Has required significant vasopressor support throughout ICU course

  Developed anemia without clear etiology   Difficult transfusion candidate due to antibodies

  Acute renal failure   Has some movement against gravity of Left upper

extremity/bicep   Mental status is at baseline

Spinal Cord Injuries

Spinal Cord Injuries

  Incidence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI) in the US is 40 per million persons per year   47% due MVC   23% due to falls

  Most spinal cord injuries are associated with injury to vertebral column   Fracture*   Dislocation*   Tearing of ligament   Disruption or herniation of intervertebral disc

Complete Cord Injury

  Dermatomes above injury are spared   Reduced sensation and muscle power in the

dermatome immediately below the injury   Complete paralysis and sensory loss below that level   Physical exam findings can help determine level of injury

Cord Syndromes

  Incomplete Cord   Various degrees of motor and sensory loss caudal to the injury   Usually sensation is preserved to a greater extent that motor

  Central Cord:   Disproportionately greater motor loss in upper extremities

compared to lower   Variable sensory impairment   Bladder dysfunction

Key Physical Exam Findings

  Spinal cord segments don’t correlate to vertebral column   C1-C8 between C1 through C7 vertebral levels   T1-T12 between T1-T8 vertebral bodies   L1-L5 between T9-T11 vertebral bodies   S1-S5 between T12-L1 vertebral bodies

  Thorax   C3-5 = Phrenic nerve – innervates the diaphragm

 Complete injuries above C3 lead to severe respiratory compromise and usually fatal

Key Physical Exam Findings

  Upper extremity nerve roots   C5 = Shoulder abduction (axillary nerve)   C5-6 = Elbow extension (musculocutaneous nerve)   C6-7 = Wrist extension (radial nerve)   C7-8 = Wrist flexion (radial nerve)   C8 = Finger flexion   C8 = Finger extension   T1 – Finger abduction

Key Physical Exam Findings

  Lower extremity nerve roots   L2-3 = Hip flexion (femoral nerve)   L3-4 = Knee extension (femoral nerve)   L4-5 = Ankle dorsiflexion (peroneal nerve)   L4-5 = Hip extension (gluteal nerve)   L5-S1 = Knee flexion (sciatic nerve)   S1-2 = Ankle plantar flexion (tibial nerve)

Autonomic Dysfunction

  “Spinal shock”   Physiological loss of all spinal cord function caudal to level of

injury  Flaccid paralysis, anesthesia, bowel/bladder incontinence , loss of

reflexes  Males may demonstrate priapism  Bradycardia and hypotension

  Decreased vascular resistance   Bradycardia may require atropine and/or external pacing

•  Usually a result of high cervical lesions (C1-C5)

Treatment: Cardiovascular

  Neurogenic shock   Consensus guidelines recommend MAP goal of 85-90mmHg   IV fluids

 Excess fluid resuscitation can lead to cord edema leading to further neurological complications

  Vasopressors  Norepinephrine, phenylephrine

Case 3 – Car Accident

  Dispatch-   1715   Minor facial injury at a motor vehicle accident

  Scene   1730   Heavy snow   Cold wind   Two vehicles   One reported patient still in a car

Other vehicle

Patient

  In driver seat   CAO x 3   Unable to get out   Leg is broken and it hurts

Priority

  What is first priority?

  Unable to extricate – what changes

Extended Extrication

  20 Minutes – 1750   Still unable to move patient out of car   Any changes to plan

Ready Heat

Continued

  30 minutes   1800 - door removed, dash rolled, roof cut Discover several other injuries

Unable to move patient due to extreme pain - Nasal Fentanyl administered

Extrication

  40 minutes after arrival at patient   55 minutes after event   Bilateral Tib/Fib fractures   Right femur fracture   Possible rib injury

Review

  Several different situations:   Number one focus is on the patient

  Immediate Life Threats   Often managed by excellent BLS Techniques

  Don’t Treat numbers – but don’t ignore them either   Think outside the box

  Review your skills   Never stop learning   Practice often

  Collaborate